Chapter 4
Sports-Injury Prevention
Sport Injury Prevention
• Prevention of sport related injuries must be a
___________ for everyone involved in
organized sports, particularly coaches,
officials, administrators, ______ __________
personnel, athletes and their parents.
• Every effort should be made to ___________
the likelihood of injury. The following
techniques will be discussed:
• Injury risks: Intrinsic and extrinsic
• Physical conditioning
• Pre-participation physical exams
Causative Factors in Injury
(Taimela, Kujala, & Osterman, 1990)
Intrinsic factors
• Age, ________, body size
• Injury history
• Fitness level, muscle strength and
imbalances
• Ligamentous laxity
• _____________
• Skill level
• Psychological state, overall intelligence
Causative Factors in Injury
Extrinsic factors
•
•
•
•
•
Equipment and facilities
_______________
Type of activity
Conditioning errors
Officiating
• ________________
Intervention Strategies
The following are successful intervention
strategies designed to prevent sports injury:
• Regular inspections of protective
equipment and athletic facilities.
• Athletes in high-risk sports ________ be
educated about inherent hazards and
intrinsic risks.
• Athletes must also undergo a
_____________________ ____________
___________ designed to identify risk
factors.
Modification of Extrinsic Risk
Factors
• Coaching personnel and administrators MUST
monitor these factors.
• Practice/competition environmental
conditions, especially heat and humidity,
must be assessed.
• Indoor/Outdoor facilities must be designed,
maintained, and frequently inspected for
safety.
• Protective Equipment
Modification of Extrinsic Factors
Facilities
• Outdoor facilities: grass and turf fields, safety
fences, batting cages, location of dugouts, soccer
goal construction, water and sanitation facilities,
and EMS access routes.
• Indoor facilities: lighting, playing surfaces, room
dimensions, weight equipment.
• Locker rooms and shower facilities should be
designed for safe movement, adequate ventilation,
lighting with nonskid floors
Modification of Extrinsic Factors
Protective Equipment
• Virtually all sports can benefit from the use of
some form of safety equipment.
• Protective equipment plays a vital role in the
prevention of injury.
• Helmets, Pads, Facemasks, Mouthguards,
Shin guards and Shoes
• All should be ____________ regularly
according to national standards.
Pre-participation medical
evaluation (PPE)
• Primary purpose is to identify _____________
injury risk factors or _________________
injuries/diseases.
• National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
and the National Federation of State High
School Associations (NFHS) have developed
and implemented guidelines regarding medical
evaluations
Pre-participation medical evaluation
(PPE)
• NFSH policy
• Recommends a ___________ medical
evaluation prior to participation in
interscholastic sports. (Kurowski & Chandran,
2000)
PPEs
• In an effort to improve the overall quality of
PPEs nationally, a consortium of professional
medical organizations developed and
published a comprehensive set of guidelines
•
•
•
•
•
•
American Academy of Family Physicians
American Academy of Pediatrics
American College of Sports Medicine
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine
Consortium Recommendations
• Must include comprehensive medical history,
height, weight, blood pressure, vision,
immunization record, and skin, abdominal, genital,
cardiovascular screenings. (Kurowski & Chandran, 2000)
• Two forms of PPEs:
• Office-based works well when physician is
familiar with athlete’s medical history.
• “Coordinated medical team” - accommodates
groups of athletes in one session. (Bernhardt &
Roberts, 2010)
Consortium Recommendations
• Identify any preexisting conditions that may make
the athlete vulnerable to specific medical problems.
• For example, sickle cell trait, diabetes, epilepsy,
and drug allergies
• Absence of paired organ (e.g., eyes, kidney) is a
complex issue and a number of variables must be
considered including the relative risk associated
with a particular sport. (Rice, 2008)
• All information should be handled appropriately to
protect athlete’s ____________________.
Role of Preseason Conditioning
• Many of the intrinsic risk factors, such as fitness
level and skill, can be significantly modified as a
result of effective conditioning programs.
• Injury prevention strategies should focus on
preseason conditioning and training throughout
the season that includes __________,
____________, and functional ____________________ skills.
(Abernathy & Bleakley, 2007)
• School-age youth are encouraged to
participate in ___ minutes or more of
moderate to vigorous physical activity each
day.
Body Composition
The dietary habits of any athlete, regardless of the
sport, have a profound influence on overall
performance and on recovery from injury.
• The body responds to a conditioning program
_______ effectively when it receives proper
nourishment.
• Student athletes are reporting to sports with body
compositions ________ the recommended level
for healthy maturation.
• Coaches, parents, and athletes must take care to
avoid an overemphasis on leanness in sports like
gymnastics and diving.
Preseason Conditioning
• Provides improved performance and
reduction in injuries.
• Best accomplished by incorporating the
concept of ________________ in the total
conditioning program.
• General Conditioning: aerobic fitness,
muscular strength and endurance,
flexibility, nutrition, and body composition.
• Sports-Specific Conditioning: focuses on
any aspect of a particular sport or activity
that is unique to it.
Flexibility
ROM in a given joint or combination of joints
• Two types of flexibility are static and dynamic
• Determinants of ______ include: age, gender,
bone structure, joint tissue mass, extensibility of
joint soft tissues and tissue temperature.
• Decreases with ______ and females tend to be
________ flexible
• Static and dynamic stretching have been
demonstrated to improve ROM at targeted joints; it
takes significant time to create permanent or plastic
changes in muscle and surrounding connective
tissue (McHugh & Cosgrave, 2010)
Stretching
Ballistic - technique with repetitive bouncing motions
Static - Passively stretching an antagonistic muscle to
maximal stretch and holding
Dynamic - voluntary technique that uses full-range,
sport-like motions to warm up
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques involving combinations of alternating
contractions and stretches
• Research literature has failed to demonstrate
consistent findings on the best type of stretching.
• (12-week) stretching programs were more likely to
___________ the chance of injury (Jamtvedt et al., 2010)
Conditioning
• Aerobic fitness:
• _____ athletes benefit from improving aerobic
fitness.
• 60% of maximal heart rate are most often used to
elicit training adaptations (Reuter & Hagerman, 2008)
• Aerobic training at least 3 days per week.
• Anaerobic training:
• Resistance training, plyometrics, speed, agility and
speed-endurance training (Baechle, Earle, & Wathen, 2008)
• tissue becomes _____________ as a result of
resistive exercise (Ratamess, 2008)
Aerobic Fitness
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2z0l9B6
aGE
Anaerobic Fitness
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euaKhOAn_A
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os_mGlY
5eVA
Conditioning
• Muscular strength
• Maximal force
produced in one
repetition 1RM
• Muscular power
• Strength over Time
– Ability to produce
force quickly
• Muscular endurance
• Ability to sustain a
muscle activity
• All improve with some
form of resistive
training.
• Training volume,
training intensity,
training frequency, and
the frequency and
duration of rest
(recovery) periods are
manipulated for
specific results. (Baechle
et al., 2008)
Muscular Power and Torque
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8zkeHT
WqZ0
Achieving Effective Training
(Baechle et al., 2008)
• Training volume - the number of repetitions the weight
is lifted
• Load-volume - the total amount of weight lifted in a
given session
• Training intensity - amount of weight lifted per
repetition
• Training frequency - the number of training sessions
completed in a given period of time
• Rest periods - time allowed between sets
• Exercise selection - choosing exercise based on the
movement and the muscular requirements
• Exercise order - the exercise sequence
Volume – Intensity Relationship
Periodization
The organization of training into a cyclical structure to
attain the optimal development of an athlete’s
performance capacities.
• Organizes training into cyclic structure based on
competitive sports seasons
• Manipulates exercise frequency, intensity, volume,
and duration.
• As intensity goes up, volume and frequency go
down
• Helps __________ training-induced injury.
Periodized Program
• Most training programs
designed around a 1year period of time
(macrocycle).Then are
further split into:
• mesocycle – several
successive microcycles
• microcycle – 2 to 4
weeks
• transition phases – 2 to 4
weeks between training
seasons.
Development of Muscle Power
Preparatory period during off season with three
phases
• Hypertrophy/endurance – strengthen connective
tissue
• Strength - increase the strength of the involved
muscle groups
• Power - development of higher velocity movements
Resistance Training Macrocycle
Group Project
• Sports to choose from
• College Football (Sept 1 – Dec 5 / Championship - Jan 17 –
Games 1x/week)
• Professional Basketball (Oct 27 – April 15 / Playoffs April 15 –
June 15 – Games 3-4x/week, random)
• Major League Soccer (March 6 – Oct 25 / Playoffs - Oct 28 –
Dec 7 – Games 1-2x/week)
• College Baseball (Feb 1 – May 15 / Playoffs - May 15 – June
25 - Games 4x/week, usually Tue, Fri-Sun)
• High School Football (Aug 28 – Nov 6 / Playoffs – Nov 13 –
Dec 18 – Game 1x/week)
• College Volleyball (Aug 28 – Nov 28 / Playoffs – Nov 30 – Dec
20 – Game 2x/week, usually Tue & Sat)
• http://www.stack.com/2013/01/25/periodizedworkout-plan/
• http://www.professionalsoccercoaching.com/a
erobic-fitness-science/football-periodization