APUSH DAY 3-4

The Birth of Texas
 Stephen
Austin
 Santa Anna
 Sam Houston
 Jackson’s dilemma

Election of 1836
 Birth of the Whigs
 “King Andrew I”
 William Henry Harrison
 Martin Van Buren


Jackson’s Legacy
Van Buren’s Presidency
 Caroline
Incident
 “Aroostook War”
 Creole Incident

Panic of 1837
 Causes
 Results
 Whigs
Proposals shot down by Van
Buren
 Treasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill)


Independent Treasury System
Election of 1840
 Van
Buren Re-nominated by
Democrats
 “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”

William Henry Harrison
 Whig
– John Tyler
 Secretary of State: Daniel Webster
 Election of 1840
 VP
Anti-Jackson Democrat
 Secretary of State: Daniel Webster
 Tyler vs. Congress
 Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
 Clay’s Bill for 3rd BUS
 Canadian Border 45th Parallell

The Rise of "King Cotton"
Prior to 1793, the Southern economy
was weak
 Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)
 Trade

 Cotton
exported to England; $ from sale of
cotton used to buy northern goods
 For a time, prosperity of both North and
South rested on slave labor
 Cotton accounted for 50% of all American
exports after 1840.
The Three South's:
Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, &
Missouri






Plantations scarcer; cotton cultivation almost
nonexistent; Tobacco main slave crop (as in
Middle South); More grain production (as in Middle
South)
1850, Slaves = 17% of population.; Avg. 5 slaves
per slaveholder
1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free;
46% of South’s free blacks
22% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
6%; Ultra-wealthy = 1%
Produced over 50% of South’s industrial products
The Three South's:
Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas.






Each state had one section resembling more the
Border South and another resembling the Lower
South.
Unionists would prevail after Lincoln elected;
Disunionists would prevail after war began
Many plantations in eastern Virginia and western
Tennessee
1850, slaves = 30% of population; Avg. 8 slaves
per slaveholder
36% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
32%; Ultra-wealthy = 14%
The Three South’s:
Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas







Plantations prevalent; cotton was king; grew 95% of
Dixie’s cotton & almost all of its sugar, rice, and indigo
Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after
Lincoln was elected
1850, slaves = 47% of population; Avg. 12 slaves per
slaveholder
Less than 2% of blacks free; only 15% of South’s free
blacks
43% of white families owned slaves
Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%;
Ultra-wealthy = 85%
Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Economic structure of South was
monopolistic, dominated by wealthy
plantation owners
 Plantation system

 Risky
: Slaves might die of disease, injure
themselves, or run away.
 One-crop economy
 Repelled large-scale European immigration
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")

Plantation slavery
 Nearly
4 million slaves by 1860; quadrupled in
number since 1800
 Slaves seen as valuable assets and primary
source of wealth
 Punishment often brutal to send a message to
other slaves not to defy master’s authority
 Life in the newly emerging western areas
particularly harsh (LA, TX, MS, AL)
 Afro-American slave culture developed
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Burdens of slavery
 Slaves
deprived of dignity and sense of
responsibility that free people have, suffered cruel
physical and psychological treatment, and were
ultimately convinced that they were inferior and
deserved their lot in life.
 Denied an education since; seen as dangerous to
give slaves ideas of freedom
 Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s
system
 Many attempted to escape
Slaves and the slave system (the
"Peculiar Institution")
Slave Revolts
- Stono Rebellion, 1739
- Gabriel Prosser, 1800
- Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in
Charleston, devised the largest revolt
ever in 1822.
- Nat Turner’s revolt -- 1831
Southern white paranoia
The White Majority
By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners
owned slaves or belonged to slaveowning families
 75% of white southerners owned no
slaves at all.
 Mountain whites

Free Blacks
Numbered about 250,000 in the South
by 1860
 Discrimination in the South
 Discrimination in the North

Early Abolitionism
Definition: Abolitionism: Movement in
the North that demanded the
immediate end of slavery
 First abolitionist movements began
around the time of the Revolution esp.
Quakers
 American colonization Society

Early Abolitionism
Abolitionists in the 1830s
 Second Great Awakening convinced
abolitionists of the sin of slavery.
 Abolitionists inspired that Britain
emancipated their slaves in the West
Indies in 1833

Radical Abolitionism
William Lloyd Garrison
 American Anti-Slavery Society

 Theodore
Dwight Weld
 Wendell Phillips
 Angelina and Sarah Grimke
 Arthur and Lewis Tappan - wealthy New York
silk merchants.

*** Organization would eventually split
along gender lines; women’s rights
issues***
Radical Abolitionism
David Walker
 Sojourner Truth
 Elijah Lovejoy
 Martin Delaney
 Frederick Douglass

Pro-slavery whites responded by launching
a massive defense of slavery as a positive
good.
•
•
•
•
•
Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and
Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece).
It was good for barbarous Africans who were
civilized and Christianized
Master-slave relationships resembled those of
a "family."
George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery
apologists’
“Gag resolution"
Abolitionist impact in the North

Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were
unpopular in many parts of the North.

Many mob outbursts in response to
extreme abolitionists

Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists
(e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political
suicide

By 1850, abolitionism had had a deep effect
on the Northern psyche.
Popular Sovereignty and the
Mexican Cession

Intense debate over what to do with the Mexican
Cession.



Wilmot Proviso: New territory should be free of slavery
Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along
sectional lines
"Popular Sovereignty"




Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for
president in 1848
Definition: Sovereign people of a territory, under general
principles of the Constitution, should determine themselves the
status of slavery.
Supported by many because it kept in line with democratic
tradition of self-determination.
Fatal flaw: It could spread the "peculiar institution" to new
territories.
Election of 1848
Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor,
"Hero of Buena Vista"
 Free-Soil party

 Coalition
of northern antislavery Whig,
Democrat, and Liberty Party men in the
North distrusting Cass & Taylor

Result: Taylor 163, Cass 127, Van
Buren 0
 Free-Soilers
won no states and did not
actually affect the outcome of the election.
California Statehood
Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill;
prospectors in 1848 known as "fortyeighters“
 1849 -- Masses of adventurers flocked to
northern California.
 Gold essentially paved the way for rapid
economic growth in California
 CA drafted a Constitution in 1849 that
excluded slavery and asked Congress for
admission

Sectional Balance in 1850

South



Yet, South deeply worried







Had presidency, majority in the cabinet, and a majority in the
Supreme Court
Equal number of states in Senate thus strong veto power
In 1850, 15 free and 15 slave states
CA would tip the balance in the Senate and set a free-state
precedent in the southwest
New Mexico and Utah territories seemed leaning toward free
state status.
Texas claimed vast area east of Rio Grande (part of NM CO,
KA & OK) and threatened to seize Santa Fe.
Southerners angered by Northern demands for abolition of
slavery in Wash. DC.
Extremely angered over loss of runaway slaves, many assisted
by North.
When CA applied, southern "fire-eaters" threatened
secession
Underground Railroad and the
Fugitive Slave issue




Consisted of informal chain of antislavery
homes which hundreds of slaves were aided
by black & white abolitionists in their escape to
free soil Canada.
Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from
Maryland who escaped to Canada)
Jerry Loguen: Led hundreds of slaves to their
freedom
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842
Political. significance: by 1850 southerners
demanded a new more stringent fugitive-slave
law
Compromise of 1850

Sunset of the "Great Triumvirate"
 Clay
initiated his 3rd great compromise
 Calhoun (dying of TB) rejected Clay’s position
as not being adequate safeguards.
 Webster supported Clay’s compromise
(famous "7th of March speech" of 1850)
 Meanwhile, William H. Seward (nicknamed
"Higher Law" Seward by his adversaries)
"Compromise of 1850"





California admitted as a free state ‘
Abolition of the slave trade in District of
Columbia
Popular sovereignty in remainder of Mexican
Cession: New Mexico and Utah territories.
More stringent Fugitive Slave Law (than 1793)
Texas to receive $10 million from federal gov’t
as compensation for its surrendering of
disputed territory to New Mexico.
Result
North got better deal.
 Fugitive Slave Law became the single
most important frictional issue
between north and south in the
1850s.
 Compromise of 1850 won the Civil
War for the North

Election of 1852
Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce
(from NH)
 Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott
("Old Fuss & Feathers") but party fatally
split
 Result: Pierce d. Scott 254 - 42
 Significance: Marked effective end of
Whig party; complete death 2 years later
 Significance of Whig party: Webster &
Clay had kept idea of Union alive (both
died in 1852)

Expansionism under President
Pierce
War in Nicaragua seemed inevitable;
Britain challenged Monroe Doctrine
 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): Neither
U.S. or Britain would fortify or secure
exclusive control over any future isthmian
waterway.
 America looks toward Asia

Expansionism under President
Pierce

Cuba
 Polk
had offered Spain $100 million for Cuba; Spain
categorically refused.
 1850-51 -- two expeditions by private southern
adventurers into Cuba failed.
 1854, Spain seized U.S. steamer Black Warrior on a
technicality.
 Ostend Manifesto


Secret document whereby U.S. would offer $120 million for
Cuba and if Spain U.S. would take it by force.
News leaked out and angry northern free-soilers forced
Pierce to abandon it.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
U.S. concerned that CA & Oregon
inaccessible by land & sea routes too
tough
 Debate: Should transcontinental
railroad route run through the North or
South?
 Result

 South
boosted its claim to railroad
 North now tried to quickly organize
Nebraska territory but the South opposed it.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Stephen Douglas proposed carving Nebraska
Territory into 2: Nebraska, Kansas






Slavery issue would be based on popular sovereignty
His main motive was to give Illinois the eastern terminus for
the proposed Pacific railroad.
Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free
36-30 line prohibited slavery north of it; Kansas above it.
Southerners fully supported it and pushed Pierce to support
KS-NB Act
Douglas successfully rammed the bill through
Congress; great orator of his generation
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854
 Northern
reaction
 Southern reaction
 Effectively wrecked the Compromises of
1820 & 1850

Birth of the Republican party
 Republican
party formed in response to
the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Antislavery literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (1852)
 Hinton R. Helper: The Impending Crisis
of the South (1857)

"Bleeding Kansas"

New England Emigrant Aid Company: Sent
2,000 into Kansas to prevent slavery from
taking hold and to make a profit.

Southerners infuriated by apparent
northern betrayal -- attempts to abolitionize
Kansas.

1855 election in Kansas for first territorial
legislature
1856, a gang of proslavery raiders shot up
and burned part of free-soil Lawrence,
Kansas.
The Caning of Charles Sumner




Sumner a leading abolitionist Senator from
Massachusetts, gave speech "Crime Against Kansas"
where he lashed out at southern pro-slaveryites and
insulted a S.C. Senator
S.C. Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by hitting
Sumner over the head 30 times or more with an 11-oz
gold-headed cane.
The House of Reps could not find enough votes (122
to 95-- 2/3 needed) to expel Brooks but he resigned
nonetheless, and was unanimously reelected by S.C.
Sumner came to symbolize for the North the evils of
the slavery system (along with bleeding Kansas issue)
Pottawatomie Massacre -- John Brown &
followers, in May 1856, hacked 5 men to
pieces with broadswords in response to
attack on Lawrence (and the caning of
Sumner)
 Civil war in Kansas ensued from 1856
and merged with Civil War of 1861-1865

Lecompton Constitution (1857)


Kansas had enough people to apply for
statehood on popular sovereignty basis.
Southerners, still in power since 1855, devised
a tricky document
 People
were not allowed to vote for or against
constitution as a whole but voted for the
constitution. with or w/o slavery.
 If people voted no on slavery, rights of slaveholders
already in KS protected


Infuriated free-soilers boycotted the polls
Slaveryites approved constitution with slavery
late in 1857.
Election of 1856




James Buchanan chosen as Democratic
nominee over Pierce (seen as too weak) and
Douglas (who alienated the southern wing of
the party after denouncing Lecompton
constitution.)
Republicans nominated Captain John C.
Ferment "Pathfinder of the West"
American Party ("know-nothing") Nativist in
orientation
Buchanan d. Fremont 174 to 114; Fillmore 8.
The Dred Scott Decision (March
6, 1857)
Dried Scott had lived with his master
for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin
Territory.
 80-year-old Marylander Chief Justice
Roger B. Taney wrote the 55 page
opinion.
 Decision
 Impact

Financial Crash of 1857


Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst
psychologically in 19th c.
Causes




Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency.
Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain
Speculation in land and railroads backfired.
Results





Over 5,000 businesses failed within a year.
Unemployment widespread
Renewed demand for free farms of 160 acres from public
domain land.
Demand for higher tariff rates
Republicans had two major issues for 1860: higher tariffs &
Homestead Act
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) –
Senate seat in Illinois
Lincoln’s nomination speech: "A
house divided cannot stand. I believe
this government cannot endure;
permanently half slave and half free.
 Lincoln challenged Douglas to a
series of seven joint debates
 Freeport debate most famous -Freeport Doctrine

John Brown attacks Harper’s
Ferry





Brown’s scheme: invade the South secretly
with a few followers and lead slaves to rise,
give them arms, and establish a kind of black
free state.
October, 1859 -- Seized the arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry
Brown and his followers were hanged after a
brief but legal trial.
Brown became a martyr in the North
Effects of Harper’s Ferry were ominous in
southern eyes.
Nominating Conventions of 1860

Democratic party split in two





Met first in South Carolina with Douglas as leading candidate
of northern wing
Next convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas while the
Democratic party split in two
Southern Democratic Party nominated John C. Breckinridge:
Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell of
Tennessee
Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln



Seward the front-runner but perceived as too radical for victory
in general election.
Republican platform (broadly based)
Southern secessionists warned that the election of Lincoln
would split the Union.
Presidential election of 1860

Lincoln elected president with only 40% of
the vote; most sectional election in history.
 Lincoln
won all Northern states except NJ and MO
(180 electoral votes to 123)
 Breckinridge won all the Deep South states plus AK,
MD, and DE
 Bell won Border States of VA KY and mid-slave
state of TN
 Douglas won only MO and NJ but finished 2nd in
popular votes

South still had control of both Houses of
Congress and a 5-4 majority on Supreme
Court
Southern states secede from the
Union
 Four days after the election of Lincoln, the "Black
Republican", South Carolina legislature unanimously
called for a special convention in Charleston.


Within six weeks, six other states seceded (MS, FL,
AL, GA, LA, TX) all during Buchanan’s "lame-duck"
period.


December, 1860, 170 South Carolina unanimously voted to
secede from the other states.
Four others seceded in April, 1861, after beginning of Civil War
(VA, AK, NC, TN) as they refused to fight their fellow
southerners and agree to Lincoln’s call for volunteers.
Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery
Alabama meeting.

Jefferson Davis chosen as president of provisional government
to be located at Richmond, VA (after Fort Sumter)
Southern states secede from the
Union

President Buchanan did little to prevent
southern secession.
 Claimed
the Constitution did not give him authority
to stop secession with force.
 More significantly, northern army was small and
weak and scattered on the frontier.
 Many of his advisors pro-southern
 Northern sentiment predominantly for peaceful
reconciliation rather than war
 Ironically, Lincoln continued Buchanan’s vacillating
policy when he became president.
 Buchanan’s serendipitous wait-and-see policy
probably helped save the Union.
Reasons for southern secession
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Alarmed at the political balance tipping in favor
of the North
Horrified at victory of the sectional Republican
party which appeared to threaten their rights as
a slaveholding minority.
Angry over free-soil criticism and abolitionism,
and northern interference such as the
Underground Railroad and John Brown’s raid.
Many southerners felt secession would be
unopposed
Opportunity to end generations of dependence
to the North.
Morally they were in the right
Crittenden amendments -- final
attempt at compromise
Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden
of Kentucky (heir to political throne of
Clay)
 Designed to appease the South
 Provisions
 Rejected by Lincoln; all hope of
compromise was gone.

Union War Strategy
Initial attempts to strike decisive blows in
Virginia failed miserably (Bull Run,
Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg,
Chancellorsville)
 Later, developed into four phases:
strategy geared more toward attrition.

WAR IN THE EAST: 1861

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) -- July 21,
1861 (30 southwest of Washington)
WAR IN THE EAST: 1861
General George B. McClellan and the
Army of the Potomac
 Lincoln gave McClellan command of the
Army of the Potomac in late 1861.
 Fatal flaw: Overcautious; frequently
believed he was outnumbered when in
fact he always possessed numerical
advantages; Lincoln accused him of
having "the slows"

The Union blockade -- "Anaconda
Plan"


Initially ineffective; 3,500 miles of coastline too
daunting for undeveloped Union navy and
undeveloped Union navy.
Concentrated on principal ports and inlets
where bulk materials were loaded
 Eventually

pinched blockade-runners
Respected by England; Britain did not want a
future war with North
The Union blockade -- "Anaconda
Plan"
 Battle of the Ironclads
Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) -former U.S. warship plated on
sides with old railroad rails;
(not really seaworthy); first of
the ironclads
Monitor -- Union counterpart to
Merrimack built in 100 days
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN
THEATER: 1862

The Peninsula Campaign (April 5-June 16, 1862)




McClellan persuaded Lincoln to abandon a direct frontal
assault by land and to try a flanking approach to Richmond by
moving up the peninsula between James & York Riv’s.
Seven Day’s Battles (June 25-July 1, 1862)
Peninsula campaign abandoned by Lincoln
Losses: Confederates 20,141; Union 15,849
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN
THEATER: 1862

Second Battle of Bull Run (14 July to 30
August)
 General
Pope put in charge of Union army near
Washington.
 Combined forces of Lee, Jackson, & Longstreet
forced Federals to escape once again to
Washington.

Some blamed McClellan for not coming fast enough to
support Pope.
 Casualties:
Union 16,054; Confederates 9,197
 Lincoln once again gave McClellan command of the
Army of the Potomac.
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN
THEATER: 1862
 Antietam
(September 17, 1862)
Lee sought to invade Maryland
hoping to wrestle it from the Union
and encourage foreign intervention
on behalf of the South.
Sept. 17 -- Battle of Antietam
Considered one of most decisive
battles in world history.
The Emancipation Proclamation

Became effective Jan. 1, 1863
1. Civil War now became more of a
moral crusade: a "higher purpose"
2. Lincoln’s immediate goal not so much
to free slaves as to strengthen the moral
cause of the Union at home and abroad
3. Didn’t go as far as Congress’ existing
legislation for freeing enemy-owned
slaves
4. Constitutionality of proclamation
questionable at the time
THE WAR IN THE WEST
Battle for control of the
Mississippi
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant became Lincoln’s
most able general
 Fort Donelson and Fort Henry
 Shiloh
 New Orleans

THE WAR IN THE EAST
Lee defeated Bunside at Fredericksburg
 Chancellorsville
 Battle of Gettysburg

THE END OF THE WAR IN
THE WEST
Vicksburg Campaign
 Sherman marches through Georgia

ELECTION OF 64 AND
COPPERHEADS

Copperheads
 Celement

Vallandigham
Election of 64
END OF THE WAR
Grant promoted head of the Union
 Grant pushes for Richmond
 Cold Harbor
 Siege of Petersburg
 Seige of Richmond
 Lee’s Surrender
 Lincoln’s Assassination

Reconstruction






1964-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan
1865: 13th Amendment
1865-66: Johnson’s Version of Lincoln’s proposal
1866-67: Congressional Plan: 10% plan with the 14th
Amendment
1867-77: Military Reconstruction: 14th Amendment plus
black suffrage later, established by the 15th
Amendment
Compromise of 1876: Ends Reconstruction