Due Today:
FUNDAMENTALS OF
MEASUREMENT
1.
Fundamentals
Pre-Lab
2. Fundamentals
Short Report
Homework:
1 . Density Part-1
Pre Lab
OBJECTIVE
Refine measurement skills using
instruments
Apply rules of significant figures to
combine measurements for calculations
KEY TERMS
Side A
Measure to the nearest 0.1 m
Side B
Measures to the nearest 0.1 dm
Side C
Measures to the nearest 0.1 cm
Side D
Measures to the nearest 0.1 mm
PROCEDURE NOTES
Four Stations
1. Linear Measurements and Volume:
Cube
Rectangular Cuboid
Cylinder
 Use calipers to measure the diameter
Units:
 Volumes will be reported in cm 3 or mm 3
PROCEDURE NOTES
2. Density of Solids:
Cube
Rectangular Cuboid
Units:
 Volumes will be reported in mm 3 or cm 3
 Densities will be reported in g/mm 3 or g/cm 3
PROCEDURE NOTES
3. Linear Measurement and Area:
Triangle
Rectangle
Parallelogram
Units:
 Areas will be reported in mm 2 or cm 2
PROCEDURE NOTES
4. Density of Liquids:
Volume with Buret
 Volumes reported to the nearest 100 th mL (25.35 mL)
Volume with Graduated Cylinder
 Volumes reported to the nearest 10 th mL (12.5 mL)
Units:
 Densities will be reported in g/mL
WASTE
Blue and Yellow liquid  Down the drain
Green liquid  Waste container in waste hood
RISK ASSESSMENT
Green Solution:
Isopropyl Alcohol
 Danger
 Flammable Liquid
 Mild Skin Irritation
 Harmful if Swallowed
EQUIPMENT NOTES
Using Calipers
Make sure the calipers read zero when closed
Use the outside jaws to measure the outer
diameter or width
Use the inside jaws to measure the inner diameter
EQUIPMENT NOTES
Read & record the
millimeter mark
just to the left
of the zero on
the fixed caliper
17.0 mm
EQUIPMENT NOTES
Read & record
the millimeter
mark that
lines up with
the vernier
scale (moveable)
and the fixed scale.
0.48 mm
EQUIPMENT NOTES
Add the
measurements
together to get
an accurate
reading
17 mm + 0.48 mm = 17.48 mm
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
ALL non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant
 (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
ALL zeros BETWEEN non-zero numbers are
ALWAYS significant
 1005
 10.05
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
ALL zeros to the right of the decimal point
AND at the end of the number are ALWAYS
significant
501.040 – zero is significant
1200 – zeros are NOT significant
0.0052 – zeros are NOT significant
(leading zero)
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
ALL zeros to the left of a decimal point AND
in a number are ALWAYS significant
1500.0 – zeros ARE significant
1700.3 – zeros ARE significant
100 – zeros are NOT significant
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Defined quantities do not limit significant
figures
Unit conversions - 100 cm/m
Molar mass
Density
Values of constants do not limit significant
figures
Pi - ∏
Avogadro's number - 6.022 x10 23
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Addition and Subtraction
The number of decimal places determines the
number of significant figures
23.425
1.22
 2.1
26.745  26.7
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Multiplication and Division
Count the number of significant figures. Round
your answer to the lowest number of significant
figures.
23.123123
1.3344
30.85549533
 30.855
8 Significant Figures
5 Significant Figures
10 Significant Figures (from calculator)
CALCULATIONS
When doing a calculation with different
units, convert to the smallest unit
Example:
Side 1 : 0.5 dm→50 mm
Side 2: 2.4 cm→24 mm
Side 3: 24.0mm
𝑉 = lxwxℎ
𝑉 = 50𝑚𝑚 × 24𝑚𝑚 × 24.0𝑚𝑚 0.5 dm
𝑉 = 28,800 𝑚𝑚 3 → 30,000𝑚𝑚 3
24.0 mm
2.4 cm
CALCULATIONS
Volume of cube
 V = l3
Volume of rectangular cuboid
V = l x w x h
Volume of cylinder
 V = l x ∏ x r2
Area of a Triangle
A = ½ b x h
CALCULATIONS
Area of a Rectangle/Parallelogram
A = l x w
The width of a parallelogram is NOT the other
side
w
SUMMARY OF CALCULATIONS
V cube = l 3
Atriangle = ½ b x h
Vrectangle = l x w x h
A rectangle = l x w
V cylinder = l x ∏ x r 2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
D=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒