Atoms
&
Chemical Bonding
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
Element Cards
• Follow the directions in the
following slides to complete this
journal
Atoms
&
Chemical Bonding
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
NOTES
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost energy
level are known as valence
electrons.
• Valence electrons are important
because they are the only ones
involved in chemical bonding.
Valence Electrons
• Valence electrons can be gained,
lost, or shared by atoms during
chemical bonding.
• This desire for a certain amount of
valence electrons is what causes
chemical reactions.
Valence Electrons
• How many valence
electrons in this atom?
• REMEMBER VALENCE
ELECTRONS ARE
ONLY THOSE IN THE
OUTER ENERGY
LEVEL
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
6
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
9
7
3
2
How many valence
electrons in this
atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
88
How many valence
electrons in this
atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
88
Return your remote
Complete p. 6-7 of your packet
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
Entrance Questions
Ready your remote
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
6
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
12
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
20
How many valence
electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
4
38
CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES
Turn to page 1 of your
CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET
Rows on the Periodic Table
• Rows across the periodic table are
known as periods.
• Elements in the same row have the
same number of energy levels.
• This outer energy level is often
referred to as the valence energy
level or the valence shell.
Families on the Periodic Table
• Elements in the same column of
the periodic table are known as
groups or families.
• Elements in the same family have
the same number of valence
electrons.
Families & Properties
• Since elements in the same family
have the same number of valence
electrons, they behave very similarly
in a chemical reaction.
• Therefore, atoms in the same family
have very similar properties!!!
Using the Periodic Table
• How to Determine the Number
of Valence Electrons
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
Columns on the periodic table
are called
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Periods
Groups
Compounds
Bonding Reagents
What is true of elements in the
same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Same first letter
Similar properties
Same number of protons as neutrons
Discovered in the same year
Rows on the periodic table are
called
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Groups
Compounds
Periods
Bonding reagents
What is the valence energy
level of strontium (A# = 38) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
What is the valence energy
level of Mercury (A# = 80) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
3rd
4th
5th
6th
How many valence electrons
does bromine have(A# = 35) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
8
7
6
4
How many valence electrons
does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
8
7
6
5
What is the valence energy level
of calcium (A# = 20) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
How many valence electrons
does calcium have(A# = 20) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
Electron Dot Diagrams
• Since only the valence electrons
are involved in chemical
bonding, chemists have a
quicker, easier way to represent
atoms when showing bonding
called an electron dot diagram.
Electron Dot Diagrams
• An electron dot diagram is
simply the chemical symbol of
an element with 1 dot for every
valence electron it has.
• This is also referred to as a
Lewis dot structure.
Sample Dot Diagrams
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
Rows on the periodic table are
called
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Groups
Compounds
Periods
Bonding reagents
What is true of elements in the
same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Same first letter
Similar properties
Same number of protons as neutrons
Discovered in the same year
Using the Periodic Table
• Return Your Remote
• Pick up & Complete Electron Dot
diagrams WS
• Complete PACKET p.8 “Properties
of a Missing Element”
Using the Periodic Table
• Valence Electrons, Lewis Dot
Diagrams & Bohr Models
Entrance Questions
• Ready your Remotes
• Get out a periodic table
Columns on the periodic table
are called
4%
96%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Periods
Groups
Compounds
Bonding Reagents
How many valence electrons
does aluminum have(A# = 13) ?
3%
90%
7%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
3
4
5
What is the valence shell of
aluminum (A# = 13) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
How many valence electrons does
phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
3%
3%
93%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
3
5
7
Columns on the periodic table
are called
3%
90%
7%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Periods
Families
Compounds
Bonding Reagents
What is true of elements in the
same column of the periodic table?
0%
97%
3%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Same first letter
Similar properties
Same number of protons as neutrons
Discovered in the same year
How many valence electrons
does chlorine have(A# = 17) ?
0%
100%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
8
7
6
17
Chlorine-37 would have how
many neutrons? (A#17)
7%
17%
76%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
7
17
20
37
How many valence electrons does
phosphorus have (A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
3
5
7
Exit Questions
•
•
•
•
Return your Remotes
Read Text pages 130-138 (Chapter 5.2)
Complete Periodic Table Brochure
Complete pages 8–10 of Chem Bonding Pack
Entrance Questions
• Ready your Remotes
• Get out a periodic table
Oxygen-17 would have how
many neutrons? (A#8)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
7
17
9
8
What is true of elements in the
same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Same first letter
Similar properties
Same number of protons as neutrons
Discovered in the same year
How many valence electrons does
magnesium have (A# = 12) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
5
12
How many energy levels does
magnesium have (A# = 12) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
12
Entrance Questions
•
•
•
•
•
Return your Remotes
Turn in Periodic Table Brochure
Read Text pages 139-145 (Chapter 5.3)
5.3 Representative Groups Reading Organizer
Answer Assessment Questions 1-11
• Complete pages 9–16 of Chem Bonding Pack
• ADD- Valence Electrons, Valence Shells,
and Electron Dot Diagrams to the flip chart.
Entrance Questions
• Ready your Remotes
Which of the following elements has
6 valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oxygen (A# 8)
Neon (A# 10)
Lithium (A# 3)
Carbon (A# 6)
CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES
Turn to page 2 of your
CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET
Stable Atoms
• Chemically stable atoms have 8
valence electrons (Octet Rule)
• (Atoms with only 1 energy level
can be stable with only 2
valence electrons)
Which of the following elements is
naturally chemically stable?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oxygen
Neon
Lithium
Carbon
Which of the following families have
elements that are chemically stable?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Halogens
Noble Gases
Chemical Bonding
• Atoms chemically bond or react
to become stable atoms.
• They can do this by gaining,
losing, or sharing valence
electrons.
Nerdy electrons?
• Use the nerds on the Energy Level
Diagrams to represent electrons in the
energy levels of the neutral atoms in the
slides that follow:
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine
(A#9)
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine – using the nerds to
represent electrons, show the
proper location of fluorine’s 9
electrons in its energy levels
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine
(A#9)
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine:
What change
would make it
chemically
stable?
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine:
Adding 1 more
valence
electron would
give it a stable
8 !!!
--
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine:
What effect does
this have on the
fluorine atom?
--
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine:
NOW HAS A
CHARGE OF
-1
It is now
chemically
stable!!!
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur
(A#16)
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur – using the nerds to represent
electrons, show the proper location
of sulfur’s 16 electrons in its energy
levels
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur
(A#16)
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
What change
would make it
chemically
stable?
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
Adding 2 more
valence electrons
would give it a
chemically stable
8 !!!
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
What effect does
this have on the
fluorine atom?
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
IT NOW HAS A
CHARGE OF
-2
It is now
chemically
stable!!!
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium
(A#11)
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium – using the nerds to
represent electrons, show the
proper location of sodium’s 11
electrons in its energy levels
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium
(A#11)
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
What change
would make it
chemically
stable?
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
--
Adding 7 more
valence electrons
would give it a
chemically stable
8 !!!
--
--
--
--
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
--
But… is there an
easier way?
--
--
--
--
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
Take a look again.
Is there a
different way to
get 8 valence
electrons?
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
Losing 1 electron would
leave 0 in the 3rd
energy level, making
the 2nd energy level the
valence shell… which
would now have a
chemically stable 8!!!
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
NOW HAS A
CHARGE OF
+1!!!
It is chemically
stable.
Nerdy electrons?
• Other examples:
Nerdy electrons?
Magnesium (Construct if you
have pink nerds)
Oxygen (Construct if you have
purple nerds)
Nerdy electrons?
• So… where do atoms pick up
extra electrons?
Nerdy electrons?
-
-
Nerdy electrons?
• From other atoms that want to
lose them!!!
Ions
• When an atom gains or loses
electrons to become stable, it is
called an ion.
• An ion is a charged atom.
Positive Ions
• Atoms that lose electrons
become positively charged.
• These positive ions are called
cations.
Negative Ions
• Atoms that gain electrons
become negatively charged.
• Negative ions are called anions.
Ionic Bonding
• Atoms looking to be stable may
transfer electrons to other
atoms.
• Each atom becomes charged,
and positive ions are then
attracted to negative ions.
Ionic Compounds
• The attraction of positive ions to
negative ions is called an ionic
bond.
• Atoms that bond this way are
called ionic compounds.
Ionic Compounds
• Here’s how it happens:
• Ionic Bond Video Clip 1
• Ionic Bond Video Clip 2
• Ionic Bond Video Clip 3
Ionic Bonding
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
Atoms that gain or lose electrons in
order to become more chemically
stable are called
0%
1. Isotopes
0%
2. Ions
0%
3. Radioactive
0%
4. Neutral
What would a chlorine atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 17)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 7 electrons
What would an iodine atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 53)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 7 electrons
Learning Checks
• Return your Remote
• Complete PACKET pages 17-18 Ionic Bonds
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
How many valence electrons
does rubidium have(A# = 37) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
7
37
Stable atoms have how many
valence electrons?
5%
85%
5%
5%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
4
8
20
What would a rubidium atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 37)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 3 electrons
Learning Checks
• Return your Remotes
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
Stable atoms have how many
valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
4
8
20
How many valence electrons
does potassium have(A# = 19) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
7
19
What would a potassium atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 19)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 3 electrons
Atoms that gain or lose electrons in
order to become more chemically
stable are called
0%
1. Isotopes
0%
2. Ions
0%
3. Radioactive
0%
4. Neutral
JOURNAL#2
• Draw electron dot diagrams of
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, &
Iodine
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
How many valence electrons
does sulfur have(A# = 16) ?
0%
15%
85%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
8
7
6
4
Stable atoms have how many
valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
4
8
20
What would a sulfur atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 16)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 2 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Lose 3 electrons
Oxidation Numbers
• Turn to page 3 of your packet
Oxidation Number
• The oxidation number is
essentially the bonding power of
an atom.
• The oxidation number of an
atom is the charge that it will
tend to acquire when bonding.
Oxidation Number
• A positive oxidation number
means that an atom will lose
electrons when forming an ionic
bond.
• A negative oxidation number
means that it will gain electrons.
Sample Oxidation Numbers
• Chlorine:
• Sodium:
• Calcium:
• Sulfur:
• Aluminum:
-1
+1
+2
-2
+3
Video Clips
• Intro to Bonding (Ionic) 4:30
• Valence electrons 2:46
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remote
How many valence electrons
does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
7
6
5
4
What would a phosphorus atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 15)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 2 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Lose 3 electrons
What is the oxidation number of
phosphorus? (A# = 15)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
-1
-2
-3
What is the oxidation number of
nitrogen? (A# = 7)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
-1
-2
-3
What is the oxidation number of
chlorine? (A# = 17)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
-1
-2
-3
What is the oxidation number of
magnesium? (A# = 12)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
+2
-2
-1
Learning Checks
• Return your Remote
• Complete the “Periodic
Table Perspectives” sheet
Video Clips
• Element Rap 3:00
• The Noble Gas Song 3:28
• The Noble Gas Rap 2:50
Entrance Questions
• Ready your remote
How many valence electrons does
an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
3
5
7
What is the oxidation number of
arsenic? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
+2
-3
-2
How many energy levels does an
arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
2
3
4
Changing An Atom
• RETURN YOUR REMOTE
• Turn to page 19 of your packet &
complete it
• Pick up a copy of the “Families of
the Periodic Table” worksheet
Video Clips
• Families of the Periodic Table 14:42
• Groups of Elements on the
Periodic Table 7:26
Video Clips
• Alkali Metals in Water 2:22
• Sodium & Potassium in Water 0:53
• The Halogens 3:40
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remote
• Get ready to consult your
periodic table!! 
What is the oxidation number of
strontium? (A# = 38)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
+2
-1
-2
What is the oxidation number of
oxygen?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
+2
-1
-2
What would a calcium atom do to
become chemically stable? (A# = 20)
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Lose 2 electrons
Gain 2 electrons
In a chemical reaction, what would
an oxygen atom do?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gain 1 electron
Lose 1 electron
Gain 2 electrons
Lose 2 electrons
Learning Checks
• Return your remote
• Turn to page 20 of your PACKET
• Make sure you finish page 20 – 21
“Bonding Basics – Ionic Bonds”
Covalent Bonding
• When atoms share electrons to
become stable, it is called a
covalent bond.
• Covalently bonded atoms are
called molecules.
Sample Molecule
• Hydrogen Fluoride
Before
After  HF
Sample Molecule
• Ammonia
Before
After
 NH3
Sample Molecule
• Oxygen (diatomic molecule)
Before
After  O2
Video Clips
• The Bonding Song 4:19
Polyatomic Ions
• Polyatomic ions are covalently
bonded atoms that still hold a
positive or negative charge.
• Sometimes called radicals,
these molecules act as one and
can form ionic compounds.
Common Polyatomic Ions
• Ammonium
• Acetate
• Hydroxide
• Nitrate
• Carbonate
+1
NH4
C2H3O2-1
OH-1
NO3-1
CO3-2
Law of Conservation of Matter
• The Law of Conservation of Matter
states that matter is neither
created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
• Matter can just change from one
form to another.
Law of Conservation of Matter
• The mass of the reactants is equal
to the mass of the products of a
chemical reaction.
• The number of atoms before a
chemical reaction is the same as
the number after a chemical
reaction.
Law of Conservation of Matter
• REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Law of Conservation of Matter
• REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
4H
4H
2O
2O
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:
4 H2 + 2 O2

2 H 2O
Law of Conservation of Matter
• REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Law of Conservation of Matter
• REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
TOTAL ATOMS
TOTAL ATOMS
2H
2H
2 Cl
2 Cl
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:
H2 + Cl2

2 HCl
TOTAL MASS:
2 (1.0g) + 2 (35.5 g) = 2 (36.5 g)
73. 0 g
= 73.0 g
The Law of Conservation of
Matter
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:
Na2SO4+ Ca Cl2  CaSO4+ 2 NaCl
The Law of
Conservation
of Matter
27 grams of aluminum react with 24
grams of oxygen. What mass of
aluminum oxide forms?
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
27 grams
24 grams
25.5 grams
51 grams
What coefficient should go in front of the
H2 to properly balance this equation?
2 H 2 O  ? H 2 + O2
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
Law of Conservation of Matter
• Video 1
• Homer & Conservation of Mass 2
• Antoine Lavoisier's Discovery 3
Bibliography
• Bohr Models from www.chemicalelements.com