Cellular Biology I
Generalized
Cell
Plasma
Cell-Environment
Cytoplasmic
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Cell Theory
Membrane
Organelles
Interactions
6.
Lysomes: Digestive
compartments;
membEndomembrane
System:
Interactive
system
of
1.
Microtubules:
Radiate
from
cell’s
center,
4.
Types
of
diffusion:a.
Simple:Nonpolar
substances
Membrane
transport
3.
Endoplasmic
reticulum:
Network
of
memb4.
5.
Network
RER:
Golgi
Protein
apparatus:
of
fibers
synthesis
throughout
Modifies,
(has
concentrates
cytoplasm
ribosomes
that
to
&
6.
Active
Processes:
Active
Transport:
a.
Cell
uses
ranous
sac
containing
hydrolytic
enzymes
Concepts:
Specialized
Structures
and
Functions
membranes
that
interact
directly
through
7.
Membrane
Cytoplasm:
Bulk
Transport
receptors
Cellular
(Active):
material
a.
inside
Exocytosis:
cell
sub(lipid
soluble)
pass
directly
through
lipid
bilayer
determine
cell
shape,
provide
tracks
for
1.
Membranes
are
selectively
permeable
Mitochondria:
2.
Nucleoli
Transduce
energy
into
useable
ranous
tubules
&
sacs
(cisternae)
within
the
Fluid
Types
Function
mosaic
of
proteins:
of
membrane
model
proteins:
energy
to
move
substances
across
the
membrane,
synthesize
packages
form
a
framework
RER
secretory
products
for
proteins),
support,
movement
growing
poly&
Control
Structures
3.
Chromatin—DNA
center
for
cellular
+
globular
function;
histone
contains
a.
Digest
all
major
classes
of
macromolecules
Cells
are
the
functional
and
structural
units
of
1.
Microvilli:
Increase
surface
area;
absorption
Cell-adhesion
molecules
(CAMS)
physical
contact
or
indirectly
through
vesicles
stance
Contact
Most
is
cellular
released
signaling
activities
from
vesicle
occur
(membranous
here
Carbohydrates
Three
types
associated
of
fibers:
with
the
exterior
(polar
&charged
particles
can
diffuse
if
they
can
fit
organelle
movement
&
invovled
in
separation
5.
Filtration:
Water
and
solutes
are
forced
2.
Passive
&
active
processes
cellular
a.
No
membrane
work.
Double
membrane
structure
b.
Transport
molecules
utilize
energy
from
ATP
to
cytoplasm:
Continuous
with
nuclear
envelope
1.
Membranes
Integral:
Transport
transmembrane
are
mosaic
of
proteins;
different
span
proteins
the
peptide
a.
regulation
Organelle
is
threaded
of
stacked,
through
flat
membranous
ER
membrane
sacs
genetic
a.Nucleosome:
Nuclear
material,
envelope
Fundamental
most
cells
have
unit
single
of
chromatin
Ribosomes:
Site
of
protein
synthesis
b.
Acidic
(pump
H+
in
from
cytosol),
c.
Sequeliving
organisms
2.
Membrane
junctions:
a.
Tight
junctions:
1.
Anchor
cell
to
EC
matrix
&
to
each
other
through
pores),b.
Osmosis:
Diffusion
of
solvent
via
Vesicle:
Membrane-enclosed
sacs
that
are
sac:
Electrical
Comprised
Fuses
with
signaling:
of:
membrane&releases
Voltage-gated
channels
contents
surface
of
1.
the
Microtubules
membrane
(thickest)
of
chromosomes
during
cell
division
through
a
membrane
or
capillary
by
pump
molecules
against
concentration
gradients,
c.
3.
Passive
movement:
Diffusion:
a.
Movement
similar
b.
Ribosomes
to
PM,
a.Outer
subunits
membrane
are
assembled
(permeable),
here
,two
regions:
smooth
ER
and
rough
ER,
are
hydrophobic
2.
Enzyme
embedded
interior
in
a
phospholipid
(channels
&
bilayer
carriers)
(receptor
(cisternae)
Functions:
site)
into
cisternal
space,
protein
nucleus,
a.
(units
Double
of
eight
large
membrane:
wrapped
cells
(those
Inner
by
DNA
with
&
outer:
large
molecule)
outer
amount
1.destructive
Complexes
ofwhich
RNA
and
protein
selectively
permeable
membrane
(hypertonic,
hyposters
enzymes
from
thesubstances
cytosol
2.
The
activity
of
organism
is
dependent
on
both
Impermeable
junctions,
b.
Desmosomes:
Cell
migration
pinched
off
portions
of
membranes
moving
to
3.
a.
Cytosol:
Chemical
outside),
Fluid
b.
signaling:
Endocytosis:
in
a.
Neurotransmitter
other
Large
components
&
1.
Glycolipids
2.
Microfilaments
(thinnest)
Coupled
systems(symport&antiport)d.Na+-K+
pump:
2.
Microfilaments
(thinnest):
Made
up
of
conthydrostatic
pressure:
Pressure
gradient
of
substance
down
concentration
gradient:
b.
(large
Inner
in
membrane
growing
cells)
contains
embedded
prn.s
SER
lacks
ribosomes
(synthesis
of
lipids,
2.
3.
Hydrophilic
Peripheral:
Receptor
sites
not
portions
embedded;
of
proteins&
attach
surface
phosphotonic,
isotonic,
osmolarity
&
osmotic
pressure),
c.
folds
b.
1.
Mechanical
Has
into
polarity
native
support
(cis
conformation,
face:
to
receives
maintain
in
glycoprotransport
shape
of
membrane
Chromosomes:
cytoplasm)
is
have
continuous
prior
to
be
to
multinucleate,
cell
with
division,
ER
with
RBC
2.
Free
in
cytosol
or
bound
to
ER
d.
Functions:
Intracellular
digestion
(phagocyindividual
and
collective
activity
of
the
cells
that
Anchoring
junctions;
plaques
&
linkers;
3.
Cell
signaling
from
one
membrane
to
another
enclosed
hormone
are
suspended
receptors
by
membrane&taken
act
as
ligands,
into
b.
cell:
Binding
Phag2.
Glycocalyx:
3.
Intermediate
attached
to
filaments
proteins
in
contact
Na+
binding
stimulates
ATP
formation,
phosphorylaractile
protein
(actin),
attach
cytoplasmic
side
pushes
solute-containing
fluid
out
Changes
over
distance
in
particular
direction,
involved
c.
Associated
in
cellular
with
chromatin
work
with
region
cristae
associa(folds
of
phospholipids
&
steroids,
CHO
metabolism,
Facilitated
diffusion:
Lipid
insoluble
molecules
too
ipids
(enzymatic
4.
Intercellular
are
maximally
activity
junctions
&
exposed
structure)
to
water
tein;
vesicles
2.
Allows
oligosaccharides
from
cell
to
RER
change
trans
enzymatically
shape
face:
pinches
added
off
to
is
chromatin
the
nuclear
only
pores
condenses
cell
lacking
(selectively
to
nucleus
form
permeable)
chromosomes
tosis),
recycle
cellular
organic
material
(autocomprise
that
organism
intermediate
filaments
&
c.
Gap
junctions:
2.
Endomembrane
system
includes:
ocytosis,
causes
b.
Organelles
conformational
pinocytosis
&
change
receptor-mediated
(creates
force
tion
causes
conformational
change
which
releases
with
extracellular
matrix
of
PM,
help
muscle&
localized
cell
contraction
b.
Results
from
intrinsic
kinetic
energy:
large
to
diffuse
through
membrane
pores
can
move
the
ted
inner
with
DNA
membrane),
coding
for
c.
Inner
rRNA:
membrane
Nuclear
detoxifies
drugs
&
calcium
storage)
3.
5.
Hydrophobic
Cell-cell
recognition
portions
are
in
nonaqueous
the
vesicles)
Associated
secretory
protein,
with
motility
protein
departs
in
b.
Perinuclear
cisterna:
Fluid
between
phagy)
& programmed
cell
death
(autolysis)
3.
Subcellular
structures
determine
the
biochemical
Movement
of
chemicals
between
adjacent
Na+,
K+ binding
causes
phosphate
release,
pump
a.
Nuclear
envelope,
b.
ER,
c.
Golgi
apparatus,
endocytosis
“muscle”,
c.
Inclusions:
opens
(coated
Non-functioning
or
closes
pit
&
clathrin)
channel,
chemicals
activates
sub3.
Intermediate
filaments:
Most
stable
&
act
as
passively
with
carrier
molecules:
Selective
(specific)
Temperature
&
molecular
size,
c.
Random
space,
organizing
d.
Mitochondrial
regions
(DNA
matrix:
regions)
Contains
enz.s
environment
6.Cytoskeletal&extracellular
inside
membrane
matrix
attachment
transport
c.
4.
The
Regulatory
rough
vesicle
ER
role
products
pinched
in
transmitting
off
are
modified
signals
the
astype
from
membranes
returns
tothat
original
conformation
&from
K+
is
released
e.
Role
in
disease:
Storage
diseases(lack
ofER
specific
activities
of
cells
(i.e.,
principle
of
complementarity)
cells;
connexons
d.
Lysosomes
&
e.
Vacuoles
enzyme),
stances
c.
G
may
protein-linked
be
unique
to
receptors(second
given
cell
&
limited
byto
number
ofpulling
carriers
(saturation)
guy
wires
resist
forces
on
the cell &
molecular
movement,
d.
Dynamic
equilibrium
for
metabolic
steps
of
cellular
respiration
they
cell’s
move
surface
through
to
itshas
interior
Golgi
apparatus
enzymes
causes
substrate
accumulation:
Pompe’s:
4.
Continuity
of
life
a
cellular
basis
messenger,
signaling
cascade
is
initiated)
fixExit
organelle position
Home
glycogen in
liver &
Tay-Sachs:
lipidsNOTES
in brain
BASIM
ZWAIN
LECTURE