Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Scientific Revolution
SECTION 2 Agricultural Revolution
SECTION 3 Industrial Revolution
SECTION 4 Industrial Impact
SECTION 5 Spread of Industry
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 33 traces the rise of science and
industry in Europe and North America
during the 1700s and 1800s. 
– Section 1 traces the Scientific
Revolution. 
– Section 2 describes developments in
farming that led to the Agricultural
Revolution. 
– Section 3 summarizes the major
developments that led to the Industrial
Revolution.
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the information.
Overview (cont.)
– Section 4 examines the effects of
industrialization. 
– Section 5 describes how industrialization
spread.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• summarize the inventions of the Scientific
Revolution. 
• identify features of the Agricultural
Revolution. 
• trace the rise of industry. 
• describe the social effects of
industrialization. 
• analyze how industrialization spread.
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Read to Discover
• What inventions and discoveries marked
the Scientific Revolution 
• How the Agricultural Revolution contributed
to the Industrial Revolution 
• How the Industrial Revolution developed

• What the effects of industrialization were 
• How industrialization continued and spread
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 523 of your textbook.
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Terms to Learn
• enclosure 
• Galileo Galilei 
• textile 
• Sir Isaac Newton 
• factory system 
• Robert Fulton 
• cotton gin 
• Samuel F.B. Morse
People to Know
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Why It’s Important
By the 1700s, people in the western world
also had new ideas about science. These
led to new forms of power and ways of
making goods. Industry and ways of living
changed so much that historians call these
changes the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution involved the shift
from animal and human power to machine
power. This meant that society became less
agricultural and more industrial. During the
early years of the Industrial Revolution,
Great Britain took the lead. Later, other
countries rose to challenge
Great Britain.
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Scientific Revolution
• Beginning in the 1400s, scientists started to
break away from old ideas in what is known
as the Scientific Revolution. 
• Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer
who studied the motion of the planets, was
one of the first to use the scientific method. 
• Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei invented a
telescope and began to study the planets. 
• He was strongly criticized by the Roman
Catholic Church for teaching that Earth
revolves around the sun.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 525 of your textbook.
Scientific Revolution (cont.)
• English scientist Sir Isaac Newton
explained the theory of gravitation and how
objects move through space. 
• Scientists in Great Britain and France
formed organizations in to discuss their
ideas and research, spreading scientific
information more quickly.
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Section Assessment
What scientific discoveries were
made by Galileo Galilei?
He discovered that the planets
revolve around the sun.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why were Sir Isaac Newton’s
theories important?
His work formed the basis for today’s
rockets.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Generalizations Why was the
time beginning in the 1400s known
as the Scientific Revolution?
This was a time when scientists
broke away from old theories and
used the scientific method.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 525 of
your textbook, and use it to show
some of the new ideas developed
during the Scientific Revolution.
Ideas include: the idea of a sun-centered
solar system, discover of moon’s
topographic features, discovery of stars
in the Milky Way, principle of gravity, or
any of the other ideas or discoveries
listed on page 524 of your textbook.
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Agricultural Revolution
• There were new developments in farming,
called the Agricultural Revolution, which set
the stage for the Industrial Revolution. 
• By the 1700s, a system of land division
called enclosure was in use in Great
Britain, in which smaller strips of land
were combined into larger areas closed in
by fences. 
• While tenant farmers could stay on as
paid workers, most moved to cities and
became industrial workers.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 525 of your textbook.
Agricultural Revolution (cont.)
• The agricultural revolution led to greater
food production. 
• This meant better health, longer life
spans, population increases, and a
growing demand for manufactured goods.
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Section Assessment
How did landowners use the
enclosure system?
They could grow the same crop over
a large area with fewer workers.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the growth of population
influence the Industrial Revolution?
As the population increased, the
demand for manufactured goods
grew.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Comparisons Do you think
agriculture was more or less
important in the 1700s than it is today
in Great Britain?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 526 of
your textbook, and use it to show
some of the effects of the enclosure
system.
The enclosure system allowed
landowners to make more money;
resulted in larger harvests at greater
profits, with fewer workers; forced
many tenant farmers into cities; and
swelled the industrial labor force.
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Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution began in the
early 1700s, developing slowly at first and
then faster and faster with each new
development. 
• By the 1850s, the changes had become
so widespread that people realized they
were entering a new age.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 526 of your textbook.
The Textile Industry
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain in the textile, or woven cloth, industry.

• In the 1600s and early 1700s, cloth was
made by the domestic system, in which
hand-powered spinning wheels and looms
were used in workers’ cottages. 
• In 1733, John Kay, a British inventor,
invented the flying shuttle which cut in
half the time needed to weave cloth.
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The Textile Industry (cont.)
• In 1764, James Hargreaves, a British
carpenter, invented the spinning jenny,
making it possible for one person to spin
many threads at the same time. 
• Factories were built next to rivers for water
power. 
• The factory system, which brought workers
and machines together in one place to make
goods, began.
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The Textile Industry (cont.)
• In 1769, a Scottish mechanic, James Watt,
perfected the steam engine, and steam
replaced water as the major source of
power. 
• Eli Whitney, an American inventor, with
Catherine Littlefield Greene, invented the
cotton gin, or cotton-cleaning machine. 
• It could clean cotton 50 times faster than
a person working by hand.
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Organizing Production
• About five years later, Whitney developed
the system of interchangeable parts. 
• This meant that a certain part of a product
is the same size and shape as that same
part in another product. 
• In the late 1700s, a shopkeepermechanic, Oliver Evans, was the first to
use automation. 
• In this process, machines instead of
people do much of the labor.
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Organizing Production (cont.)
• In 1847, Samuel Colt used Whitney's idea
of interchangeable parts to develop the
assembly line. 
• In this arrangement, each worker adds a
part of the product and passes it on to the
next worker, who also adds a part, until the
entire product has been put together. 
• All of these discoveries and new techniques
greatly increased production.
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Iron, Coal, and Steel
• Without iron, coal, and steel–which replaced
iron–the Industrial Revolution could not
have continued. 
• In 1753, coal was used instead of
charcoal for smelting; iron became
cheaper, iron production grew, and coal
mining became a major industry. 
• Iron, however, was too brittle for rails,
bridge supports, and heavy equipment.
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Iron, Coal, and Steel (cont.)
• In 1856, a British inventor, Henry Bessemer,
found a cheap way of removing the
impurities from iron to make steel, which was
harder and stronger than iron. 
• Seven years later, in 1863, Pierre-Emile
Martin of France and William Siemens of
England invented the open-hearth
process, an even cheaper method of
producing steel. 
• Soon, mining towns and steel centers
grew up in areas with supplies of iron ore
and coal.
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Transportation
• Raw materials and finished products had to
be moved quickly and cheaply. 
• Late in the 1700s, the British began to
improve their roads. 
• Scottish engineer John L. McAdam
developed the macadam road, which had a
surface layer of crushed stone which allowed
faster travel in all kinds of weather. 
• By 1830, Great Britain had a complete
system of inland waterways.
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Transportation (cont.)
• The biggest improvement in land
transportation was the railroad. 
• In 1829, George Stephenson, built the
Rocket, a locomotive that could pull a
train 36 miles an hour. 
• The Rocket started a railroad-building
boom in Great Britain and around the
world. 
• Railroads changed daily life, ultimately
leading to world wide standard time zones
in 1884.
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Transportation (cont.)
• The biggest improvement in water
transportation was the steamboat. 
• Robert Fulton, an American inventor,
developed the first practical steamboat.
• Soon, steamboats were carrying
passengers and goods along the inland
waterways of the United States and
Europe.
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
Section Assessment
What effects did the assembly
line have on the type of workers
needed for production?
It made it possible for less-skilled
workers to make or fix products much
faster.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did transportation have to
be improved during the
Industrial Revolution?
It had to be improved to move raw
materials and finished products
quickly and cheaply.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences Suppose
the steam engine was never invented.
Do you think the Industrial Revolution
would still have occurred? Why or
why not?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 530 of
your textbook, and use it to weigh the
pros and cons of using an assembly
line to produce goods.
Answers will vary but could mention
the advantage of increased
production of goods and the
disadvantage of monotonous work.
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the answer.
Industrial Impact
• The Industrial Revolution brought many
changes in people’s lives, first in Great
Britain and then in other countries.
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Section 4 begins on page 530 of your textbook.
Changes in Society
• During the Industrial Revolution, the middle
class increased in numbers and grew
richer. 
• Many factory, railroad, and mine owners
became as wealthy as the nobles. 
• In time, the middle class gained political
power. 
• The Industrial Revolution also created an
industrial working class of mostly
peasants who could no longer support
themselves by farming.
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Changes in Society (cont.)
• In the early years, the working class worked
12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, for
low wages with no job security. 
• Working conditions were difficult, dirty,
and dangerous. 
• Most children of the working class worked
in factories and mines instead of attending
school.
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The Growth of Cities
• Another change brought by the Industrial
Revolution was the growth of cities. 
• Some cities grew up around factories or
mines, and the cities quickly became
overcrowded. 
• Epidemics of cholera, typhoid, and
tuberculosis were common. 
• Workers had little economic or political
power, nor the right to vote. 
• It was against the law to form trade unions,
or workers’ associations.
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Reform
• Most people in the middle and upper
classes paid little attention to the suffering
of the workers. 
• Some factory owners began to work for
reform. 
– In 1824, trade unions were made legal. 
– During the 1830s and 1840s, children under ten
years old and women were prohibited from
working underground in mines. 
– The workday was cut to ten hours.
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Reform (cont.)
• The reformers also worked to improve living
conditions with public sewer systems and
the building of better houses.
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Section Assessment
What problems were caused by
the rapid growth of cities?
Overcrowding; disposing of garbage;
obtaining fresh water supplies; and
epidemics of cholera, typhoid, and
tuberculosis were problems.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why were some people against
reform?
Some people felt that raising wages
and improving working conditions
would raise the cost of goods and
lower profits.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
What reforms would you have worked
for if you had lived during the
Industrial Revolution?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 533 of
your textbook, and use it to
support this generalization: The
Industrial Revolution brought
many changes to people’s lives.
Supporting details include: middle class grew in
size, wealth, and political power; an industrial
working class appeared; industrial workers
labored long hours for low wages; machines
and factory owners set the pace of work;
children went to work in factories and mines;
cities expanded and the poor often lived in
unhealthy conditions.
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Spread of Industry
• Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution spread
from Great Britain to other countries which,
aided by technology, soon industrialized,
or built up industry. 
• The expansion of railroads and
transportation were also important factors.
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the information. Section 5 begins on page 533 of your textbook.
Other Countries
• At the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution, Great Britain tried to keep its
inventions secret. 
• By the 1800s, many workers had left, and
other nations welcomed these immigrants
because they brought British industrial
secrets to their new homelands. 
• Belgium and France were the first countries
after Great Britain to industrialize. 
• Soon after, the United States and Germany
industrialized.
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Technological Advances
• The development of electricity helped
continue the Industrial Revolution. 
– In 1837, two Americans, Samuel F.B. Morse
and Alfred Vail, built the first successful electric
telegraph, making quick communication
possible. 
– Some years later, American Alexander Graham
Bell invented the telephone. 
– In 1895, an Italian physicist, Guglielmo Marconi,
built the wireless telegraph, or radio. 
– By 1879, Thomas Alva Edison, an American,
developed the electric light.
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Technological Advances (cont.)
• Another new source of power was the
internal combustion engine, or an engine
that is fueled by gasoline. 
• It was invented around 1885 by German
engineer Gottlieb Daimler and was used
to drive the first automobile. 
• Another German engineer, Rudolf Diesel,
developed an oil-burning internal
combustion engine that could run large
industrial plants, locomotives, and ocean
liners.
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Section Assessment
How did the Industrial
Revolution spread?
Workers who left England brought
British industrial secrets to their new
homelands.
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the information.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What were the first countries to
industrialize after Great Britain?
Belgium, France, Germany, and the
United States were the first to
industrialize after Great Britain.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions Which of the
advances in technology made
during the Industrial Revolution do
you consider the most important?
Explain.
Answers will vary.
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the information.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 536 of
your textbook, and use it to show
inventions that advanced
communication and the use of
new forms of energy or power.
communication–telegraph, telephone,
wireless telegraph (radio)
energy/power–electricity, internal
combustion engines run by gas,
internal combustion engine run by oil
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• In 1543, Copernicus triggered the Scientific
Revolution with his idea of a sun-centered
solar system. 
• The Scientific Revolution helped lead to
the Agricultural Revolution–a new system
of land division, animal breeding, and
growing crops. 
• The invention of new machines helped
workers produce more goods in less
time.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Perfection of the steam engine replaced
the use of water power and allowed
factories to be built near sources of raw
materials. 
• Eli Whitney and Catherine Littlefield
Greene invented the cotton gin in 1793.
Whitney also developed the principle of
interchangeable parts. 
• Automation and the assembly line
increased production and reduced the
need for skilled workers.
62
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The development of inexpensive ways to
smelt iron and make steel provided cheaper
building materials for industry. 
• Improvements in transportation–better
roads, canal systems, railroads, and steam
boats–helped speed industrialization. 
• The Industrial Revolution increased the
size of the middle class and created a new
industrial working class, many of whom
suffered poor living conditions in industrial
cities.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• During the 1800s, the Industrial Revolution
spread from Great Britain to other countries,
where inventors developed even more new
ideas such as electricity and the internal
combustion engine.
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Understanding the Main Idea
In what ways did ideas about
science change in the 1400s,
1500s, and 1600s?
Scientists used the scientific method
to test their hypotheses.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What effect did the Agricultural
Revolution have on population
growth?
More food meant better health and
longer life spans.
67
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did the development of the
macadam road affect transportation?
It allowed horse-drawn wagons to
travel faster in all kinds of weather.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What benefits did people in the
working class eventually receive
from the Industrial Revolution?
There were fewer epidemics, and
products were cheaper.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What new sources of power helped
spread the Industrial Revolution?
electricity and the internal
combustion engine
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What did changes in agriculture
have to do with the beginning of
the Industrial Revolution?
Farmers moved to cities; population
grew and demand increased for
manufactured goods.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Why did Great Britain want to keep
its inventions secret from the rest
of the world?
It wanted to monopolize profits.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What things are necessary for a
country to be able to industrialize?
natural resources, technology, power
sources, production, transportation,
and workers
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Do you believe the Industrial
Revolution was good or bad for
most workers? Explain.
74
Geography in History
Human/Environmental Interaction
Progress that came about during the
Industrial Revolution was caused by
people interacting with their
environment. What geographic
features were involved in this
progress? Explain.
Factories were built next to rivers for
water power and steam power, and
near raw materials and markets.
Transportation systems were
improved.
75
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the answer.
How did the invention of the electric
light change American society
forever? Explain.
Answers will vary.
76
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the answer.
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78
1543
Copernicus
proposes suncentered solar
system
79
1769
1879
James Watt
perfects the
steam engine
Thomas Edison
develops
electric light
1733
1847
John Kay
invents the
flying shuttle
Samuel Colt
develops assembly
line
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the information.
Robert Fulton
1765–1815
American Inventor
Born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
Robert Fulton had many talents. He
was an expert gunsmith and an
accomplished landscape painter. He
also designed torpedoes and early
submarines. Fulton is best known for
launching the Clermont, the first
commercially successful steamboat in
America.
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Inspiration
Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of the
wireless telegraph, was inspired to
experiment with science after reading
a biography of Benjamin Franklin.
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A High Railway
In 1870, an American engineer named
Henry Meiggs built what is still the
world’s highest railroad–the Central
Railway–across the Andes Mountains
in Peru. At its highest point, the Central
Railway reaches an altitude of nearly
16,000 feet, or 4880 meters, higher than
the tallest peak in the Alps.
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A Growing Population
In 1800, less than 3 percent of the
world’s people lived in cities with
20,000 or more people. By the year
2000, however, as many as 50 percent
lived in urban areas.
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Weights and Measures
As industrialization spread, people
needed a common system of weights
and measures. Most countries adopted
the metric system, first developed in
France in the 1790s. Its basic
measurement, the meter, equals one
ten-millionth of the distance along a
meridian from the North Pole to the
Equator.
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