Chapter 3: Cells
Introduction
 An adult human body consists of about ______________________________________ cells.
 There are at least_______________________________________________ varieties of cells.
 Cells differentiate considerably in _________, ________________, and _________________.
 Cells have different, distinctive shapes that make possible their______________________.
History
 Late 1600’s, _______________________ was looking through a primitive microscope at some
_______________________.
 Saw ______________________that reminded him of _________________________ so he
named the structure cells.
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life (1)
 Cells are made up of _____ elements primarily: ______________________________________
 Make up most of ___________________________
The other elements are important for cell functions:
 _________________________- blood clotting and other things.
 __________________- necessary to make ________________________(carries oxygen in the
blood).
 _____________________ is required to make the __________________ that controls
metabolism.
 _______________________________________ - carry electrical impulse. Electrolytes.
 ________________________________________ essential for transmission of nerve impulses
and muscle contractions.
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life (2)
 Cells are about ___________________________________.
 __________________________- all the cells of the body are constantly bathed in a dilute
saltwater solution.
 Comes from the _________________________.
 All exchanges between _____________________________are made through this fluid.
Cell size:
 2micrometers (_________________) to over 1 meter (___________________)
 Long cells are ______________________________________________
Cell structure reflects the job.
 _____________________________- red blood cells
 _______________________________- nerves
 _____________________________- smooth muscle cells
 _________________________- epithelial cells
 ______________________ - wander freely through the body tissue. And protect the body by
____________________________ and other foreign substances.
Anatomy of a Composite (Generalized) Cell




All cells have three main regions: __________________________________________________
Nucleus- ________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm- ______________________________________________________________
Plasma membrane- _______________________________________________________
Nucleus
 DNA- contains the blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole
body
 ________________________ for building proteins.
 If a cell ejects its nucleus it ____________________________________________
 Nucleus usually forms to the ________________________________________________
Nucleus has three distinct regions:
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
Nuclear Envelope
 _______________________________________________
 Between the two layers is _______________________________________.
 At various points the two layers of the nuclear envelope approach each other and fuse_________________________________________
 ___________________________________ but much freer than else where because of large
pores.
 Encloses a jellylike fluid called ______________________ in which
_______________________________are suspended.
Nucleoli




___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ are assembled here
Then the __________________________________________________________________.
Ribosomes do ____________________________________________.
Chromatin
 __________________________________________________________
 When a cell is dividing to form two _________________________ the __________________
threads coil and condense to form dense, rod-like bodies called ________________________
Plasma Membrane (1)
 ____________________________________________________________________________
them from the surrounding environment.
 Consists of ___________________________ arranged ______________________ in which
protein molecules float.
 Most of the lipid portion is __________________________. With a substantial amount
of____________________________.
 The heads are __________________________________________
 The tails are _____________________________. These tails make the cell relatively
impermeable to most ______________________________ molecules.
Plasma Membrane (2)
 Some proteins are______________________
 Many proteins mounted on the cell exterior are
___________________________________________________________________________
 Most proteins are for __________________________________________________________are a sugar protein. The cell surface is fuzzy, sticky area.
o Determine your ___________________________
o Changes in glycoproteins occur in cells that are ______________________________
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane (1)
 ___________________________- tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell’s
surface area for absorption so that the process occurs more quickly.
 __________________________________- vary structurally depending on their roles.
 ________________________________- impermeable junctions that bind cells together into
leak-proof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space
between cells
o __________________________________________________________________
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane (2)
Membrane junctions ___________________________- anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to
mechanical stress (____________________) from being pulled apart.
 _________________________- commonly seen in the heart and between
______________________, function mainly to allow communication.
o ___________________- connected to neighboring cells.
Cytoplasm
 ___________________________________________________________________________
 Site of most ______________________________________________________________
3 major elements: _________________________________________________________________
 _____________________ is semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements.
 _____________________ are the metabolic machinery of the cell.
 _____________________ are not functioning units but are chemical substances that may or
may not be present
o _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasmic Organelles
_______________________________- sausage-shaped organelles
 Squirm, lengthen and _________________________________________________________
 Outer membrane ____________________________________________________________.
 Carry out reactions in which ___________________________________________________.
 Captured and used to form ________________________________________
 _____________________________ of the cell
 _____________________________have lots of mitochondria
 __________________________ has few mitochondria
_____________________- tiny round, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA called
ribosomal RNA.
 _________________________________________
 __________________________________________.
 _______________________________________has ribosomes attached to it.
______________________________- is a system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through
the cytoplasm.
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________. Does not do protein synthesis. It does
cholesterol synthesis and breakdown (fat and detoxification of drugs) found in the liver and
testes
_______________________________- appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs,
associated with swarms of tiny vesicles.
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
o ___________________________________________ are packaged this way.
___________________________- breaks down bodies, appear in different sizes and are membrane
bags containing powerful digestive enzymes.
 Eat ___________________________________________________that enter the cell.
 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
Homeostatic Imbalance:
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________- membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use
molecular oxygen (O2) to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances (alcohol and
formaldehyde)
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________- elaborate network of protein structures extends
throughout the cytoplasm.
 _________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________- cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
 ________________________________- tube-like, distribution of organelles and are very
important during cell division
______________________________- paired lie close to the nucleus
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
Other Organelles
 __________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
Cell Physiology
Membrane Transport ______________________- homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components.
 _______________________- dissolving medium (body has water)
 _______________________- substances that are present in smaller amounts.
 _______________________- solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water.
 _______________________- continuously bathes the exterior of our cells
 _______________________- means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through
it while excluding others.
Passive Transport Processes:
Diffusion and Filtration
 _________________________________- the process by which molecules tend to scatter
themselves throughout the available space.
 The speed of diffusion is affected by the size of the molecules
__________________________________________________________________________
 Molecules move passively through the membrane if:
o _____________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________- unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma
membrane.
o _____________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
 _____________________________- means for certain needed substances (glucose) to enter
the cell.
Filtration
_________________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________
 ___________________________________________
Active Transport Processes
___________________________________- similar to facilitated diffusion
 _________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________________
Bulk Transport ____________________________- out of the cell
o _________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________- into the cell
o ________________________________________________
o ________________________________________________
o _________________________________- the cell forms a tiny pit and then its edges
fuse around the droplet of extracellular fluid unlike phagocytes this is routine activity
for a cell.
Cell Division
2 major periods: __________________________________________________________________
 Interphase is really metabolic phase not resting phase.
 Events of cell division:
o Mitosis:
_______________________________________________________(happens when
mitosis is nearly completed)
Cytokinesis
Occurs during late _________________________________________________________________
At the end _____________________________________________________
 Genetically identical to the_____________________________________
 Carry out ___________________________________________________________________
 Sometimes the cytoplasm does not divide this _____________________________________
o Fairly ________________________________________________
Mitosis gone wild is the basis for _____________________________________________________
Metabolism and T3 and T4 hormones
The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
_________________________________________ that are required for normal development of
brain tissue. Also normal metabolism of the body.
 ___________________________________________________
 Can also cause _____________________________________
 Too much leads to _______________________________________
 ______________________________________________________