Cells Unit
UNIT 3: CELLS
CH 7:
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Pages 196 – 207
Pg 4
Name_________________________________Pr___
7.2 – CELL STRUCTURE
Cell Organization
1. What are the two major parts of all eukaryotic cells? _____________ and _____________________
a. Which structure is missing in prokaryotes? _____________________
b. Define cytoplasm:
2. What does “organelle” mean? ________________________________
a. Why are they named “organelles”? ________________________________________________
Comparing the Cell to a Factory
3. In what general ways is a cell like a factory? Four functions are listed in this paragraph. Name them.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
The Nucleus
4. What chemical is contained in the nucleus? ____________
a. This carries the coded instructions for making ________________
5. True or False: Because prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, they do not have DNA. ____________
6. What surrounds the nucleus? ___________________________________________
a. What does it have thousands of? __________________________________
b. What moves in and out of these? _________________________________________________
7. What two chemicals make up chromatin? ________________________________________________
a. When a cell divides, the chromatin condenses into structures we call _____________________
8. What is the function of the nucleolus? ________________________________________________
Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support
Vacuoles and Vesicles
9. In one word, what is the function of vacuoles and vesicles? ______________________
10. What sorts of chemicals might vacuoles store? _____________________________________________
11. What kind of vacole do plant cells have that animal cells do not? _______________________________
a. In this paragraph they list one of many functions of the central vacuole. It is to increase the
plant’s _______________ so that it can support
_____________________________________________________________________
12. What is the function of a contractile vacuole? ______________________________________________
13. What are the smaller vacuoles found in animal cells called? ________________________
Lysosomes
14. What are lysosomes filled with? _____________________
15. Lysosome break down three different categories of organic molecules, including _________________,
____________________ and __________________ so they can be ____________________________.
a. Lysosomes can also break down _____________________ that have outlived their usefulness.
16. True or false: Lysosomes are only found in animal cells. __________________
The Cytoskeleton
17. The cytoskeleton is made of ____________ filaments. These give cells their ___________ and internal
________________; some also work like conveyor belts, _____________________ among different
parts of the cell. In addition to maintain the cells shape, some also help in the cell’s ______________.
 Microfilaments
18. Microfilaments are made of the protein called __________, producing a framework that
______________ the cell and helping many cells ___________. To aid in movement, microfilaments
assemble and_____________________.
 Microtubules
19. Microtubules are made of the protein ___________. Unlike the solid microfilaments, microtubules are
____________. They help maintain the shape of cells. But they are also the VERY important in
________________________.
a. In all eukaryotic cells they form the ___________ spindle, which helps separate chromosomes.
Animal cells also have ___________________ All this info will be seen again in a later chapter.
b. Microctubules also help form the following two structures for movement (swimming):
________________ and _____________
Organelles That Build Proteins
Ribosomes
20. What do ribosomes build? ___________________
21. What two biochemical make up ribosomes? _________________________
22. What molecules gives ribosomes their directions to make proteins?_________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum
23. The ER is an internal ___________________ system.
a. The ______________ components of the cell membrane are assembled here.
b. Proteins and other materials destined for ______________ from the cell are assembled here.
24. The ________________ ER is involved in protein synthesis. The ribosomes make them appear “rough”
under a microscope. The proteins leave the ribosomes, enter the RER, and are ___________________
modified.
a. Proteins made on the rough ER (RER) are
i. those that will be ___________________ from the cell.
ii. many __________________ proteins
iii. proteins destined for ___________________ or other special locations.
25. The SER (smooth ER) has no ___________________.
a. It ALSO helps in the synthesis of ___________________ lipids.
b. It is also involved in the _________________ of drugs. So ________+____ cells often contain
large amounts of smooth ER.
Golgi Apparatus
26. The Golgi apparatus _______________, sorts, and _______________ proteins from the ___(ER)___ for
a. __________________ in the cell OR
b. __________________ outside the cell.
Organelles That Capture and Release Energy
27. What is the ultimate source of energy for most eukaryotic cells? ___________________
Chloroplasts
28. Chloroplasts are biological equivalents of _________________ powerplants.
29. Chaloroplasts capture energy from ______________ and convert it into____________ in the form of
______________ energy in the process called ____________________________.
a. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment called ___________________. It absorbs light energy.
Mitochondria
30. True or false: Mitochondria are found in both animal cells and plant cells. __________________
31. Mitochondria convert the ___________________ energy in food into compounds that the cell can use.
(Later you will learn that this chemical is called ATP.)
32. True or False: You inherit your mitochondria from your mom. _______________
33. True or False: Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information. __(true)___.
Cellular Boundaries
34. True or false: All cells have a cell wall. ______________
Cell Walls
35. Cell walls are for _______________, _____________ and ___________________.
36. True or false: Animal cells have cell walls. _________________
37. Cell walls are (outside / inside ) [circle one] the cell membrane.
38. Cell walls are _____________ enough to let many chemicals through, such as H2O, O2, CO2 and others.
39. Wood is made of _______________________________.
Cell Membranes
40. True or False: All cells have cell membranes. __________________.
41. The cell membrane is a ____________ bilayer, that regulates what ____________________ a cell and
also protects and __________________ the cell.
 The Properties of Lipids
42. Why does the lipid bilayer form?
 The Fluid Mosaic Layer
43. Your text does not do a great job of explaining why a cell membrane is called a “fluid mosaic” model.
Listen in class for an explanation and watch a video showing this phenomenon. Be able to explain the
“fluid mosaic” model of a cell membrane.
44. Proteins embedded in membranes can form _________________ and _______________ to help move
molecules across the cell membrane.
45. Carbohydrates attached to proteins and facing the outer part of cells allow cells to ______________
each other.
46. Some proteins embedded in membranes are attached directly to the cytoskeleton. Thus, messages
from the external environment can trigger cells to ________________ to their environment.
47. Things that are too ____________ or too strongly __________ do not cross the lipid bilayer. So the cell
membrane is selectively _______________, meaning some things can pass through them and others
cannot.
a. Another name for “selectively permeable” is ____________________________________.p
Review the awesome video from Harvard:
http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife_hi.html
Key Questions:
1. What is the role of the cell nucleus?
2. What are the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton?
3. What organelles help make and transport proteins?
4. What are the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
5. What is the function of the cell membrane?
Vocabulary:
Cytoplasm, organelle, vacuole, lysosome, cytoskeleton, centriole, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cell wall, lipid bilayer, selectively permeable