Latin American
Independence
Movements
Unit 5: The Long Nineteenth
Century, 1750-1900 CE
AP World History
Haitian Revolution
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Began on August 22, 1781
Slave uprising against the French
Francois Dominique Toussaint
L’Ouverture organized a small
military group
In order to overcome powerful
countries wanting to claim Haiti
(France, England, and Spanish)
Toussiant played powers off of
one another, finally allying with
French
Haitian Revolution
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Napoleon’s rule resulted in
Toussiant’s death
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
was former slave who took
over
General Leclerc sent by
Napoleon to deal with
Haitians, bloody battles
occurred
Ended on November 28,
1803
Legacy of Haitian Revolution
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Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves
in North America
Slave owners became aware of chance of
rebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an
uprising
Latin America - Mexico
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1810 – Father Hidalgo (Catholic
Priest) wanted political freedom,
to end slavery, and improve living
conditions for Mexico’s poor
Leads Native Americans &
mestizos in armed movement
1811 – insurrection is put down
by Spanish army
Hidalgo is captured and executed
Latin America - Mexico
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1813 – Jose Maria
Morelos (Catholic priest)
declares independence;
takes over after Hidalgo
Captures large portion of
southern Mexico
1815 – is ultimately
defeated by the Spanish
& executed
Revolution now controlled
by creole landowners
Latin America - Mexico
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1821- full independence
is granted after creoles
declare independence
Led by Augustin de
Iturbide
Made himself emperor
Was deposed in 1823
Mexico declares itself a
republic in 1823
Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, & Honduras
soon follow
Mexico – unique because
of lack of immigrant
population
Latin America - Mexico
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1876 – Porfirio Diaz begins
35 year rule of Mexico
(eliminated opposition, but
encouraged economic
growth)
1910 – Middle class begins
movement for election reform
– escalates into 10 year
rebellion (Mexican
Revolution)
1921 – New constitution
written – limited foreign
investment, restricted church
ownership of property, &
education reform
Latin America – South America
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1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole
from Venezuela) – known as
“the liberator” starts a revolt in
northern South America
Leads to independence of
Venezuela, Colombia, Panama,
Bolivia, & Ecuador
1826 – all of Spanish South
America has been liberated by
Bolivar
Latin America - Brazil
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1808 – Napoleon invades Portugal
–royal family flees to Brazil
(monarchy is transferred)
Former king was a liberal ruler brought reforms in education,
military academies, art & medicine
Rio de Janeiro is made the capital
Dom Pedro (son of João) rules
after King returns to Portugal
September 1822 – won full
independence and chooses
constitutional monarchy as form of
government
Did not have to endure a
prolonged, bloody revolution
Latin American –
19th Century Problems
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Geography – hindered trade,
commerce, transportation and
economy
Colonial heritage – not ready
for independence
Rigid Social Order
Catholicism dominated daily
life