Challenges
to the
“Concert” System:
The 1820s-1830
Revolutions
Age of Ideologies
*Ideology: System of thoughts and beliefs
-Help form political and economic theories
and policies
*Concert of Europe: European leaders work
together for social and political order
-Support monarchies
*Success: Not another full scale war until WWI
*Failure: Ignores the liberal & nationalist
aspirations of so many people after the French
Revolution
-Tried to get rid of “seed of revolution”
and suppress nationalist fervor
-Challenges to this lead to turmoil in
Europe for 30 years
19c Conservatism
*Conservatives were frightened by the violence
unleashed by the French Revolution.
*Early conservatism was allied to the restored
monarchical governments of Austria, Prussia, France,
and England.
*Supported by:
 Ruling class who benefitted from Old Order
 Religious peasants who feel Enlightenment
ideas cause chaos
 *Supported by Romantic writers,
conservatives believed in order, faith, and
tradition.
Romanticism

Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement of the
time

Focused on nature, emotion, classical settings
and tales
Conservatives vs. Liberals
*Conservatives say only legitimate sources of
political authority were God and hierarchy.
 They rejected the “social contract” theory.
 Denounced individualism and natural rights.
 “Bourgeois Liberalism”: Spoke out for lower and
middle class and believed in Enlightenment ideas
 Want Constitution and separation of powers
 Against divine right, aristocracy, and the powerful
church
 Want free speech, religion, and free press, laissezfaire, and universal male suffrage
Nationalism

Extreme pride in one’s country

More than patriotism; belief that your country is the most
important

What creates our national identity?

The belief that people who share a common language,
history, and culture should make up an independent
nation, free of foreign domination

Historically, territory was gained/lost through war,
marriage or treaties and this is how countries were formed


Several Empires: Austrian (led by Hapsburgs), Russian,
Ottoman, and British
1800s: Nationalist groups gain a sense of identity after
Napoleonic Wars and have the common goal of creating
a nation in their homeland

Also leads to discrimination of other ethnic groups
The Ottoman Empire
Independence
Movements
in the Balkans
Early 1800s: Central
Europe

Revolutions erupt in the Balkans Peninsula in Southeast
Europe



Serbs: Lead by Karageorge from 1804-1813

Used guerilla warfare

Unsuccessful but causes revival of Serbian culture and literature
1815: Milos Obrenovic led more successful rebellion


Lived under Ottoman Rule for 300 years
Russia aids them: Same Slavic language and religion
1830: Russia supported Serbian autonomy within the Ottoman
Empire and later the Sultan agreed to formal independence
Revolutionary Movements
Greece



1821: Revolt to end Ottoman Rule

Highly divided society since city-states of Ancient
Greece

Long bloody war of independence unites them
Want religious and individual freedoms

Admirers in Europe back them up

Not actually supporting Greeks, just anti-Ottoman
1830: Britain, Russia and France force Ottomans to
grant them independence

Pressure Greeks into accepting a German King
Greek Revolution - 1821
Challenges to Vienna
Peace Settlement


Spain, Portugal, and Italy: Rebels win and set up
constitutional governments

New Industrial working class wants socialism and
property ownership

More radical than Bourgeoisie Liberalism
Prince Clemens von Metternich: Foreign Minister
of Austria who created Concert of Europe

Urges other monarchies to crush rebellions

French march to Spain to suppress revolts

Austrians cross the Alps to crush rebels in Italy
The 1830 Revolutions
France: The “Restoration” Era
*France emerged from the chaos
of its revolutionary period as the
most liberal large state in Europe.
(1815-1830)
*Louis XVIII governed France as a
Constitutional monarch.
 He agreed to observe the
1814 “Charter” or Constitution
of the Restoration period.
•
•
•
•
Limited royal power.
Granted legislative power.
Protected civil rights.
Upheld the Napoleon Code.
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
The “Ultras”
*France was divided by those who had
accepted the ideals of the French Revolution
and those who didn’t.
*The Count of Artois was the leader of the
“Ultra-Royalists”
*1815 “White Terror”
 Royalist mobs killed 1000s of
former revolutionaries.
*Louis XVIII starts to become more
conservative
*Liberals were driven out of legal political
life and into illegal activities.
Count of Artois who
becomes King Charles X
(r. 1824-1830)
Conservative: King Charles X of France
 Lessened the influence of the middle
class.
 Limited the right to vote

Changed laws to ensure future Conservative victories
 Put the clergy back in charge
of education.
 Used public money to repay nobles
for the loss of their lands during
the Fr Revolution.
 Censorship: Restricted the press.
 Suspended the legislature.
 Liberals and radicals take to the street in protest
 Use furniture to block the streets and take over the city
To the Barricades  Revolution,
Again!!
Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!
Louis Philippe  The “Citizen King”
*Moderates insist on Constitutional
Monarch and put cousin in charge
*Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.
*His Program:
 Double eligible voters.
 Press censorship abolished.
 The King ruled by the will of the
people, not by the will of God.
 The French Revolution’s tricolor
replaced the Bourbon flag.
*The government was now under the control
of the wealthy middle class
(r. 1830-1848)
July Revolution
*His government ignored the needs and demands of the workers
in the cities, so more revolt.
 They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible
disorder.
*July, 1832  an uprising in Paris was put down by force and
800 were killed or wounded.
*Metternich complains “When France sneezes, Europe catches
a cold” as uprisings pop-up across Europe
Belgian Independence in 1830
*The first to follow the lead of France.
*Union with Holland with a Dutch King after the Congress of
Vienna.
*Wide cultural differences cause sudden nationalist clashes:
 North  Dutch  Protestant  seafarers and traders.
 South  French  Catholic  farmers and individual workers.
 Rebellion in Brussels (capital)
 1831: Liberal constitution
established.
Belgian Revolution - 1830
A Stirring of Polish Nationalism in 1830
*The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions.
*1700s Poland was divided among Austria, Russia and Prussia
*Congress of Vienna gives most of Poland to Russia
*Tsar Alexander I dies, Poles became restless under the
tyrannical Tsar Nicholas I.
*Rumors that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to
put down the revolutions in France and Belgium.
*Several Polish secret societies rebelled including students
army officers, landowners, etc.
*Rebels weren’t united: split between liberals and
conservatives = failure
*They were crushed by Russia troops.
A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830
Europe in 1830
1848: More revolutions!
(About 50 in 4 months)


France: Discontent growing in 1840s

Liberals denounced corruption in Louis Philippe’s govt

Socialists called for an end to individual private property

Recession closed factories and created unemployment

Poor harvests cause rising bread prices
February Days: Govt tries to silence critics and prevent
public meetings

Protestors clash with troops in the streets

Louis abdicates, but new 2nd Republic leaders weren’t united

Middle class wants moderate reforms

Socialists want radical reform and national workshops to
provide jobs for the poor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr5g
June Days in France

Liberals took control from radicals and shut down
workshops

See them as a waste of money

Workers clash with moderate bourgeoisie

Peasants attack socialist workers


Fear they will take their land

1500 killed and 3000 executed for participating
Govt puts down, but leaves a bitter legacy of hatred
between the groups
The 2nd Republic



National Assembly issues new constitution

Strong president and one-house legislature

All adult males given the vote = widest suffrage in the world
Elections held and Louis Napoleon (nephew) wins a
landslide victory

Working class support: He cares about poverty

Conservatives support: Like his association with Bonaparte
1852: Declares himself Emperor Napoleon III

Uses plebiscite for approval (90% support)

Monarchy seen as more stable; restore glory to France

Rapid economic growth
“Springtime of the Peoples”

Revolutions inspire others to have hope in defeating the
Old Order

Austrian Empire: Metternich censors the press


Books smuggled into universities

Students revolt, workers join, he flees
Hungarians, Czechs, Italians and Germans do the same


All rebellions soon crushed, reforms canceled
1856: Rebellions fade due to lack of mass support and
military intervention from other monarchies

Win support later with political activism instead of rebellion
Today: Arab Spring
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=K5H5w3_QTG0
http://www.takepart.co
m/article/2015/10/28/
map-that-shows-howhuge-europes-refugeecrisis-really-is
-US will take 100,000
refugees by 2017
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=RvOnXh
3NN9w
c
19
Latin American Independence
Movements
Latin America
 Colonies of “Latin” nations, ruled for 300 years
 France
 Spain
 Portugal
 Inspired by
 Enlightenment thinkers
 American and French Revolutions
 Many sent to Europe for education and come back
with desire for reform
Latin American Groups
Class/Race
Description
Social Rank
Peninsulares
Born in Spain
Top – High
Office
Creoles
Born in colony
Middle - Officers
Mestizos
European/Native
Lower Middle
Mulattos
Euro/African
Lower
Africans/Indians
Enslaved/Native
Bottom
Main Idea
Spurred
by discontent
and Enlightenment
ideas, peoples in Latin
America fought
against colonial rule
Why it Matters Now
16
of today’s Latin
American nations
gained their
independence at this
time
Latin American Social
Hierarchy
Peninsulares: TOP RANK
 Born in Spain, dominate
political/social life
 Only they could hold
high office in Spanish
colonial government
and the church
1)
2) Creoles
 Spaniards
born in Latin
America
 Owned property
(haciendas-ranches)
 Could not hold high
political office but could
rise as officers in Spanish
colonial armies
Together, the
Peninsulares and the
Creoles controlled
land, wealth, and
power in the Spanish
colonies
The next 3 groups
 Were
angry at being denied
the status, wealth, and
power that was available to
whites
 The
success of the American
Revolution encouraged them
to try to gain freedom from
their European masters
3) Mestizos (mixed)
Mixed
European and
Native American
ancestry
4) Mulattos
Mixed
European and
African ancestry
Also
included
enslaved Africans
working on plantations
5) Native Americans
Ranked
at the bottom
Represents about 55%
of the population
Haiti
Haiti: French Hispaniola

French colony founded in 1600s

Majority of population is African slaves

.5 million work on sugar plantations in terrible conditions

1791 a call for revolution: Over100,000 slaves revolt

Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture: Former slave, self-educated,
untrained but brilliant general
Toussaint L’Ouverture





1794: French Rev
abolished slavery
1802: Napoleon brings it
back and tries to put
down rebellion
Agreed to end revolt if
slaves freed
1803: France imprisons
him
Dies in prison
Jean-Jacques Dessalines

General who
continues the fight

Yellow Fever kills 80%
of the French troops

Jan. 1, 1804 declares
independence

1st black colony to be
free of Europe
Mexico
Mexico

Haiti frightened Creoles: Wanted power but not
economic/social change that would threaten
their lifestyle

1810: Creole Priest Father Miguel Hidalgo raised
voice for freedom

Summons rural parish to prayer and gives “El Grito
de Dolores” speech, a cry for independence

Creates ragged army of mestizos and natives who
march to Mexico City

Spanish and fearful Creoles crush rebellion and
execute Hidalgo in 1811
Padre Jose Maria Morelos

Continues the fight

Mestizo; wants wide reforms

Defeated in 1815 and killed

1820: Liberals in Spain force to issue a
constitution

Creoles fear loss of privileges

Agustin de Iturbide takes over as Emperor of
Mexico and gains revolutionary support
Central America

1821 Mexico declares independence

1820s: Central America declares independence

Emperor Agustin I tries to take this territory for Mexico

Liberal Mexicans overthrow him and establish Republic of Mexico

Republics of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador,
and Honduras are formed
Venezuela
Simon Bolivar

Wealthy Creole sent to Europe to finish school

Told tutor “I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my
hands to be idle or my soul to rest until I have broken the chains
that bind us to Spain”

1808: Napoleon occupies Spain and puts brother Joseph on the
throne


Colonies see this as a weak moment and make their move
1810: Bolivar leads uprising in Venezuela and sets up a republic

Quickly toppled by conservatives, civil war rages

Bolivar exiled twice to Haiti
Revolutions in South America

Bolivar’s Plan: March his army
across the Andes and attack the
Spanish at Bogota (capital of
Viceroy of New Granada)

1819: Surprises Spanish with sneak
attack and take Bogota

1821: Frees Caracas, called “The
Liberator”

Moves on to Ecuador, Bolivia and
Peru, then meets forces of another
liberating army
Jose de San Martin
Creole born in Argentina, went to Europe
for military training
 1816: Helps Argentina win independence
 1817: Crossed Andes to Chile – drives out
Spaniards
 Then invades Peru by sea
 1822: Meets w/ Bolivar in Ecuador
 Martin retreats and lets Bolivar
finish liberating Peru

Power Struggles

Wars of independence end in 1824

Bolivar wants to unite conquered lands into one
nation: Gran Colombia


Bitter rivalries cause a split into four independents
Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador are
formed
Brazil’s Bloodless
Revolution
Dom Pedro

1807 Portugal invaded by Napoleon

Monarchy flees to Brazil

Son Dom Pedro stays and when revolt
breaks out in Spain he claims he’s
Emperor of Brazil

1822 the people demand
independence

Dom Pedro accepts constitution with
freedom of the press, religion, and
elected legislature

Remains a limited monarchy until 1889