Vocabulary List
• 1. Trait- a feature inherited from parents, e.g. eye
color
• 2. Chromosome- strand of DNA inherited from
parents, located inside nucleus
• 3. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• 4. Gene- piece of DNA that codes for a trait
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
1. List the phases of mitosis?
2. List the four classes of
biological molecules
Components & Structure of DNA
• In Interphase __________ replicates so
that _______________ can occur.
• In mitosis we discussed the _________
dividing.
• Now we are going to learn about
chromosome composition. (Composition =
_______________).
• Chromosomes consist of genes.
• Genes: sequence of DNA that codes for a
particular _________ to be formed, which
will give you your __________.
Structure of DNA
• DNA consists of nucleotides.
• Nucleotides have three components:
1. Pentose sugar: deoxyribose
2. Phosphate molecule
3. Nitrogen base (molecule that contains nitrogen)
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• BONDING OF BASES
• A-T (2 HYDROGEN BONDS)
• C-G (3 HYDROGEN BONDS)
• DNA is a double helix
(twisted ladder)
• The sides =sugar and
phosphate.
• The steps = N bases
• Draw this and circle a
nucleotide. 
QOD 3-15-11 Draw and State a
relationship between touching words
Gene
Transcription
DNA
?
Nucleotide
Chromosome
Trait
?
Inheritance
Translation
DNA Math
• If A always bonds to __, and C always bonds to
__, then we can calculate the % of each base pair
in a strand of DNA.
• e.g. If there is 16% Adenine in a strand of DNA,
calculate the % of:
– ____%T
– ___%G
– ___%C
DNA Math: Calculate the % of all fouor
base pairs if:
• 1. G=15%
• 6. T=32%
• 2. T=20%
• 7. C=28%
• 3. A=10%
• 8. A=13%
• 4. G=14%
• 9. T=42%
• 5. C=22%
• 10. A=36%
What are the Eight Criteria for
something to be Living?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Reproduction
2. Growth and Development
3. Energy Use
4. Response to Environment
5. Homeostasis
6. Evolution
7. Organization
8. Inheritable Info
• Fire, dirt, air, heart, animal, plant, sun, heart
QUIZ TOMORROW
• 1. Draw this strand of DNA.
• 2. Calculate %
–
–
–
–
A = 12%
T=
C=
G=
• 3. Fill-in-the-Blank
– Feature inherited from parents
– Strand of DNA
– Piece of DNA that codes for a
trait
– Spell DNA
DNA Marshmallow Model
• 4-5 per group
• 40 nucleotides: 10A, 10C, 10G, 10T
• Assemble into a double helix.
• Exit Slip: Place your model on a piece of
paper with a key and your name.
• Structure=20 points
• Labeling=20 points
1-7-12
• What is a nucleotide?
• What are the three components of a nucleotide?
DNA Extraction Lab & Lab Report
• Complete the lab and begin your lab report.
DNA & Complementary Base Pairing
• Adenine and Thymine
always bond together
with two hydrogen
bonds.
• Cytosine and Guanine
always bond together
with three hydrogen
bonds.
• Overall DNA is
described as a double
helix (twisted ladder)
Flashback of DNA &Traits
• In Interphase DNA _______________ so that a
copy can be given to each new ____________
cell.
• DNA codes for our individual _____ by coding for
particular ____________.
• DNA codes for these proteins using the nucleic
acid known as __ __ __.
• RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways:
– Single stranded
– Uracil not thymine
– Ribose not deoxyribose.
EOC Level 1
Relate the words in the drawing below.
Gene
DNA
?
Nucleotide
Chromosome
Vocabulary List #1: Semester 2
• 1. Gene- segment of chromosome/DNA that codes for a
particular trait.
• 2. mRNA- type of RNA that copies the DNA in the
nucleus
• 3. tRNA- type of RNA that attaches amino acids and has
an anti-codon.
• 4. Transcription- process of mRNA made from the DNA
• 5. Translation- process of protein being made based off
the mRNA
• 6. Codon- 3 base pairs on the mRNA
• 7. Anti-codon- 3 base pairs on the tRNA
• 8. Ribosome- organelle that makes proteins
• 9. Amino acid- monomer of a protein
• 10. Chromosome-strand of DNA in the nucleus
• 11. Mutation- DNA that has become changed
Transcription Looks Like…
DNA & RNA Working Together
• Transcription – the process that DNA strands
become separated, and mRNA copies one of the
strands.
• Notice mRNA is being made from DNA, and
complimentary base pairing except with uracil.
Translation
• Translation- occurs in the ribosome.
– Takes the mRNA from the nucleus, tRNA from the
ribosome and makes a protein.
– PROTEINS = YOUR TRAITS
Bell Ringer 1-13-14
Relate the
Following
Terms
Gene
DNA
mRNA
Transcription
Transcription and Translation Movie
T & T Movie
1-14-14 Level 2
mRNA  tRNA  Protein
• mRNA is made in the ____________, and then
travels to the ______________, and attaches to a
___________ so protein formation can occur.
• Translation- term used to describe mRNA and
tRNA creating a protein.
• The monomer of a protein is an ______ _____, and
these are coded for by codons and anti-codons.
• A codon is a _ letter sequence on the _____strand.
• Each codon matches to an _______ , and an
amino acid is linked together.
• The amino acids link together to form a ____ which
gives you your ________.
Let’s Practice
• DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
Expectations:
• Protein Lab Paper Due
• Test Tomorrow: Vocabulary, Math, DNA
• Extra Credit if Signed
• Today: MUTATIONS
• mRNA: G G C U A A C A G C C C
1-21-14
• 1. Where is mRNA synthesized?
• 2. How many nitrogen bases comprise a codon?
• 3. tRNA will match its ____ _____ to the _____
on the mRNA strand, and link the correct ____
acid to make the correct protein.
• 4. The process that makes mRNA is called
_________, and occurs in the __________.
• 5. The process that makes proteins is called____,
and occurs in the _________.
If the mRNA codon is AUG which
amino acid will it deliver?
Mutations
• When DNA is being copied during ___________,
sometimes it makes mistakes.
• ______________ are changes in the genetic
material.
• Two Types of Mutations:
– 1. Point Mutations
– 2. Chromosomal Mutations
Bellringer 1-27-14
• PREDICT what will happen to an individual if
their mRNA goes from:
• Original mRNA: A U G C A G U C C U G A
• Mutated mRNA: A U G U A A C C U A A G
Mutations
Point Mutations 4 types
• One nucleotide is
inserted, deleted, or
substituted.
• Silent- no change
• Missense- one amino
acid is changed.
• Nonsense- stop codon is
inserted where it
shouldn’t be
• Frameshift- entire amino
acid sequence changes
Chromosomal Mutations
• Deletion- entire piece of
a chromosome is
missing
• Duplication- two of the
same gene are on the
same chromosome.
• Inversion- gene is
inserted upside down.
• Translocation- gene
from one chromosome is
put on the wrong one.
Figure 12.19 Chromosomal Mutations (A, B)
Point Mutations
Frameshift Mutations
Kabuki’s disease
1:32,000- caused by
framshift & nonsense
Exit Slip 1-22-13: Name the processes
taking place below. (there are 3)
DNA and Criminology Reading
• Why do scientists use 13 different loci (locations)
to DNA fingerprint someone?
• When the article talks about “DNA evidence” what
are they referring to?
• Do you think DNA evidence is accurate enough to
incarcerate or exonerate someone?
Assignment
• Read 12.1, 12.2
• Answer questions on 294,296, and
299
• Begin constructing a paper model
of DNA
• Color Code:
– Deoxyribose= purple
– Phosphate= black
– Adenine= blue
– Thymine= yellow
– Cytosine= brown
– Guanine= green
Assignment
• In 1970 a man was accused of killing his beloved
wife. All that was gathered at the crime scene was
a bloody knife he was holding, and some
unidentified hairs on his wife’s body. He maintains
his innocence, and has contacted you a DNA
expert to help exonerate him from prison.
• Can you help him?
– Use your knowledge of DNA base pair sequencing.
– Outline the steps you will take to help him repeal his
case.
Early Investigation of DNA
• Scientists knew that DNA:
• 1. Genes carried genetic information from
one generation to another.
• 2. Genes used DNA to code for an
individual’s traits.
• 3. Genes had to be easily duplicated,
since each time a cell divides (mitosis)
the DNA was copied as well.
Vocabulary Week #2
• 1. codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen bases
on mRNA
• 2. anti-codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen
bases on tRNA
• 3. mRNA- made in the nucleus, copy of
DNA strand
• 4. tRNA- located in ribosome, makes the
amino acid chain based off of
mRNA
• 7. Transcription- process that a DNA
strand become separated, and mRNA
copies one of the DNA strands.
DNA Terms
• DNA has a twisted
ladder shape known as
_________ _______
• ___ (#)bonds hold
adenine to thymine
• ___ (#) bonds hold
cytosine to guanine
• __________,
___________, &
__________ make up a
nucleotide.
Semi-conservative Replication
• DNA replicates in the
__ phase of
_____________.
• DNA replicates by a
process known as
semi-conservative
replication.
• One old and one new
strand results.
Model Semi- Conservative Replication
• DNA RAP
• DNA Replication
• AP DNA Rep. -12
minutes
Bellringer 1-10-13: Graded Today
• 1. What is the relationship between the structure
of DNA and the traits you inherit?
• Hint: Think about the nitrogen bases.
• 2. Predict the consequence of your traits if your
DNA becomes damaged.
• TEST TOMORROW
Vocab Week #3
• 1. transcription- takes place in the nucleus;
mRNA synthesized from DNA
• 2. translation- takes place in ribosome;
tRNA present, protein synthesized
• 3. cell- smallest unit of life
• 4. synthesis- process of making something
• 5. nucleotide- monomer of DNA: consists
of phosphate, deoxyribose, & nitrogen
base
• 6. amino acid- monomer of proteins
– a.a +a.a +a.a = protein
• 7. RNA- ribonucleic acid: consists of
ribose, phosphate, & nitrogen base (has U
not T)
• 8. mRNA vs. tRNA-
Exit Slip 3-28-11: Name the processes
taking place below. (there are 3)
Which terms don’t belong? Justify
• Amino Acid
• Protein
• Nucleotide
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Protein
Nucleus
mRNA
tRNA
Christmas Graphing
Category
Amount
• The average American will spend: $704.18
Friends
68.23
Coworkers
21.06
Other
23.39
Cards
26.53
Candy
96.76
Flowers
18.23
Decorations
46.73
Kids
403.26