Week #9 (12/9-12/13)
Warm Up – Mon, 12/9:
- Review of DNA Base pairing (1, 7, 11 & 21)
Biology Fun Fact:
There are thousands of different
proteins within each organism, but
they are built from only 22 amino
acids. Amino acids are called
“building blocks of life” & are constructed in the
protein-building factory of the cell - the ribosome.
Pick up:
Protein Synthesis
notepage
DNA Coloring –
Transcription &
Translation
Protein Synthesis
wkst
Homework:
1.
Agenda:
1. Protein Synthesis notes: Transcription
2. Coloring & Protein Synthesis wkst
2.
DNA Extraction
Lab Applications
Write-up – Thurs,
12/12
DNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis
Test – Fri, 12/13
Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis.
L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up
DNA EXTRACTION APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP
Applications
DUE Thurs, 12/12
- What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction?
Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab.
- Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA
was used.
- MUST include a “Works Cited” page (last page of
report) to cite your source!!!
-IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!!
This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls
into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS
which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!!
Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation
REVIEW OF DNA BASE PAIRING

On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction #1.

Complete questions #1, 7, 11 & 21.
Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map
How DNA determines everything
in our body?
Replication
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
Protein
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
HOW DNA DECIDES OUR TRAITS…
•
A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that
gives the code for one protein.
•
The protein coded for in each gene determines
how a characteristic of an organism will
develop…
•
Regulating cell processes,
•
Constructing muscle &
bone,
•
Fighting diseases…
•
& lots more!!!
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
So, how does DNA’s
message travel out of the
nucleus & into the
cytoplasm of the cell, where
the message gets expressed
as a protein? This process is
known as:
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
FIRST, WE NEED…
RNA!!!
Ribose Nucleic Acid
 Similar to DNA but:
 Smaller & single-stranded
 Sugar = ribose (not
deoxyribose)
 Contains all the same bases
except Thymine



Replaced with Uracil
RNA has G, C, A, U
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
3 KINDS OF RNA
Used
in Protein Synthesis:
mRNA (messenger RNA)
• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
• tRNA (transfer RNA)
•
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
Now that we know about DNA & RNA,
we can learn Protein Synthesis!!!
Protein Synthesis is the
process of making a protein
from DNA.
 It has 2 parts: Transcription &
Translation
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription video (5:30)

Analogy:

Imagine that you have a large, old &
valuable cookbook that's been in the
family for generations.

Obviously, you don't want to get it soiled
with tomato sauce & olive oil, so when you want to make
use of a recipe you might copy a page by hand onto a piece
of paper to use at stove-side.

The process of transcription is like
making a handwritten copy of a page
from the original text for actual use.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
TRANSCRIPTION

Analogy:

In this analogy, the cookbook is the DNA.

It carries many recipes (for DNA, the recipes contain
information on how to construct proteins; the recipes are the
genes).

The handwritten copy is a transcription of the text (a copy in
the same language but in a different form) that is being used
for a specific recipe (a certain protein).

It is possible to make many copies of a single
recipe (it is possible to transcribe many copies
of the gene).

It is possible to copy more than one recipe -- for example, for a
vegetable side dish & dessert, as well as the main dish -- in
preparing a meal.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
TRANSCRIPTION
•What does it mean to
“transcribe”
something?
•The synthesis of
mRNA from a DNA
blueprint.
•This occurs in the
nucleus, then the
mRNA travels out of
the nucleus.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
Visualizing
Transcription!
Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation

Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils
of the following colors:
 Orange,
dark green, purple, yellow, brown, dark
blue, light blue & gray

Read through the information about
“Transcription” & follow the directions to colorcode the picture on back properly!!!
Week #9 (12/9-12/13)
Warm Up – Tues, 12/10:
- Review of Transcription (T & T wkst)
Biology Fun Fact:
Of the 22 amino acids, 8 are
called “essential amino acids”.
These cannot be synthesized
by the human body; we get
them from the food we eat. This is why a
balanced diet is SO important!
Agenda:
1. Protein Synthesis notes: Translation
2. Coloring activity & PS wkst
Have out:
Protein Synthesis
notepage
DNA Coloring – T & T
wkst
Protein Synthesis
wkst
Homework:
1.
2.
DNA Extraction
Lab Applications
Write-up – Thurs,
12/12
DNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis
Test – Fri, 12/13
Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis.
L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up
DNA EXTRACTION APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP
Applications
DUE Thurs, 12/12
- What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction?
Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab.
- Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA
was used.
- MUST include a “Works Cited” page (last page of
report) to cite your source!!!
-IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!!
This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls
into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS
which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!!
Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation
REVIEW OF MRNA (TRANSCRIPTION)

Using your notes on
Transcription of mRNA &
your color-coded wkst,
answer questions #1, 2
& 6 at the bottom of the
DNA Coloring:
Transcription &
Translation wkst.

On the Protein
Synthesis wkst, read
direction #2.

Complete questions #2, 5, 8, 12 & 22.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
TRANSLATION


Translation video (after 5:30)
In translation, the information contained the
sequence of nucleotides is transformed into a
sequence of amino acids (building blocks of
proteins).


When you are just beginning to learn a foreign language & you
need to translate a word or phrase from English, you need a
dictionary.

Organisms carry around a
dictionary that they use when
translating RNA sequences into
protein sequences.
 This dictionary exists in the
form of a series of molecules called tRNA's.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
TRANSLATION
oThe
information in the
mRNA is translated by a
ribosome (made of rRNA),
who “reads” it.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters
the ribosome to drop off
(“transfer”) an amino acid
(building blocks of proteins).
o
oA
chain of amino acids
(“polypeptide”) then exits the
ribosome & folds into a
protein.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
HOW DOES THE TRNA MATCH UP TO THE MRNA?

CODON: 3 consecutive
nucleotides in mRNA.
 Each
codon codes for a
single amino acid

ANTICODON:
3 consecutive
nucleotides in tRNA that
pair to a codon.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
CODON TABLE
How do you use
(read) the Codon
Table?
Example: tRNA
anticodon = UCA
What is the 1st base?
2nd base?
3rd base?
What amino acid
did “UCA” anticodon
code for?
Amino
Acids
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
Per. 6 start, Fri
TRANSLATION
How does tRNA know
when to begin & end
“translating” amino
acids?

Start Codon:
 Tells
the tRNA to start translating the mRNA
 AUG

(mRNA) – methionine (Met) or start codon
Stop Codon:
 Tells
the tRNA to stop translating the mRNA
 UAA,
UAG or AGA (tRNA) – stop codons
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
Protein Synthesis
Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation

Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils
of the following colors:
 Orange,
dark green, purple, yellow, brown, light
green & red

Read through the information about
“Translation” & follow the directions to colorcode the picture on back properly!!!
Week #9 (12/9-12/13)
Warm Up – Thurs, 12/12:
- Review of Translation (3, 4, 5, 7 & 8)
Biology Fun Fact:
Proteins are one of the important
constituents of the red blood cells,
hemoglobin (which comes from
heme meaning iron & globin meaning
proteins). About 97% of the dry
content of RBCs is made of proteins.
Turn in:
DNA Extraction Lab
Applications Write-up
Have out:
DNA Coloring: T & T
wkst
Protein Synthesis wkst
Pick up:
Codon Table
Homework:
1.
Agenda:
1. Protein Synthesis notes: Making Proteins
2. What happens when T & T goes wrong
3. Practice Test: Protein Synthesis Quiz
2.
AIMS Review (Pg.
5 – Protein
Synthesis) – Fri,
12/13
DNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis
Test – Fri, 12/13
Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis.
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
CODON TABLE
Glue your Codon
Table in to Pg. 66.
DNA Coloring: T & T:

Now answer
questions #3, 4, 5,
7 & 8 at the
bottom.
Amino
Acids
Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table
REVIEW OF TRNA (TRANSLATION)

On the Protein Synthesis
wkst, read direction #3.



Now, read direction #4.



Complete questions #3, 9, 13 &
23.
Let’s discuss correct answers!
Complete questions #4, 10, 14 &
24.
Let’s discuss correct answers!
Finally, read direction #5.


Complete questions #6 & 15-20.
Let’s discuss correct answers!
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 Easy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
as 1,2,3,4 & 5!
A section of DNA opens
Free-floating nucleotides connect up to 1 side of the
DNA making mRNA. (Transcription)
The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the
cytoplasm.
A ribosome “reads” the mRNA & pairs the base pairs
of mRNA with the base pairs of tRNA, which drop off
amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)
The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome & folds
up = PROTEIN!
Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
PROTEINS
•Proteins are made of 20
different amino acids.
•The sequence of amino acids varies between
each protein & tells it how to fold, giving the
protein its shape.
Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map
How DNA determines everything
in our body?
Replication
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
Protein
Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table
Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table
DNA
TACGCTTTACAGATT
Make a protein…
Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table
DNA
TACGCTTTACAGATT
AUGCGAAAUGUCUAA
mRNA
CAG
GCU
AUU
UAC
UUA
Val
Arg
Met
tRNA
From the DNA,
determine your
mRNA “recipe.”
From the mRNA,
determine your
tRNA “recipe.”
Finally, from the
tRNA, use your
Codon Table to
determine the
order of your
polypeptide
chain of amino
acids (folded up
= protein)!
When finished,
raise your hand
for a SOC!
STOP
Asn
FOLD
PROTEIN!
Pg. 50 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
WHAT IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG IN CODING?

MUTATION (an error in DNA) can occur with just a
single base pair change.

Base Substitution: when a
base pair is substituted/
replaced by a base pair in
error.
 If
it occurs in a specific
location, for instance, in the
CFTR gene, it will cause
cystic fibrosis.

Base Deletions &
Insertions: when base pairs are deleted/removed or
inserted/added from the gene
Pg. 50 – “Protein Synthesis notes”
WHAT IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG IN CODING?

MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION.

USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE DNA
POLYMERASE (proof-reader or “spell check”) &
FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES.

MUTAGENS An environmental factor
that damages DNA
Are most likely to blame
for mutations (cancers)
 EX: ultraviolet (UV) rays &
chemicals in cigarette
smoke

PEOPLE WITH DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR ENZYMES
IN CLOSING
DNA contains the instructions for making an
organism, including YOU!!!!
 Your DNA determines how you look, what blood
type you have, even your
tendency to get some
diseases.
 Each chromosome contains
a strand of DNA
 Almost every cell in your
body contains the same
DNA & same genes.

S8 – “DNA Replication Pre-Test”
The End
DNA REPLICATION PRE-TEST (& STUDY GUIDE)


Each pair needs to pick up a red, blue, yellow & green colored pencil.
Re-read through each Unit Objective

If you are SUPER DUPER CONFIDENT & CAN APPLY/
EXPLAIN AN EXAMPLE for that objective, put a blue
SMILEY FACE in that square.

If you are CONFIDENT that you know/can do that objective, put
a green CHECK MARK in that square.
 GO! ‘cause you KNOW!

If you HAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOW that objective, put a
yellow STAR in that square.
 HAULT or WAIT…not sure!

If you HAVE NEVER HEARD OF/DO NOT KNOW that objective,
put a red QUESTION MARK in that square.
 STOP! I have no idea!
Week #9 (12/9-12/13)
Warm Up – Fri, 12/13:
- Bigfoot DNA News
Have out:
AIMS Packet (Pg. 5
for a SOC)
Biology Fun Fact:
When the body is deprived of glucose,
it starts using the stored fats &
proteins as energy source. Excess
catabolism of proteins is harmful as it
can weaken the immune system &
break down tissues, such as muscle.
Agenda:
1. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test
2. Grade/Attendance Report to determine
whether you have to take FE or not
Homework:
1.
Study for Final
Exam – Tues,
12/17 (Per. 1, 3,
5) & Wed,
12/18 (Per. 2, 4,
6)
Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication &
Protein Synthesis.
T? – “DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test”
DNA REPLICATION & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TEST
You may use your AIMS Review packet as a
resource while you test!
 NO TALKING!
 Read questions CAREFULLY!
 When finished, turn your test in to the Hmwk
Bin & pick up your Final Exam GRADE &
ATTENDANCE REPORT.

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN TO MAKE PROTEINS!

Protein Synthesis Activity
HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA BEING USED TODAY?

PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
-Uses bacteria to produce medicines &
enzymes for food production.
-Chymosin (used to make cheese)
-Insulin
-Vaccines
-Identifies new potential medicines

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
-Introduces new traits into plants to
bring about a specific benefit.
-growing plants with more nutrients
-plants being more resistant to pests
-grow more food on less land
-grow more nutritious food

TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT
-fewer chemical applications
-reduced killing of beneficial insects
-less need to add fertilizers
-reduced chemical runoff in lakes &
streams.
-decreased soil erosion

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
-Oil eating bacteria
-Biodegradable plastic
-Silk
-Vitamins

DNA FINGERPRINTING
-No, not like an actual finger print.
-It identifies you better than a fingerprint
WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR
DNA.
QUESTION #3
YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD
CELLS (don’t have any).
AND THE ANSWER IS…