Cellular Energy StAIR
Chapter 6&7
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
All of the images present come directly
from your textbook, Modern Biology by
Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
In your notes write the page number where
the graphic is located.
Obtaining Energy
ATP, adenosine triphosphate is the
energy source used by all living
things.
ATP provides the energy required for
cellular activities like:
– muscle contraction
– protein synthesis
– active transport
Obtaining Energy
Autotrophs use energy from sunlight
or from chemical bonds in inorganic
substances to make organic
compounds
Animals and other organisms that
must get energy from food instead of
directly from sunlight or inorganic
substances are called heterotrophs.
Organisms that produce their
own food are categorized how?
A. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Chemotrophs
D. Multitrophs
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Organisms that eat their food to
obtain energy are
called___________
A. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Chemotrophs
D. Multitrophs
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What is Photosynthesis?
(PSN)
The prefix “photo” means light
The word “synthesis” means to
make
What does photosynthesis
literally mean?
A. To make light
B. Light making ability
C. To make with light
D. Make plants green
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Required Materials for
Photosynthesis
1. light energy
2. inorganic materials
3. pigments
4. energy storage compound
Light energy
The light energy from sunlight is
absorbed by pigments found in
plant cells.
Inorganic materials
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is the
source of carbon and oxygen for
making glucose
H2O (water) is the source of
hydrogen for making glucose and
the oxygen given off as a
byproduct
Pigments
Plant pigments absorb sunlight
– Chlorophyll a absorbs indigo and
red lights
– Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and
orange-red light
– Chlorophyll c absorbs small
amounts of blue and orange light.
Pigments
Chlorophyll is located in the plant
organelle called a chloroplast
Energy Storage
Compound
ATP, adenosine triphosphate,
provides the cells with the energy
it requires to make glucose
through PSN
Which of the following is NOT
needed for PSN?
A. Water
B. Sunlight
C. Energy Storage compound
D. Soil
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Overview of PSN
Light energy from the sun is
trapped by the chloroplasts and
converted into a stored
chemical energy (glucose) that
can be used by living cells.
Overview of PSN
Each chloroplast
consists of a
double membrane
enclosing stacks of
green disc like
structures called
thylakoids.
Overview of PSN
Stacks of
thylakoids make
up grana
The thylakoids
are surrounded
by a dense fluid
called the stroma
What are the three parts to a
chloroplast?
A. Grandma, thiel, sloma
B. Grana, stacks, stomata
C. Grana, thylakoids, stroma
D. Grains, thylakoids, sloma
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Overview of PSN
Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages:
Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
– In the light reactions, light energy is
converted to chemical energy, which is
temporarily stored in ATP and the energy
carrier molecule NADPH.
– In the Calvin Cycle, organic compounds are
formed using CO2 and the chemical energy
stored in ATP and NADPH.
Light Reactions
Occur in the
thylakoid
membranes of
the chloroplasts
only when
sunlight is
present
Where do the light reactions
occur?
A. Thylakoid membranes
B. Stroma
C. Grana
D. Stroma membranes
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Light Reactions
Light energy is captured
2 molecules of water are split
into 4 H+ (hydrogen ions) and
O2 (a molecule of oxygen gas)
Light Reactions
NADP (a hydrogen acceptor) bonds
with the H+ ions to form NADPH
(an energy storage compound) that
is used in the dark reactions
A molecule of ______ is split
and _________ is released in
the light reactions.
A. Oxygen, water
B. Glucose, Carbon dioxide
C. Water, oxygen
D. Carbon dioxide, glucose
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Dark Reactions
The reactions that DO NOT
require light but can take place in
the light
ATP and NADPH produced by
the light reactions are used to
change carbon dioxide to sugar
Also called the Calvin cycle
Dark Reactions
In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is
incorporated into organic
compounds, a process called
carbon fixation.
The products from the
___________ are used later in
the _________.
A. Calvin cycle, dark
B. Dark, light
C. Light, dark
D. Calvin cycle, light
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Dark Reactions
CO2 combines with RuBP (a 5
carbon sugar) to form an
unstable 6 carbon molecule
RuBP+CO2 compound breaks
apart to form 2 molecules of
PGA (3 carbon mol.)
Dark Reactions
PGA combines with the hydrogen
which is taken from the NADPH
from the light reactions and forms
G3P (3 carbon molecule)
G3P can be used as a nutrient or
combined to make glucose or
RUBP
What is produced from the
Calvin cycle?
A. Glucose
B. RuBP
C. G3P
D. PGA
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Chemical Equation for
PSN
enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O --->C6H12O6 + 6O2
sunlight
What are the reactants of the
photosynthesis equation?
A. Enzymes and sunlight
B. Water and glucose
C. Oxygen and water
D. Carbon dioxide and water
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Photosynthesis Song
http://www.edublogs.tv/play.php?vid=880
Click on the above link to listen to the
photosynthesis song. After listening once
just close the browser window and come
back to the StAIR.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells
breakdown glucose to release
energy and give off CO2 and H2O
Occurs in 2 stages
–anaerobic
–aerobic
Cellular Respiration: 2
types
Anaerobic
– Occurs when
oxygen is NOT
available
– Located in the
cytoplasm of cells
– Inefficient energy
producer (ATP)
Aerobic
– Occurs when
oxygen is available
– Located in the
mitochondrion of
cells
– Produces great
amount of energy
(ATP)
This type of respiration is the
most efficient because it creates
the most energy.
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Glycolysis
D. Fermentation
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Cellular Respiration
1st stage is called Glycolysis
– Glyco= pertaining to sugar
– Lysis= cutting/splitting
– Glycolysis is the process where
sugar is broken down for energy
• Occurs in the cytoplasm and
requires 2 molecules of ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose breaks down into pyruvic
acid
4 molecules of ATP are produced
Glycolysis
•Pictured to the right is
the process of glycolysis
•One molecule of
glucose enters the
reactions and 2
molecules of pyruvate
are produced along with
a net gain of 2 ATP
Since glycolysis uses 2 ATP,
what is the amount of ATP
that can be used by the cell
once glycolysis is completed?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 4
D. 2
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2nd Stage-Aerobic
Respiration
If oxygen is present pyruvic acid
enters the mitochondria to begin
the Kreb’s or Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvic acid is broken down to
acetic acid
Acetic acid forms citric acid
2nd Stage-Aerobic
Respiration
H2O and CO2 are given off as
waste products
36 ATP are formed
Summary of Aerobic
Respiration
2 ATP
2 ATP
34 ATP
How many ATP are produced
from aerobic respiration alone?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 4
D. 2
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2nd Stage-Anaerobic
Respiration
If no oxygen is present pyruvic
acid is broken down in the
cytoplasm by the process of
fermentation
2nd Stage-Anaerobic
Respiration
Alcohol
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Fermentation
Occurs in animal
Occurs in plant cells (muscle
cells
tissue)
Produces ethyl Produces lactic
acid
alcohol
2nd Stage-Anaerobic
Respiration
–The build up of lactic acid is
what causes muscle soreness
after a workout
–When O2 levels increase lactic
acid converts back to pyruvic
acid which can then be
metabolized
Which type of fermentation
would you enter after prolonged
exercise?
A. Alcohol
B. Lactic Acid
C. Glycolysis
D. Pyruvic Acid
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Summary of Aerobic and
Anaerobic Respiration
2 ATP
2 ATP
0ATP
2 ATP
34 ATP
Balanced Chemical
Equation for Cellular
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2+6H2O+36 ATP
Comparison of the Chemical Equations
for Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis and Cellular
respiration are…..
Opposites!