Chapter 4
Demand
Economics and You
In Chapter 4, you will learn that demand
is more than a desire to buy something: it
is the ability and willingness to actually
buy it.
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to listen to Economics
and You.
2
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: What Is Demand?
• Describe and illustrate the concept of
demand. 
• Explain how demand and utility are
related.
3
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Factors Affecting Demand
• Explain what causes a change in quantity
demanded. 
• Describe the factors that could cause a
change in demand.
4
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Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Elasticity of Demand
• Explain why elasticity is a measure of
responsiveness. 
• Analyze the elasticity of demand for a
product. 
• Understand the factors that determine
demand.
5
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Study Guide
Main Idea
Demand is a willingness to buy a product at a
particular price. 
7
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information. Section 1 begins on page 89 of your textbook.
Introduction
• People sometimes think of demand as
the desire to have or to own a certain
product. 
• In this sense, anyone who would like to
own a swimming pool could be said to
“demand” one. 
• In order for demand to be counted in the
marketplace, however, desire is not
enough; it must coincide with the ability and
willingness to pay for it.
8
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Introduction (cont.)
• Only those people with demand—the
desire, ability, and willingness to buy a
product-can compete with others who
have similar demands. 
• Demand, like many other topics in Unit 2
is a microeconomic concept. 
• Microeconomics is the area of
economics that deals with behavior and
decision making by small units, such as
individuals and firms.
9
Introduction (cont.)
• Collectively, these concepts of
microeconomics help explain how prices
are determined and how individual
economic decisions are made.
10
Did You Know?
• In the summer 1999, the American
Automobile Association announced that
gasoline prices in Illinois had reached a
20-month high. A spokesperson for the
gasoline industry explained that this rise in
prices had several causes, including
unexpected problems at refinery plants
and decisions from oil-producing countries
to cut back on production. Regardless of
the reasons, it was expected that people
living in Illinois would respond to the
higher prices by limiting the time they
spent driving, thus reducing their demand
for gas.
11
An Introduction to Demand
• Demand is the desire, ability, and
willingness to buy a product. 
• An individual demand curve illustrates
now the quantity that a person will
demand varies depending on the price of
a good or service. 
• Economists analyze demand by listing
prices and desired quantities in a demand
schedule (chart). When the demand data
is graphed, it forms a demand curve with
a downward slope.
12
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An Introduction to Demand (cont.)
Figure 4.1
The Demand for Compact Discs
13
An Introduction to Demand (cont.)
Figure 4.1
The Demand for Compact Discs
14
Discussion Question
Think about something you have been
wanting to buy. What is its price? At
what price would you be willing to buy
the item?
Answers will vary, but students
should demonstrate an
understanding of the concept of
demand.
15
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The Law of Demand
• The Law of Demand states that the
quantity demanded of a good or service
varies inversely with its price. When
price goes up, the quantity demanded
goes down; when price goes down, the
quantity demanded goes up. 
• A market demand curve illustrates how
the quantity that all interested persons
(the market) will demand varies
depending on the price of a good or
service.
16
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Discussion Question
Why is price a consumer’s obstacle to
buying?
Answers will vary, but may include
that a consumer’s money is limited,
and the price of a product forces the
consumer to determine how much his
or her demand is for the product.
17
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The Law of Demand (cont.)
Figure 4.2
Individual and Market Demand Curves
Demand and Marginal Utility
• Marginal utility is the extra usefulness or
satisfaction a person receives from getting
or using one more unit of a product. 
• The principle of diminishing marginal
utility states that the satisfaction we gain
from buying a product lessens as we buy
more of the same product.
19
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Study Guide (cont.)
Objectives
After studying this section, you will be able to: 
– Explain what causes a change in quantity
demanded. 
– Describe the factors that could cause a
change in demand. 
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listen to the Cover Story.
21
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information. Section 2 begins on page 95 of your textbook.
Introduction
• The demand curve is a graphical
representation of the quantities that people
are willing to purchase at all possible prices
that might prevail in the market. 
• Occasionally something happens to
change people’s willingness and ability to
buy. 
• These changes are usually of two types: a
change in the quantity demanded, and a
change in demand.
22
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Did You Know?
• In 1983, the first audio compact discs were
introduce to U.S. consumers. Within five
years, record companies had begun to
phase out the vinyl albums on which music
was traditionally played because sales
figures had shown that consumers
preferred CD technology.
23
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Change in Quantity Demanded
• The change in quantity demanded shows
a change in the amount of the product
purchased when there is a change in
price. 
• The income effect means that as prices
drop, consumers are left with extra real
income. 
• The substitution effect means that price
can cause consumers to substitute one
product with another similar but cheaper
item.
24
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Change in Quantity Demanded (cont.)
Figure 4.3
A Change in Quantity Demanded
Change in Demand
• A change in demand is when people buy
different amounts of the product at the
same prices. 
• A change in demand can be caused by
a change in income, tastes, a price
change in a related product (either
because it is a substitute or
complement), consumer expectations,
and the number of buyers.
26
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Change in Demand (cont.)
Figure 4.4
A Change in Demand
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Study Guide (cont.)
Objectives
After studying this section, you will be able to: 
– Explain why elasticity is a measure of
responsiveness. 
– Analyze the elasticity of demand for a
product. 
– Understand the factors that determine demand
elasticity.
29
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information. Section 3 begins on page 101 of your textbook.
Study Guide (cont.)
Applying Economic Concepts
Elasticity of Demand What are you willing to pay
to see a popular movie? Read to find out about
the elasticity of demand for a product and what
factors influence your willingness and ability to pay
for a product.
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listen to the Cover Story.
Section 3 begins on page 101 of your textbook.
30
Introduction
• Cause-and-effect relationships are
important in the study of economics. 
• For example, we often ask, “if one thing
happens, how will it affect something
else?” 
• An important cause-and-effect
relationship in economics is elasticity, a
measure of responsiveness that tells us
how a dependent variable such as
quantity responds to a change in an
independent variable such as price.
31
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Introduction (cont.)
• Elasticity is also a very general concept
that can be applied to income, the
quantity of a product supplied by a firm,
or to demand.
32
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Did You Know?
• The drugs needed to get or stay well can
take a large portion of a consumer’s
income, especially if that income is fixed.
However, the use of generic drugs had
offered consumers a cheaper alternative
to drugs with brand names. After the
founding drug company’s patent on a
brand-name drug has expired, another
drug company can create a generic drug.
33
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Demand Elasticity
• Elasticity measures how sensitive
consumers are to price changes. 
• Demand is elastic when a change in price
causes a large change in demand. 
• Demand is inelastic when a change in
price causes a small change in demand.
• Demand is unit elastic when a change in
price causes a proportional change in
demand.
34
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
Discussion Question
What are examples of items for which
an increase in price would cause you
or your family to reconsider buying
them?
Answers will vary but should illustrate
an understanding of price elastic
demand.
35
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The Total Expenditures Test
• Price times quantity demanded equals total
expenditures. 
• Changes in expenditures depend on the
elasticity of a demand curve—if the
change in price and expenditures move in
opposite directions on the curve, the
demand is elastic, if they move in the
same direction, the demand is inelastic; if
there is no change in expenditures,
demand is unit elastic. 
• Understanding the relationship between
elasticity and profits can help producers
effectively price their products.
36
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The Total Expenditures Test (cont.)
Figure 4.5
The Total Expenditures Test for Demand Elasticity
Discussion Question
What are examples of items for which
a drop in price would not encourage
you to buy more of an item?
38
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Determinants of Demand Elasticity
• Demand is elastic if the answer to the
following questions are “yes”. 
– Can the purchase be delayed? Some purchases
cannot be delayed, regardless of price changes.

– Are adequate substitutes available? Price
changes can cause consumers to substitute on
product for a similar product.
– Does the purchase use a large portion of
income? Demand elasticity can increase when
a product commands a large portion of a
consumer’s income.
39
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Determinants of Demand Elasticity
(cont.)
Figure 4.6
Estimating the Elasticity of Demand
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Section 1: What Is Demand?
• Microeconomics is the area of economic study
that deals with individual units in an economy,
such as households, business firms, labor unions,
and workers. 
• You express demand for a product when you are
both willing and able to purchase it. 
• Demand can be summarized in a demand
schedule, which shows the various quantities that
would be purchased at all possible prices that
might prevail in the market. 
• Demand can also be shown graphically as a
downward sloping demand curve.
42
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Section 1: What Is Demand? (cont.)
• The Law of Demand refers to the inverse
relationship between price and quantity
demanded. 
• Individual demand curves for a particular product
can be added up to get the market demand
curve. 
• Marginal utility is the amount of satisfaction an
individual receives from consuming one
additional unit of a particular good or service. 
• Diminishing marginal utility means that with
each succeeding unit, satisfaction decreases.
43
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Section 2: Factors Affecting Demand
• Demand can change in two ways–a change in
quantity demanded or a change in demand. 
• A change in quantity demanded means people
buy a different quantity of a product if that
product’s price changes, appearing as a
movement along the demand curve. 
• A change in demand means that people have
changed their minds about the amount they would
buy at each and every price. It is represented as a
shift of the demand curve to the right or left. 
• A change in consumer incomes, tastes and
expectations, and the price of related goods
causes a change in demand.
44
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Section 2: Factors Affecting Demand
(cont.)
• Related goods include substitutes and
complements. A substitute is a product that is
interchangeable in use with another product. A
complement is a product that is used in
conjunction with another product. 
• The market demand curve changes whenever
consumers enter or leave the market, or
whenever an individual’s demand curve
changes.
45
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Section 3: Elasticity of Demand
• Elasticity is a general measure of responsiveness
that relates changes of a dependent variable such
as quantity to changes in an independent variable
such as price. 
• Demand elasticity relates changes in the
quantity demanded to changes in price. 
• If a change in price causes a relatively larger
change in the quantity demanded, demand is
elastic. 
• If a change in price causes a relatively smaller
change in the quantity demanded, demand is
inelastic.
46
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Section 3: Elasticity of Demand (cont.)
• When demand is elastic, it stretches as price
changes. Inelastic demand means that price
changes have little impact on quantity
demanded. 
• Demand is unit elastic if a change in price causes
a proportional change in quantity demanded. 
• The total expenditures test can be used to
estimate demand elasticity. 
• Demand elasticity is influenced by the ability to
postpone a purchase, by the substitutes available,
and by the proportion of income required for the
purchase.
47
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Identifying Key Terms
Match the letter of the term best described by each statement.
___
B the desire, ability, and willingness to buy a product
___
F a movement along the demand curve showing
that a different quantity is purchased in response to
a change in price
___
G a statement that more will be demanded at lower
prices and less at higher prices
A. demand schedule
B. demand
C. microeconomics
D. change in demand
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E. demand curve
F. change in quantity demanded
G. Law of Demand
H. elastic demand
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answer. The Chapter Assessment is on pages 110–111.
Identifying Key Terms (cont.)
Match the letter of the term best described by each statement.
___
A a listing in a table that shows the quantity
demanded at all possible prices in the market at a
given time
___
D a principle illustrating that consumers demand
different amounts at every price, causing the
demand curve to shift to the left or the right
___
C the field of economics that deals with behavior and
decision making by individuals and firms
A. demand schedule
B. demand
C. microeconomics
D. change in demand
50
E. demand curve
F. change in quantity demanded
G. Law of Demand
H. elastic demand
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Identifying Key Terms (cont.)
Match the letter of the term best described by each statement.
___
H a principle illustrating that a relatively small change
in price causes a relatively large change in the
quantity demanded
___
E a graph that shows the quantity demanded at all
possible prices in the market at a given time
A. demand schedule
B. demand
C. microeconomics
D. change in demand
51
E. demand curve
F. change in quantity demanded
G. Law of Demand
H. elastic demand
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Reviewing the Facts
Describe a demand schedule and a
demand curve. How are they alike?
A demand schedule is a list that
shows the quantities demanded for a
product at all prices that prevail in the
market. A demand curve shows the
same data in graphic form.
52
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Reviewing the Facts (cont.)
Explain how the principle of
diminishing marginal utility is
related to the downward-sloping
demand curve.
Diminishing marginal utility states that
as we use more of a product, we are
not willing to pay as much for it.
People will not pay as much for the
second and third product as they did
for the first, therefore the demand is
downward sloping.
53
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Reviewing the Facts (cont.)
Describe the difference between the
income effect and the substitution
effect.
The income effect is the change in
quantity demanded due to a change
in price that alters consumers’ real
income. The substitution effect is the
change in quantity demanded due to
the change in the relative price of the
product.
54
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Reviewing the Facts (cont.)
Identify the five factors that can
cause a change in market demand.
The five factors that can cause a
change in market demand are:
–
–
–
–
–
55
consumer income
consumer tastes
substitutes and complements
change in expectations
number of consumers
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Reviewing the Facts (cont.)
Describe the difference between
elastic demand and inelastic
demand.
When demand is elastic, there is a
relatively large change in quantity
demanded when the price changes,
giving the demand curve a flat slope.
The change in quantity demanded is
much smaller for inelastic demand,
making the slope of the demand curve
steeper.
56
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Reviewing the Facts (cont.)
Explain how the total expenditures
test can be used to determine
demand elasticity.
By observing the change in total
expenditures when the price changes,
you can determine demand elasticity.
If expenditures and price move in
opposite directions, demand is elastic,
If they move in the same direction,
demand is inelastic. If expenditures
do not change, demand is unit elastic.
57
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Thinking Critically
Making Generalizations Do you
think the Law of Demand accurately
reflects most people’s behavior
regarding certain purchases?
Explain.
Answers will vary, but most will note
that when prices fall, consumers tend
to demand more of a product.
58
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Thinking Critically (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions What would
normally happen to a product’s
market demand curve in a growing
and prosperous community if
consumer tastes, expectations, and
the prices of related products
remained unchanged?
An increase in the number of
consumers would shift the market
demand curve to the right.
59
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Applying Economic Skills
Demand Why do you think a
knowledge of demand would be
useful to an individual like yourself?
To a businessperson like Keith
Clinkscales (cover story, page 89)?
Knowledge of demand will help an
individual make more informed
decisions as a consumer. Business
people need such knowledge in order
to run their businesses effectively.
60
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Applying Economic Skills (cont.)
Demand How do you think the market
demand curve for pizza would be affected
by (1) an increase in everyone’s pay, (2) a
successful pizza advertising campaign, (3)
a decrease in the price of hamburgers, and
(4) new people moving into the
community? Explain your answers.
(1) Demand would increase since more
people could afford to buy pizza. (2)
Demand would increase as more people
became aware of pizza. (3) Demand would
decrease since people would buy more
hamburgers. (4) Demand would increase as
more consumers would buy pizza.
61
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Applying Economic Skills (cont.)
Demand Elasticity How would you,
as a business owner, use your
knowledge of demand elasticity to
determine the price of your product?
If demand is elastic, lower the price to
increase total business revenues. If
demand is inelastic, raise the price to
increase business revenues.
62
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Applying Economic Skills (cont.)
How would a successful advertising
campaign affect the elasticity of
demand for the advertised product?
Explain.
It would make demand more inelastic.
Some people would be influenced by
the advertising and would demand the
advertised product rather than buy a
substitute.
63
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Research and write a report about a product or
service for which you believe there will be a high
demand in the twenty-first century.
– Explain why you think such a high demand will
exist.
– Use the Internet and financial magazines to make
predictions about the product or service’s potential
growth.
– Create charts and graphs to support your position.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to
the Economics: Principles and Practices Web site. At this site,
you will find interactive activities, current events information,
and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the
textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program
to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser
and go to
http://epp.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/economics/econ
principles2005/index.php
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
BusinessWeek Web site. At this site, you will find up-to-date
information dealing with all aspects of economics. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.businessweek.com
Housing Starts The number of housing starts
shows the demand for new homes. Economists
forecast housing starts by using the current
month’s permits as a predictor. Building permits
tend to move in tandem with starts on a monthto-month basis. They are also considered to be
a leading indicator of the economy in general.
Increases in building permits and starts are
common during periods following a drop in
mortgage rates.
Finland is becoming the leader in cell-phone
technology. Some 58 percent of all Finns own a
cell phone; by the year 2004, the devices will
outnumber Finland’s population of five million
people.
Trading Gold for Salt Just as gold and salt
were necessary trading commodities in some
parts of Africa, so are oil and iron ore in some
regions of the world today. The Japanese, for
example, produce automobiles. They must
trade with other countries, however, to obtain
the raw materials needed to produce those
automobiles.
The demand for some products has become
more elastic because of technological
innovations. VCRs, for example, have allowed
consumers to substitute home viewing of
movies for going to a movie theater. As a result,
demand for tickets to movie theaters has
become more elastic.
College Textbooks
Online Shopping
Click on a hyperlink to choose that topic.
Companies now sell college textbooks over the
Internet. Universities enroll online and provide
the required reading lists for their classes.
Students can buy new and used textbooks from
these lists, saving up to 40 percent on the cost
of books. There is an economic incentive for
colleges to use these Internet companies: the
colleges receive a share in the revenue.
More About … Online Shopping E-commerce
is finally becoming a popular method of
shopping. Although there has been no
significant change in the technology, sales over
the Internet are increasing due to the
confidence level of the consumer. In 1998, more
than half of Web users had been online for over
a year. More people are comfortable with
navigating the Internet and using it for
information.
Continued on next slide.
Other factors have led to increased usage of the
Web for shopping. Safety features have
improved, so there is diminishing fear of
hackers stealing credit card numbers. Web sites
are better, too, and are often interactive,
colorful, and informative. Many people find that
the Internet allows them to save money
because it is convenient for quick price
comparisons.
There are drawbacks to shopping on the
Internet, however. If you know what you want to
buy, electronic shopping is almost always faster
than traditional shopping. If you don’t know, it
can become tedious waiting for images to
download. If a site doesn’t take credit cards,
you must print out an order sheet and order the
items again.
For many people, though, the benefits of being
able to shop in your pajamas at any time of the
day outweigh the drawbacks of online shopping.
Have students discuss if they believe online
shopping will make traditional shopping
obsolete.
Holding the Fries
“At the Border”
McDonald’s opened its first restaurant in Des
Plaines, Illinois, in 1955. In 1967 McDonald’s
opened its first restaurants in cities in other
countries. Today, the company operates nearly
25,000 McDonald’s restaurants in 115 countries
on six continents.
Read the BusinessWeek Newsclip article on
page 100 of your textbook. Read to find out how
McDonald’s must adapt its menu to local tastes.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 100 of your textbook. Click
the Speaker button to listen to an audio introduction.
Holding the Fries
“At the Border”
Understanding Cause and Effect
Why did McDonald’s change its
menu in Indonesia?
The collapse of the rupiah made the cost
of imports such as potatoes quintuple in
price. Since people could not afford to pay
for potatoes, McDonald’s was forced to
find a substitute product, rice, which could
be used instead.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 100 of your textbook.
Holding the Fries
“At the Border”
Synthesizing Information Did
McDonald’s introduce rice to its
Indonesian menu in response to a
change in consumer tastes? Explain
your reasoning.
Answers will vary but should reflect
knowledge of consumer tastes and
substitutes.
Continued on next slide.
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answer. This feature is found on page 100 of your textbook.
Holding the Fries
“At the Border”
Making Predictions What will happen
if the change in the menu increases
demand? Explain your answer.
If the change in menu increases demand,
more rice will be produced, stimulating the
Indonesian economy. Prices might
increase as well.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 100 of your textbook.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Economics and You
Video 5: What Is Demand?
After viewing What Is Demand?, you should
be able to: 
• Explain the Law of Demand. 
• Differentiate between elastic and inelastic
demand.
Continued on next slide.
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Economics and You
Video 5: What Is Demand?
Side 1
Disc 1
Chapter 5
Click the Videodisc button
anytime throughout this
section to play the complete
video if you have a videodisc
player attached to your
computer.
Click the Forward button to
view the discussion questions
and other related slides.
Click inside the box to play the preview.
Continued on next slide.
Economics and You
Video 5: What Is Demand?
How does inelastic demand differ
from elastic demand?
When demand for a product or
service does not change in
reaction to price changes, the
demand is inelastic.
Side 1
Disc 1
Chapter 5
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answer.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Understanding cause and effect involves
considering why an event took place. A cause
is the action or situation that produces an
event. What happens as a result of a cause is
an effect.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Learning the Skill
To identify cause-and-effect relationships,
follow these steps:
– Identify two or more events or developments. 
– Decide whether one event caused the other. Look for
“clue words” such as because, led to, brought about,
produced, as a result of, so that, since, and
therefore. 
– Look for logical relationships between events, such
as “She overslept, and then she missed her bus.”
Continued on next slide.
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information. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Learning the Skill (cont.)
– Identify the outcomes of events. Remember that
some effects have more than one cause, and some
causes lead to more than one effect. Also, an effect
can become the cause of yet another effect.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the following statements. Then, identify the causes and effects found in
each statement.
1. Historically, prices have shown their greatest
fluctuations in times of war.
cause: war; effect: greater price fluctuation
2. The government also is confronted with scarcity, and
must make choices.
cause: scarcity; effect: government must make choices
Continued on next slide.
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answers. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the following statements. Then, identify the causes and effects found in
each statement.
3. Because of scarcity, people, businesses, and the
government must all make trade-offs in choosing the
products they want the most.
cause: scarcity; effect: trade-offs
4. When a choice is made, an opportunity cost is paid.
cause: making a choice
effect: paying an opportunity cost
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answers. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the following statements. Then, identify the causes and effects found in
each statement.
5. It is impossible for us to produce all the products we
would like to have because the factors of production
exist in limited quantities.
cause: limited factors of production
effect: impossible to produce all wanted products
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answers. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the following statements. Then, identify the causes and effects found in
each statement.
6. Because consumers don’t always want the same
things, items that are popular now may not sell in the
future.
cause: consumers’ changing wants
effect: popular items may not sell in the future
7. If income increases, people can afford to buy more
products.
cause: income increases
effect: people can buy more products
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answers. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the following statements. Then, identify the causes and effects found in
each statement.
8. If the price of butter goes up, more people would buy
margarine instead.
cause: price of butter goes up
effect: demand for margarine goes up
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answers. This feature is found on page 108 of your textbook.
Wealth and Influence:
Oprah Winfrey
(1954–)
Click the picture to learn
more about Oprah Winfrey.
Be prepared to answer
the questions that
appear on the next
two slides.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 94 of your textbook.
Wealth and Influence:
Oprah Winfrey
(1954–)
Drawing Conclusions Why is Oprah
Winfrey considered one of the most
powerful women in America?
You might equate power with influence.
Winfrey’s influence stems from the
popularity of her television show, her
wealth (and what she has done with it),
and the programs in which she has
participated.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 94 of your textbook.
Wealth and Influence:
Oprah Winfrey
(1954–)
For Further Research Make an
annotated time line of Winfrey’s career,
highlighting her major achievements.
1971
1973
1976
1984
1986
became newscaster at WVOL
became reporter/anchor at WTVF
became co-host of People Are Talking
became host of AM Chicago
The Oprah Winfrey Show went into
national syndication
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 94 of your textbook.
End of Custom Shows
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