Burger King Worldwide Inc. agreed 1) ____________ acquire
Tim Hortons Inc. for 2) ____________ C$12.5 billion ($11.4
billion) in a deal that creates the third-largest fast-food
company and moves 3) ____________ headquarters to
Canada. The purchase brings Burger King the biggest seller of
coffee and doughnuts in Canada, which it can use to grow
internationally. The deal also lets the burger chain push into
4) ____________ grocery business by selling packaged
coffees at supermarkets in North America. “There’s value to
be extracted and there are international growth
opportunities,” 5) __________ Will Slabaugh, an analyst at
Stephens Inc. in Little Rock, Arkansas. “I think it’s 6)
__________ to be a well-received deal.” The acquisition also
moves the merged entity’s global headquarters to Canada,
potentially taking advantage
7) ___________
lower corporate taxes. When the companies disclosed the
talks 8) ____________ August 24, it heightened debate over
American businesses shifting 9) ____________ other
countries in search of lower tax bills.
Burger King Worldwide Inc. agreed 1) to acquire Tim Hortons Inc. for
2) about C$12.5 billion ($11.4 billion) in a deal that creates the
third-largest fast-food company and moves 3) its headquarters to
Canada. The purchase brings Burger King the biggest seller of
coffee and doughnuts in Canada, which it can use to grow
internationally. The deal also lets the burger chain push into 4)
the grocery business by selling packaged coffees at supermarkets
in North America. “There’s value to be extracted and there are
international growth opportunities,” 5) said Will Slabaugh, an
analyst at Stephens Inc. in Little Rock, Arkansas. “I think it’s 6)
going to be a well-received deal.”The acquisition also moves the
merged entity’s global headquarters to Canada, potentially taking
advantage 7)
lower corporate taxes. When the companies
of
on August 24, it heightened debate over
American businesses shifting 9) to other countries in search of
disclosed the talks 8)
lower tax bills. President Barack Obama criticized the practice in
July, and his aides said that the administration would take action
to stop the trend.
President Barack Obama criticized the practice in July, and his aides said that
the administration would take action to stop the trend. Burger King, the
second-largest U.S. burger chain, has struggled to boost North American
same-store sales and compete 10) ____________ McDonald’s Corp.’s
breakfast fare. Buying Tim Hortons would give Burger King a coffee brand
that’s coveted by Canadians, as 11) ____________ as some Americans.
There are no current plans to combine brands or sell Tim Hortons coffee at
Burger King, the companies’ executives said today. Burger King plans to help
expand Tim Hortons restaurants in the 98 countries 12) ____________ it
operates. There may be supply-chain, marketing and administrative cost
savings 13) ____________ well.Within the new parent company, the two
chains 14) ___________ remain stand-alone businesses and maintain their
current headquarters. Burger King 15) ___________ run from Miami, while
Tim Hortons is based in the Toronto suburb of Oakville. Daniel Schwartz,
Burger King’s chief executive officer, will become group CEO of the merged
company, as well as remaining head of the fast-food chain. Tim Hortons CEO
Marc Caira, meanwhile, will continue to run 16) ___________ chain, which
has about 4,500 locations. Schwartz said 17) ____________ will spend the
majority of his time in Canada and still have a desk in Miami. The new
global headquarters of the two companies will house functions 18)
_________ as accounting, legal, human resources and corporate strategy.
19) __________ now, no one at either company will be losing their jobs,
Schwartz said in an 20) ____________.
Burger King, the second-largest U.S. burger chain, has struggled to boost North
American same-store sales and compete 10)
McDonald’s Corp.’s breakfast
fare. Buying Tim Hortons would give Burger King a coffee brand that’s coveted by
Canadians, as 11) well as some Americans. There are no current plans to
combine brands or sell Tim Hortons coffee at Burger King, the companies’
executives said today.
Burger King plans to help expand Tim Hortons restaurants in the 98 countries 12)
where it operates. There may be supply-chain, marketing and administrative
with
cost savings 13)
as well. Within the new parent company, the two chains 14)
will remain stand-alone businesses and maintain their current headquarters.
Burger King 15) is run from Miami, while Tim Hortons is based in the Toronto
suburb of Oakville. Daniel Schwartz, Burger King’s chief executive officer, will
become group CEO of the merged company, as well as remaining head of the fastfood chain. Tim Hortons CEO Marc Caira, meanwhile, will continue to run 16)
that chain, which has about 4,500 locations. Schwartz said 17) he will spend
the majority of his time in Canada and still have a desk in Miami. The new global
headquarters of the two companies will house functions 18) such as
For now, no one
accounting, legal, human resources and corporate strategy. 19)
at either company will be losing their jobs, Schwartz said in an 20)
interview.
past simple
affirmative
I / You / We / They / She / He / It stopped.
Negative
I/ You / We / They / She / He / It did not (didn't)
stop.
questions
When did Leonardo da Vinci
What
Did
did
live?
Leonardo da Vinci paint?
I / you / we / they wait?
/ she / he / it
Verbs ending in e, add -d:
decide - decided
For one-syllable verbs ending one vowel + stop - stopped
one consonant, double the consonant and
add -ed:
Other one-syllable verbs add -ed:
wait - waited
Verbs ending vowel + consonant + y,
change -y to -i and add -ed: Note: verbs
ending vowel + y add -ed:
Two-syllable verbs ending one vowel +
one consonant, double the consonant if
the stress is on the last syllable and add ed:
If the stress is on the first syllable, add ed:
study - studied
play - played
prefer preferred
profit - profited
USE:
• to talk about finished events in the past,
when we think about a definite time.
Alexander's army marched beside the river and
then stopped outside the city.
• to describe the events in a story.
Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon
afterwards, the door softly opened.
• to describe habits and routines in the past.
We usually use a time word or phrase.
Leonardo painted in his studio every day.
Subject and object questions are both
possible with past simple.
What did Leonardo paint?
object question: + auxiliary did
Who painted this portrait?
subject question: no auxiliary did
Examples of time words and phrases
we use with past simple:
yesterday
on Tuesday
in 1754
last night
at 6.30
in January
last week
an hour ago
last year
after that
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
a. When ___________?
The Industrial Revolution happened during the
second half of the 18th century in Britain.
b. How ___________?
Work changed with the building of large factories.
c. What ___________?
The first factories produced iron, steel, and textiles.
d. What ___________?
New technology encouraged the production of
more ships, and railway equipment.
e. What power ___________?
Factories used steam power.
f. What ___________?
These factories required lots of coal for the
steam engines.
g. Where ___________?
Manufacturers constructed their factories close
to coal mines.
h. Why ___________?
They decided to do this because it was
expensive to transport coal.
i. What ___________?
Factories also needed limestone and iron
ore, for the manufacture of steel.
j. Where ___________?
Industry in the UK developed near the coal
fields of South Wales, the Midlands, northeast England and central Scotland.
a When did the Industrial Revolution happen in
Britain?
b How did work change?
c What did the first factories produce?
d What did new technology encourage?
e What power did factories use?
f What did these factories require?
g Where did manufacturers construct their
factories?
h Why did they decide to do this?
i What did factories also need?
j Where did industry in the UK develop?
past continuous
I / She/ He / It was
You / We / They were
reading.
I / She/ He / It was not (wasn't)
You / We / They were not (weren't)
reading.
questions and short answers
Was
I / she / he /
it
waiting?
Were
you / we /
they
watching? Yes, you
were.
Where was
he
waiting?
What
they
wearing?
were
Yes, I was No, I
wasn't.
No, you
weren't.
Use
• for a continuing unfinished action in the past.
When Sue arrived at 9.30 am, four people were waiting
outside the office.
• for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a
sudden past action.
While we were doing the maths test, the fire alarm went
off.
• for activities as background description.
The rainforest was full of sounds. Birds were calling from
the trees and thousands of insects were buzzing and
humming.
• for two continuing events happening at the same time.
While Cortes was talking to the emperor; his army was
taking over the palace.
while, when
• Use while with past continuous for the time
the event was happening.
• Use when with past simple for actions.
• We can use other more descriptive time
phrases instead of when.
At the moment the earthquake struck, most
people were going about their normal lives.
Past continuous used with past simple
• We often use the past continuous first to set the scene, and
then the past simple for the separate, completed actions
that happen.
Susan was looking for Graham, so she didn't sit
down. Instead, she tried calling him on her
mobile phone.
• We often contrast an action in progress with a
sudden event which interrupts it.
While Susan was trying to get onto the
platform, a man grabbed her handbag.
Participle clauses
• Participle clauses are introduced by the time
expressions before, after and while. They have
the same subject as the following clause.
After struggling with him, Susan pulled the bag
from his hands.
habits in the past
• For describing habits and states in the past, it is
more natural to use used to + verb than past
continuous, especially when we make contrasts
with the present. We do not mention the exact
date.
• Used to is unchangeable, and has only a past
tense form.
• Negative: didn't use to
• Question: Did you use to?
Examples
• Rainforests used to cover a third of the Earth,
but now they are getting smaller.
• Once people didn't use to worry about this
problem.
• What games did you use to play in the
playground at school?
Note
• we also use past simple (+ frequency adverb)
to describe habitual actions in the past.
People once thought that the Sun travelled
round the Earth
• When we use used to we suggest that the
action is no longer true and so make a strong
contrast with the present.
Past before past
• The past perfect is used to make it clear that
one past event happens before another past
event.
• We use the past perfect for the earlier event.
By the time the train arrived, Susan had
managed to push her way to the front of the
crowd.
• It is not always necessary to use the past perfect if
a time expression makes the order of events clear.
Before the train arrived, Susan managed
to push her way to the front of the
crowd.
Would
• Would is used to describe a person's typical
activities in the past. It can only be used to
describe repeated actions, not states. It is
mainly used in writing, and in personal
reminiscences.
Every evening was the same. Jack would turn on
the radio, light his pipe and fall asleep.
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
As a young man, Pasteur a (study) ___at the Ecole
Normale in Paris. Then at the age of just 32, he b
(become) ___ a professor at the University of Lille.
In 1856, Pasteur c (receive) ___a visit from a man
called Bigo who d (own) ___ a factory that e (make)
___ alcohol from sugar beet. He f (have) ___ a
question for Pasteur: why g (the alcohol / turn / to
acid?) ___ ? When this h (happen) ___ , they i (not
can) ___ use it and j (throw) ___it away Bigo k (ask)
___ Pasteur to find out the reason for this.
At first, Pasteur I(not know) ___, but when he m
(examine) ___the alcohol under a microscope, he n
(find) ___thousands of tiny micro-organisms. He o
(believe) ___ that they p (cause) ___ the problem. q
(milk, wine and vinegar / behave /in the same way?)
___? Other scientists r (disagree)___ with him, and
newspapers s (make) ___ fun of him. However,
Pasteur t (continue) ___ with his work, he u (invent)
___ methods of testing his theory and v (prove) ___
that he was right. Later he w (work) ___ together
with two doctors and x (develop) ___ vaccines for
diseases such as anthrax and rabies.
answers
a studied
i couldn't
q Did milk, wine and vinegar behave in
the same way
b became
j threw
r disagreed
c received
k asked
s made
d owned
I didn't know
t continued
e made
m examined
u invented
f had
n found
v proved
g did the alcohol turn
to acid
o believed
w worked
h happened
p caused
x developed
Choose the correct form
a. While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes
discovered / was discovering the principles of density
and buoyancy.
b. When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked
/ was working in his laboratory, he dropped / was
dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside
- and invented / was inventing safety glass.
c. Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he
tried / was trying to reach the Far East.
d. AIexander FIeming discovered / was discovering
penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at
some old experiments.
e. While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the
mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered / was
discovering the Iost city of Macchu Picchu.
f. While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an apple
tree, an apple fell / was falling on his head, and he
understood / was understanding gravity.
g. While Dr Harry Coover tried / was trying to invent
a new kind of plastic, he made / was making a very
soft substance which stuck / was sticking things
together. It was SupergIue.
h. While he observed / was observing the Moon
through his teIescope, Galileo realized / was
realizing that it had mountains and craters.
Answers…
a was taking, discovered
b was working, dropped, invented
c arrived, was trying
d discovered, was looking
e was climbing, discovered
f was sitting , fell, understood
g was trying, made, stuck
h was observing, realized
Choose the correct answer
a) I suddenly remembered that I forgot/had forgotten
my keys.
b) While Diana watched/was watching her favourite
television programme, there was a power-cut.
c) Tom used to live/would live in the house at the end
of the street.
d) Who was driving/drove the car at the time of the
accident?
e) By the time Sheila got back, Chris went/had gone.
f) David ate/had eaten Japanese food before, so he
knew what to order.
g) I did/was doing some shopping yesterday, when I
saw that Dutch friend of yours.
h) I used to like/was liking sweets much more than I
do now.
i) What exactly were you doing/did you do when I
came into your office yesterday?
j) Laura missed the party because no-one was
telling/had told her about it.
k) Tanya would/used to be a doctor.
Answers.
Key points to remember
1 The past simple describes completed events in the past,
such as the main events in a narrative. It can also
describe habits and routines in the past.
2 The past continuous is used for:
a) background description.
b) actions in progress, often contrasted with a sudden
event.
The past continuous cannot be used to describe past
routines and habits.
3 Participle clauses can introduce a clause giving the main
event. The subjects of both clauses must be the same.
4 The past perfect describes a past event which took
place before another past event. If before or after is
used, the past perfect is optional.
The past perfect is not used for an event that happened a
long time ago in the past.
5 Used to only refers to past time, and has no present
form.
6 Would can be used to describe habitual actions in the
past, usually in writing. It does not make such a strong
contrast with the present as used to. Compare:
Jim would always make his mother a cup of tea after
lunch. Jim used to drink tea, but now he prefers coffee.
Would cannot be used to describe states.
Sally used to be a dancer.