It arrives quickly, nipping at the heels of the joyous promise of the
Christmas season.
It arrives so very quickly that it
nearly comes as a shock.
A painful reminder that in our joy we have strayed.
A startling reminder that our lives, too, will pass quickly.
So quickly that when the number
of days He has granted us have been expended, perhaps that, too,
will come as a shock.
Lent.
A time to turn to God.
To repent.
To prepare.
Lent.
Don't waste it.
Daily Lenten Prayer
We lift our prayers to You,
God of Love,
On behalf of our brothers and
sisters in need.
As we learn about their
struggles,
Our almsgiving comes to
their aid;
Our fasting unites us in their
hunger.
You call us to be disciples for
all nations.
Bless us this Lenten season.
Amen.
Announcements
• Warm-Ups
• Friday: No Reflection
Due! 
• Next RP: April 13th
• Wed!
• HW: Read Part I of
Chapter 16/ Make
notes
• Quiz tomorrow!
• 10 Qs over
reading
Chapter 14
Wars of Religion
Phillip II (Spain)
• Devout Catholic
(hours in prayer,
freq. confessions,
etc.)
• Sought to root our
heresy
• End Rebellion
(Moriscos)
• Good central
government
Phillip II
Religious Reforms
• Council of Trent
• Low Countries were split up into more
dioceses (power given to Bishops and pope)
Phillip II
• Reign led to the division
of the Low/High
countries of Spain
• Discontent (Low
Countries) expressed
through violence
Guise
• Ardent Catholic faction
• Led by Dukes and Cardinals of Lorraine
• Had distant claim to the French Throne
Huguenots
• Led by Prince of
Conde/Admiral de
Coligny
• Undermine authority of
the Guise
• Fought for local liberties
in religious worship
• Opposed Spanish
influence in France
• Hoped to convince the
kings of France to
support Protestants
(Low Countries) against
Phillip II
Politique
• No strong religious ties
• To keep own power played Catholics and
Protestants against each other
St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
• Catherine de Medici
• Fearing influence of
Admiral Coligny, she
wanted him dead
• Began the rumor that
the Protestant’s were
planning a insurrection
during the wedding
• Catholics took to the
streets killing
Protestants
• The Admiral was killed
• The fighting spread,
civil war reignited
Edict of Nantes
• Passed by King Henry IV (French Catholic
King)
• Allowed every noble (landowner) the right to
hold Protestant services in their home
• Allowed Protestantism where the majority of
the population was Protestant
• Promised Protestants civil rights, chances for
public office, admittance into Catholic
universities
John Knox
• Founded the
Presbyterian
Church of Scotland
• Encouraged
violence against
Catholics
• Preaching and
writings inspired
iconoclastic
attacks
The First Covenant
• Adopted by Scottish Lords
• Destroy the Catholic
Church
• Adopted a Calvinistic
profession of faith
• Rejected power of the
pope
Mary Stuart
Queen of Scouts
• Tried to save the
Catholic Church
• Unrest forced her to
give up her reign
• Accused of plotting
against Queen
Elizabeth
Persecution in England
• Catholics are traitors and disloyal to the
English crown
• Catholics refused to give up their faith
• Practice of the Faith is a treasonable offense
(Elizabeth)
Cardinal William Allen
• Founded a
seminary in the
Spanish
Netherlands
• To keep the
Catholic faith
alive in England
• Sent missionaries
back to England
St. Edmond Campion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Martyr
Leader of the Anglican Church
Took Oath of Supremacy
Left to study at Cardinal Allen’s seminary
Joined the Society of Jesus
Convicted of treason
Executed in public
Chapter 15
Exploration and
Missionary Movements
Opening the Atlantic
PART I
God desires the
Salvation of
EVERYONE.
New Routes to India
• The Italian City states dominated trade
• Trade with the east became expensive
Henry the Navigator
• Brother of the King of
Portugal
• Advanced technical
innovations
• Opened a school for
navigation
• School developed the
caravel
• By end of fifteenth
century, men from the
school were sailing
further and further
Christopher Columbus
• Supported by Queen
Isabella
• Spanish ready to
show the world that
they were the
“greatest” empire
• Ptolemy and Marco
Polo influenced
Columbus
Columbus
• Underestimated the size of the earth by nearly
seven thousand miles
• Found the Bahamas.
• He returned to a hero’s welcome
• Made the governor of all lands in the West
• Made three more trips
• Died insisting that he found the passage to Asia
Columbus
the Catholic
Social Consequences
• Columbian
Exchange: new
goods increased the
availability of food
for the common
laborer
• Local guild
monopolies
destroyed
• National Economies
created
• Middle class
replaced with
merchants
Social Consequences
• Mercantilism:
limit imports and
increase exports
• Increase gold
imports resulted
in inflation
• Falling labor
supply resulted
in use of slavery
Missionary Apostolate
PART II
Obstacles
•
•
•
•
Travel distance
Climate
Language
Acceptance by
Natives
• Poor example that
settlers left behind
The Spanish & The Natives
• Monarch passed
legislation to protect the
natives
• Prohibited enslavement
of local peoples
• Natives granted Spanish
citizenship
• Colonists intermarried
with natives
Fr. Bartolome de las Casas
• First priest ORDAINED
in New World
• Chaplain during
Columbus’ conquest of
Cuba
• Received land with
Cuban slaves
(encomienda) (later
renounced)
• Asked for African slaves
(recounted)
• Requested the passing
of the Laws of Burgos
St. Francis Xavier
• Went to India to aid
struggling missions/
Thomasian Christians
• Founded the Jesuits
• Worked to remedy immoral
behavior of settlers
• Traveled to Japan
• Assimilated himself into
the Japanese culture
• Translated the articles of
faith into Japanese
Japan
• Feudal structure tied the Japanese priests
(bonzes) to political system
• St. Francis/missionaries seen as a danger to
traditional authority
China
• Did not allow foreigners (St. Francis smuggled)
• Culture emphasized family
worship/philosophical principals of truth and
justice
India
• Missionaries had to
work hard to win
acceptance
• Adapted to customs
and cultures
• Missionaries
changed the practice
of Christianity to fit
Indian culture
Robert de Nobili
• Inculturation
• Christianity presented
to each caste
differently
• Mastered Hindi,
Sanskrit, studied the
Brahmin caste
• “Christian Brahmin” –
followed the Brahmins’
traditions
• Caste system
criticized by West
Inculturation
• The adaptation of
the way Church
teachings are
presented to nonChristian cultures
• The influence of
those cultures to
the evolution of
these teachings
• The ongoing
dialogue between
faith and culture
(Pope John PAUL
II)
Mateo Ricci
• Blended cultures of the
east ad west together
• Dressed as a Mandarin
Scholar
• Example of charity and
patience won over the
Chinese
• Summoned by emperor
(friend)
• Developed Chinese
liturgical rite that used
the Chinese language
Ricci: The True Doctrine of God
• The little catechism of Chao-k'ing
• Successfully counters the Chinese belief of the
transmigration of the soul and the worship of
idols
• Added numerous proofs from the ancient Chinese
books
The Philippines
• The MOST successful
missionary movement
• Efforts gave rise to a
higher standard of
living
• Missionary
achievements is seen
today through the deep
devotion that the
Filipinos have towards
God/ the Church
Africa
• LEAST amount of
results
• Disease
• Muslims
• Reprisals over the
slave trade
• Jealous pagan priests
The New World
PART III
Pizarro and the Incas
• Captured the leader,
(Athauallpa) after
tricking him to attend a
dinner
• Incan leader offered a
room of gold for his own
ransom
• The Incan ruler was tried
and executed for the
slaughtering of the Quito
Indians
Hernando Cortez
and the Aztecs
• The Aztecs were warrior people
• Ethnic minority that enslaved most of the
natives
• Aztecs held the population in fear (human
sacrifice)
Hernando Cortez
and the Aztecs
• Cortez was originally
thought to have been
the warrior god
• Easily took the city
• Men attacked Aztec
priests/ lost control
• Reorganized his
forces and captured
the capital
• Began missionary
work
Hernando Cortez
• First action as
conqueror : place the
region under the
Spanish crown and
demolish the temples
of sacrifice
• Built Catholic
churches in their
place (on temple
sites)
Bishop Juan Zumarraga
• First Bishop of Mexico City and Protector of the
Indians
• Est. the first grammar school, library, printing
press, and the first college
• Objected to the ruthless treatment of the
Indians
Reaction to the Bishop
• Applied strict censorship
• Forbade Indians
/Spaniards from bringing
complaints to the Bishop
• The Bishop countered
with stern sermons
(military force, torture,
and the imprisonment of
Indians)
• The Bishop was later
arrested by Guzman
The Native’s Reaction….
• The fighting between the Bishop and Guzman
left the natives with a “sour taste in their
mouths”
• It appeared Christianity would forever be
rejected….
Our Lady of Guadalupe
• A spectacular intervention of Mary that would
remedy the apprehensive interest in Christianity
Our Lady of Guadalupe
• The image of Our Lady
of Guadalupe was
(and still is) a
message to all the
people of Americas
• Mary appears greater
than the sun, moon,
stars, and all the
pagan deities
• Yet…she was bowing
in submission
Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Mary herself was NOT a
God … she prayed to the
one TRUE God
• The Cross on her neck is
the same that flew on
Cortes’ flag
• The Catholic Faith gained
acceptance among the
Indians
Three Points Appreciated
by the Natives:
• Our Lady spoke the
native language
• She appeared to an
Indian, NOT a
Spaniard
• Our Lady also
appeared to be an
Indian herself
….Oops!
• On March 26th 2009 Hillary
Clinton paid an
unannounced visit to the
Basilica of Our Lady of
Guadalupe…
• She laid white roses at the
image of Our Lady on
“behalf of the American
people”
• “So, who Painted it?”
• The priest replied… “GOD!!!”
• Clinton missed the
message… she asked the
same question a few more
times before the story was
fully explained to her.
Spanish Rule in America
• Missionaries ready to evangelize
• Met a culture that attributed human qualities to
material objects or non human living creatures
• Tribes participated in human sacrifice and
gruesome rituals led by “priests” or medicine
men
Spanish Rule in America
• “Priests”/medicine
men rejected
Christianity/were
bitter enemies of the
missionaries
• Missionaries had to
contend with the
terrible example of
the Spanish
• Missionaries did
many things to
protect the Natives
Spanish and French
Missions
American Missions
The Secular View of the
Missions
“The missionaries of California were by-and-large
well-meaning, devoted men...[whose] attitudes
toward the Indians ranged from genuine (if
paternalistic) affection to wrathful disgust. They
were ill-equipped—nor did most truly desire—to
understand complex and radically different
Native American customs. Using European
standards, they condemned the Indians for living
in a "wilderness," for worshipping false gods or
no God at all, and for having no written laws,
standing armies, forts, or churches”
Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts
of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley,
CA.
Spanish Missions…
• Missionaries created communities away from the
settlers (evangelization would be untouched by the
bad examples)
• Gave natives complete control over their affairs
• Only Missionaries were able to visit these
communities
• Taught the Faith, established schools, and
transcribed the spoken language into a written
language
St. Peter Claver
• Columbia
• Appalled at the horrors
of the slave trade
• Met slave ships with
food and water f
• Tended to the sick
slaves/supported them
• Instructed slaves in the
Catholic Faith
• Baptized over 300,000
slaves
• “the slave of the negroes
forever”