Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom

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Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview
By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006
Truffles are here!!
Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview
By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006
or, “Where on Earth do Truffles fit in?”
or, “Where on Earth do Truffles fit in?”
Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie…
Many ways to divide and organize people
- Diet
- Morphology (height, weight)
- Family group, ethnicity
Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie…
Many ways to divide and organize people
- Diet
- Morphology (height, weight)
- Family group, ethnicity
Many ways to divide and organize fungi
- Diet (trophic status)
- Morphology (shape, growth habit)
- Family group, genetic taxonomy
Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie…
Many ways to divide and organize people
- Diet
- Morphology (height, weight)
- Family group, ethnicity
Many ways to divide and organize fungi
- Diet (trophic status)
- Morphology (shape, growth habit)
- Family group, genetic taxonomy
Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie…
Many ways to divide and organize people
- Diet
- Morphology (height, weight)
- Family group, ethnicity
Many ways to divide and organize fungi
- Diet (trophic status)
- Morphology (shape, growth habit)
- Family group, genetic taxonomy
Organizing Fungi by their Diet (trophic status)
Mycorrhizal Fungi
- Form mutually beneficial associations with plants
- “Myco” = Fungus, “Rhiza” = Root
Saprobic Fungi
- Digest dead material; wood and litter decomposers
Pathogenic Fungi
- Attack plants (& animals!) to feed off them
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Form mutually beneficial associations with plants
- Ectomycorrhizae
- Endomycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
“Ecto” = outside
Ectomycorrhizal fungi wrap outside of root with a
“mantle” from which foraging hyphae emanate.
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
This is a long-term structure, growing at the tips of
the roots and extending with them through the soil.
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
The fungi also grow between the root cells but do not
penetrate them. This is called a “Hartig Net” and is
where nutrient exchange occurs.
Hartig net
Root tip cross section
Mantle
M.Brundrett photo
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Summary
Almost all truffles are the fruiting bodies of
ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Many mushrooms (half? less in tropics!) are the
fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Ectomycorrhiza is formed by members of
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Zygomycetes (we’ll
get to them later)
There are about 12,000 species of ectomycorrhizal
fungi that associate with about 2000 species of host
plants.
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts
Some major plants that are hosts to ectomycorrhizal
fungi in the Pacific Northwest:
Douglas-fir
Pines
Firs
Oaks
Alders
Birches
Poplars
Hazel
Eucalyptus
Beech
Spruce
Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi”
“Endo” = inside
Endomycorrhizal fungi do not form a mantle, but rather
penetrate root cells and form temporary structures
inside the root cells called “vesicles” and “arbuscules”.
Thus, the term “VAM” is an abbreviation for “VesicularArbuscular Mycorrhizae”
Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi”
Vesicles are balloon-like structures thought to be for
energy storage. Arbuscules are tree-shaped (“arbor”)
structures where nutrient exchange occurs.
Vesicles
Arbuscule
Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi”
Foraging hyphae extend through the host root cell wall
into the soil. Vesicles and arbuscules have a relatively
short life; individual structures can form and senesce
within days.
Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi”
All endomycorrhizal fungi seem to form arbuscules but
not all of them form vesicles, so many folks are now
calling the group “AM Fungi”.
Endomycorrhiza = VAM fungi = AM fungi
Endomycorrhizal Fungi Summary
No endomycorrhizal fungi form mushrooms.
Only one genus of endomycorrhizal fungi forms
truffles: Glomus.
Most endomycorrhizal fungi form individual spores in
the soil that are microscopic.
Endomycorrhiza is formed by members of both
Ascomycetes and Glomeromycetes (we’ll get to them
later)
There are only about 150 species of endomycorrhizal
fungi that associate with about 300,000 species of host
plants!
Endomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts
Some major plants that are hosts to endomycorrhizal
fungi in the Pacific Northwest:
Maples
Cedars
Redwoods
Sequoias
Poison oak
Most grasses
Most herbs
Most garden plants
Most fruit trees
Most annuals
…and most tropical plants
Saprobic Fungi
“Sapro” = rotten
There are very few animals that can digest wood
(termites, earthworms, centipedes?).
Fungi do the “heavy lifting”, accounting for over 90%
of wood decomposition. Without fungi, fallen trees
would stack up without ever rotting.
what a mess…
Saprobic Fungi
Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic.
Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown “cube” rot).
Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot).
Cellulose
Lignin
Saprobic Fungi
Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic.
Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown “cube” rot).
Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot).
Brown Rot
White Rot
Saprobic Fungi
Only one genus of saprobic fungi is known to form
truffles in North America: Trappea. It is related to
stinkhorns.
Trappea darkeri
Saprobic Fungi
Some saprobic fungi form sequestrate (but not
hypogeous) fruiting bodies, such as Nivatogastreum.
It is related to the mushroom genus Pholiota.
Nivatogastreum nubigenum
Saprobic Fungi Summary
Many mushrooms (half?) and all conks are formed by
saprobic fungi.
There are probably thousands of species of saprobic
fungi, many (most?) are microscopic.
Pluerotus ostreatus
Ganoderma tsugae
How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal
one?
How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal
one?
You can’t.
How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal
one?
You can’t.
Many saprobic fungi
grow on the forest floor.
Stropharia riparia
How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal
one?
You can’t.
Many saprobic fungi
grow on the forest floor.
Stropharia riparia
Many mycorrhizal fungi
grow on decaying wood.
Boletus mirabilis
Usually, all species within a genus are either
mycorrhizal or saprobic. If you learn the genera, you
can infer whether your specimen is mycorrhizal or
saprobic.
Morchella sp?
Amanita muscaria?
Lepiota clypeolaria?
Saprobic Genera
Agaricus
Agrocybe
Clavaria
Clitocybe
Collybia
Coprinus
Galerina
Hypholoma
Lentinus
Mycena
Pholiota
Pleurotus
Polypores
Psilocybe
Stropharia
Volvariella
– Field
Mycorrhizal Genera
Amanita
Boletus
Cantharellus
Cortinarius
Gomphus
Hebeloma
Hydnum
Hygrophorus
surveying
Inocybe
Laccaria
Lactarius
Ramaria
Russula
Suillus
Tricholoma
Almost all Truffles…
* We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera!
Saprobic Genera
Agaricus
Agrocybe
Clavaria
Clitocybe
Collybia
Coprinus
Galerina
Hypholoma
Lentinus
Mycena
Pholiota
Pleurotus
Polypores
Psilocybe
Stropharia
Volvariella
– Field
Mycorrhizal Genera
Amanita
Boletus
Cantharellus
Cortinarius
Gomphus
Hebeloma
Hydnum
Hygrophorus
surveying
Inocybe
Laccaria
Lactarius
Ramaria
Russula
Suillus
Tricholoma
Almost all Truffles…
* We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera!
Saprobic Genera
Agaricus
Agrocybe
Clavaria
Clitocybe
Collybia
Coprinus
Galerina
Hypholoma
Lentinus
Mycena
Pholiota
Pleurotus
Polypores
Psilocybe
Stropharia
Volvariella
Mycorrhizal Genera
Amanita
Boletus
Cantharellus
Cortinarius
Gomphus
Hebeloma
Hydnum
Hygrophorus
Inocybe
Laccaria
Lactarius
Ramaria
Russula
Suillus
Tricholoma
Almost all Truffles…
* We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera!
Pathogenic Fungi
“Pathos” = disease
Unlike saprobic fungi, pathogenic fungi just can’t wait
until something dies on its own. They attack living
organisms, sometimes killing the host and sometimes
just causing sickness.
Sudden Oak Death
SOD bark lesion
Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal Plant Pathogens
Armillaria mellea
Armillaria
Phaeolus schweinitzii
mellea
Phellinus weirii
White Pine Blister Rust
Swiss Needle Cast
Chestnut Blight
Phaeolus
schweinitzii
Dutch Elm Disease
Sudden Oak Death*
Potato Blight*
Various Rusts and Smuts (more than 6000 species!)
Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression…)
Tinea (athlete’s foot, toenail fungus)
Candidia (yeasts)
Aspergillus (molds)
Coccidioides (valley fever)
Pneumocystis (pneumonia)
Schizophyllum commune
Schizophyllum commune
See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures!
Pathogenic Fungi
Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression…)
Tinea (athlete’s foot, toenail fungus)
Candidia (yeasts)
Aspergillus (molds)
Coccidioides (valley fever)
Pneumocystis (pneumonia)
Schizophyllum commune
Schizophyllum commune
See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures!
Luckily we have Penicillium!
Fungal Plant Pathogens Summary
No pathogenic fungi form truffles.
Armillaria spp. form mushrooms.
Some (Phellinus, Phaeolus) form conks.
Most are in habitats other than forests.
Most are inconspicuous.
They are ubiquitous.
Maple leaf spot
Rhytisma punctatum
Rose blight
Phragmidium sp.
Summary: Fungal Trophism and Morphology
Mycorrhizae
EctoEndoSaprobes
Pathogens
Truffles
Many
Few
One
None
Mushrooms
Many
None
Many
Few
Conks
None
None
Many
Few
Glomerella cingulata
100
100
(Ro)
Verticillium dahliae (Ro)
Bionectria ochroleuca
(Pl)
Hydropisphaera peziza (Pl)
100
Hydropisphaera erubescens
(Ag)
100 82
100 8
Roumeguieriella rufula ( Ne)
100
Cordyceps gunnii (Le)
100
Haptocillium balanoides ( Ne)
100
100
Haptocillium sinense ( Ne)
100
Cordyceps
ophioglossoides
(El-A)
98
9
Cordyceps capitata (El-A)
Cordyceps fracta (El-A)
100
5
Cordyceps japonica (El-A)
100
Cordyceps sphecocephala (Hy)
Cordyceps nutans (He)
Cordyceps irangienesis (Hy)
10
100
100
Hym
enostilbe aurantiaca (Hy)
100
100
Cordyceps aphodii (Co)
100
99
Cordyceps brunneapunctata (Co)
Cordyceps unilateralis (Hy) Clavicipitaceae B
Cordyceps agriota (Co)
77
99
76
Cordyceps stylophora (Co) ‘Ophiocordycipitaceae ’
100
100
Cordyceps cf. acicularis (Co)
75
Cordyceps heteropoda (Ho)
100
Cordyceps melolonthae (Co)
Cordyceps ravenelli (Co)
Cordyceps variabilis (Di)
Ashersonia badia (Ho)
100
Hypocrella schizostachyi (Ho)
100
100
Ashersonia placenta (Ho)
100
100
Hypocrella sp. (Ho)
11
Epichloe typhina (Po)
77
100
100
Claviceps paspali (Po)
100
95
Claviceps fusiformis (Po)
100
12
Claviceps purpurea (Po)
100
100
Clavicipitaceae A
Verticillium epiphytum (Ur-B)
6
100
Myriogenospora atramentosa (Po)
100
Balansia henningsiana (Po)
100
100 100
Clavicipitaceae s.s
100
Balansia pilulaeformis (Po)
Pochonia gonioides (Ne)
Metarhizium album (Ho)
96
100
Metarhizium flavoviride (Ho)
99
100
100
Cordyceps taii (Le)
100
100
100
Metarhizium anisopliae (Co)
Cordyceps chlamydosporia (Mo)
100
Rotiferophthora angustispora (Ro)
Torrubiella ratticaudata (Ar)
Lecanicillium antillanum (Hy-B)
100
97
13
Engyodontium
aranearum
(Ar)
100
Cordyceps cardinalis (Le)
Paecilomyces farinosus (Le)
100
Clavicipitaceae C
Cordyceps tuberculata (Le)
99
100
100
96
Torrubiella confragosa (Ho)
100
7
Cordyceps scarabaeicola (Co)
100
Paecilomyces tenuipes (Le) ‘Cordycipitaceae ’
95
Cordyceps militaris (Le)
100
100
Cordyceps pruinosa (Le)
Simplicillium lamellicola (Hy-B)
100
100
100
Simplicillium lanosoniveum (Ur-B)
100
Simplicillium lanosoniveum (Ur-B)
Verticillium incurvum (Hy-B)
100
Hypocrea lutea (Pl)
100
Hypocreaceae
Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Hy-B)
99 14
Hyphomyces polyporinus (Hy-B)
Pseudonectria rousseliana (Bu)
70
Nectria cinnabarina (Be)
100 15
Nectriaceae
Cosmospora coccinea (Hy-B)
Viridispora diparietispora (Ro)
Ophionectria trichospora (Pl)
100
100
96
76
3
100
100
100
Hypocreales
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Ambiguous
73
2
100
Nutritional
mode shift
75
1
99
71
4
100
98
100
0.01 changes/site
Bionectriaceae
100
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
Animals – multiple cells with nuclei
- internal nutrient digestion
Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei
- external nutrient absorption
Plants - multiple cells with nuclei
- photosynthesis
Protozoans - single cell with nucleus
- photosynthesis (algaes)
Bacteria – single cell without nucleus
- external nutrient absorption
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
Loss of external enzymes
Gain of internal digestion
(and a few other things)
Loss of chlorophyll
Gain of enzymes
Gain of
multicellular
organization
Gain of nucleus
& chlorophyll
Primordial Bacteria
Animals – multiple cells with nuclei
- internal nutrient digestion
Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei
- external nutrient absorption
Plants - multiple cells with nuclei
- photosynthesis
Protozoans - single cell with nucleus
- photosynthesis (algaes)
Bacteria – single cell without nucleus
- external nutrient absorption
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
Animals – multiple cells with nuclei
- internal nutrient digestion
Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei
- external nutrient absorption
Plants - multiple cells with nuclei
- photosynthesis
Protozoans - single cell with nucleus
- photosynthesis (algaes)
Bacteria – single cell without nucleus
- external nutrient absorption
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
Animals – multiple cells with nuclei
- internal nutrient digestion
- no truffles
Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei
- external nutrient absorption
- truffles!
Plants - multiple cells with nuclei
- photosynthesis
- no truffles
Protozoans - single cell with nucleus
- photosynthesis (algaes)
- no truffles
Bacteria – single cell without nucleus
- external nutrient absorption
- no truffles
The Big Picture - Kingdoms
Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei
- external nutrient absorption
- truffles!
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi
- spores have flagella
- no truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Alpova
Arcangeliella
Cystangium
Fevansia
Gastroboletus
Gautieria
Gymnomyces
Hymenogaster
Hysterangium
Leucogaster
Leucophleps
Macowanites
Melanogaster
Pyrenogaster
Rhizopogon
Thaxterogaster
Trappea
Truncocolumella
ectoBasidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
“Basidio” = pedestal
Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery
Basidiospores
Sterigmata
Basidium
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Alpova
Arcangeliella
Cystangium
Fevansia
Gastroboletus
Gautieria
Gymnomyces
Hymenogaster
Hysterangium
Leucogaster
Leucophleps
Macowanites
Melanogaster
Pyrenogaster
Rhizopogon
Thaxterogaster
Trappea
Truncocolumella
ectoBasidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
“Basidio” = pedestal
Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery
Basidiospores
Sterigmata
Basidium
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Gautieria monticola
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Macowanites luteolus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Truncocolumella citrina
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles
Rhizopogon vinicolor (remember this one!)
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles?
Cantharellus formosus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles?
Tricholoma magnivelare
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Balsamia
Barssia
Cazia
Choiromyces
Elaphomyces
Genabea
Genea
Geopora
Hydnoplicata
Hydnotrya
Hydnotryopsis
Leucangium
Sarcosphaera
Terfezia
Tuber
“Asco” = bag
Usually brittle, often hollow
ecto- & endoAscomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Ascospores
Ascus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Balsamia
Barssia
Cazia
Choiromyces
Elaphomyces
Genabea
Genea
Geopora
Hydnoplicata
Hydnotrya
Hydnotryopsis
Leucangium
Sarcosphaera
Terfezia
Tuber
“Asco” = bag
Usually brittle, often hollow
ecto- & endoAscomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Ascospores
Ascus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Elaphomyces muricatus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Gilkeya compacta
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Hydnotrya variiformis
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Tuber gibbosum
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Tuber oregonense
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles
Leucangium carthusianum
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles?
Morchella deliciosa
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes
Acaulospora
Entrophospora
Gigaspora
Glomus
Scutellospora
“Glomus” = ball (of yarn)
Most genera form individual spores in the soil
Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped
Spores very large (to 200 µm)
endoGlomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes
Acaulospora
Entrophospora
Gigaspora
Glomus
Scutellospora
“Glomus” = ball (of yarn)
Most genera form individual spores in the soil
Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped
Spores very large (to 200 µm)
endoGlomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Glomeromycete Truffles
Glomus microcarpus
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom
Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from basidia
- “false” truffles
Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes
- spores from asci
- “true” truffles
Fungi
Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae
- spores formed from hyphae
- a few truffles
Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes
Endogone
Modicella?
Suspensor Cells
Zygospore
“Zygo” = yoke
ectoZygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped
Spores very large (to 200 µm)
Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh)
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes
Endogone
Modicella?
Suspensor Cells
Zygospore
“Zygo” = yoke
ectoZygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds
- spores formed on suspensors
- a few truffles
Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped
Spores very large (to 200 µm)
Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh)
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Zygomycete Truffles
Endogone flammicorona
Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Zygomycete Truffles
Endogone lactiflua
Summary: Fungal Family Groups (taxonomy)
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Zygomycetes
Daldinia occidentale
Truffles
Many
Many
One
One
Mushrooms
Many
Many
None
None
Conks
Many
One
None
None
“Mycophagy”
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
In English:
Truffle
Mycota
Ascomycota
Discomycetes
Pezizales
Tuberaceae
Tuber
gibbosum
Truffler
Animalia
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Oregon White
Truffle
Human
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
In English:
Truffle
Mycota
Ascomycota
Discomycetes
Pezizales
Tuberaceae
Tuber
melanosporum
Truffler
Animalia
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
French Perigord
Truffle
Human
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Truffle
Mycota
Ascomycota
Discomycetes
Pezizales
Tuberaceae
Choiromyces
alveolatus
Truffler
Animalia
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
In English:
Sorry!
Human
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Truffle
Mycota
Ascomycota
Discomycetes
Pezizales
Helvellaceae
Barssia
oregonense
Truffler?
Animalia
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Primates
Pongidae
Pongo
pygmaeus
In English:
Sorry!
Orangutang
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Truffle
Mycota
Ascomycota
Discomycetes
Elaphomycetales
Elaphomycetaceae
Elaphomyces
granulatus
Truffler!
Animalia
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Marsupialia
Potoroidae
Bettongia
tropica
In English:
Deer Truffle
Northern Bettong
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Truffle
Truffler?
Mycota
Animalia
Ascomycota
Vertebrata
Saccharomycetales Aves
Saccharomycetidae Passeriformes
Saccharomyceticeae Corvidae
Saccharomyces
Aphelocoma
cerevisiae
californica
In English:
Brewers Yeast
Western Scrub Jay
Relatedness
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
In English:
Truffle
Mycota
Basidiomycota
Agaricomycetidae
Boletales
Rhizopogonaceae
Rhizopogon
vinicolor
Truffler!
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Mycetophilidae
Mycetophila
fungorum
That same durn
‘pogey again!
Mushroom gnat
So…
Tuber gibbosum is as closely related to Rhizopogon vinicolor
as
Edward Drinker Cope is related to a mushroom gnat.
(1840-1897)
Mycetophila
fungorum
What do you think
of that, Ed?
Huh??
What do you think
of that, Ed?
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