Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006 Truffles are here!! Truffles in Context: A Mycological Overview By Matt Trappe, Oct. 2006 or, “Where on Earth do Truffles fit in?” or, “Where on Earth do Truffles fit in?” Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie… Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie… Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie… Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Taxonomy: Slicing the Pie… Many ways to divide and organize people - Diet - Morphology (height, weight) - Family group, ethnicity Many ways to divide and organize fungi - Diet (trophic status) - Morphology (shape, growth habit) - Family group, genetic taxonomy Organizing Fungi by their Diet (trophic status) Mycorrhizal Fungi - Form mutually beneficial associations with plants - “Myco” = Fungus, “Rhiza” = Root Saprobic Fungi - Digest dead material; wood and litter decomposers Pathogenic Fungi - Attack plants (& animals!) to feed off them Mycorrhizal Fungi Form mutually beneficial associations with plants - Ectomycorrhizae - Endomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizal Fungi “Ecto” = outside Ectomycorrhizal fungi wrap outside of root with a “mantle” from which foraging hyphae emanate. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi This is a long-term structure, growing at the tips of the roots and extending with them through the soil. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi The fungi also grow between the root cells but do not penetrate them. This is called a “Hartig Net” and is where nutrient exchange occurs. Hartig net Root tip cross section Mantle M.Brundrett photo Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Summary Almost all truffles are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Many mushrooms (half? less in tropics!) are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhiza is formed by members of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Zygomycetes (we’ll get to them later) There are about 12,000 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi that associate with about 2000 species of host plants. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts Some major plants that are hosts to ectomycorrhizal fungi in the Pacific Northwest: Douglas-fir Pines Firs Oaks Alders Birches Poplars Hazel Eucalyptus Beech Spruce Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi” “Endo” = inside Endomycorrhizal fungi do not form a mantle, but rather penetrate root cells and form temporary structures inside the root cells called “vesicles” and “arbuscules”. Thus, the term “VAM” is an abbreviation for “VesicularArbuscular Mycorrhizae” Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi” Vesicles are balloon-like structures thought to be for energy storage. Arbuscules are tree-shaped (“arbor”) structures where nutrient exchange occurs. Vesicles Arbuscule Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi” Foraging hyphae extend through the host root cell wall into the soil. Vesicles and arbuscules have a relatively short life; individual structures can form and senesce within days. Endomycorrhizal Fungi, a.k.a. “VAM Fungi” All endomycorrhizal fungi seem to form arbuscules but not all of them form vesicles, so many folks are now calling the group “AM Fungi”. Endomycorrhiza = VAM fungi = AM fungi Endomycorrhizal Fungi Summary No endomycorrhizal fungi form mushrooms. Only one genus of endomycorrhizal fungi forms truffles: Glomus. Most endomycorrhizal fungi form individual spores in the soil that are microscopic. Endomycorrhiza is formed by members of both Ascomycetes and Glomeromycetes (we’ll get to them later) There are only about 150 species of endomycorrhizal fungi that associate with about 300,000 species of host plants! Endomycorrhizal Fungi Hosts Some major plants that are hosts to endomycorrhizal fungi in the Pacific Northwest: Maples Cedars Redwoods Sequoias Poison oak Most grasses Most herbs Most garden plants Most fruit trees Most annuals …and most tropical plants Saprobic Fungi “Sapro” = rotten There are very few animals that can digest wood (termites, earthworms, centipedes?). Fungi do the “heavy lifting”, accounting for over 90% of wood decomposition. Without fungi, fallen trees would stack up without ever rotting. what a mess… Saprobic Fungi Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic. Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown “cube” rot). Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot). Cellulose Lignin Saprobic Fungi Also called Saprophytic or Saprotrophic. Some specialize in digesting cellulose (brown “cube” rot). Some specialize in digesting lignin (white rot). Brown Rot White Rot Saprobic Fungi Only one genus of saprobic fungi is known to form truffles in North America: Trappea. It is related to stinkhorns. Trappea darkeri Saprobic Fungi Some saprobic fungi form sequestrate (but not hypogeous) fruiting bodies, such as Nivatogastreum. It is related to the mushroom genus Pholiota. Nivatogastreum nubigenum Saprobic Fungi Summary Many mushrooms (half?) and all conks are formed by saprobic fungi. There are probably thousands of species of saprobic fungi, many (most?) are microscopic. Pluerotus ostreatus Ganoderma tsugae How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? You can’t. How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? You can’t. Many saprobic fungi grow on the forest floor. Stropharia riparia How can I tell a saprobic mushroom from a mycorrhizal one? You can’t. Many saprobic fungi grow on the forest floor. Stropharia riparia Many mycorrhizal fungi grow on decaying wood. Boletus mirabilis Usually, all species within a genus are either mycorrhizal or saprobic. If you learn the genera, you can infer whether your specimen is mycorrhizal or saprobic. Morchella sp? Amanita muscaria? Lepiota clypeolaria? Saprobic Genera Agaricus Agrocybe Clavaria Clitocybe Collybia Coprinus Galerina Hypholoma Lentinus Mycena Pholiota Pleurotus Polypores Psilocybe Stropharia Volvariella – Field Mycorrhizal Genera Amanita Boletus Cantharellus Cortinarius Gomphus Hebeloma Hydnum Hygrophorus surveying Inocybe Laccaria Lactarius Ramaria Russula Suillus Tricholoma Almost all Truffles… * We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera! Saprobic Genera Agaricus Agrocybe Clavaria Clitocybe Collybia Coprinus Galerina Hypholoma Lentinus Mycena Pholiota Pleurotus Polypores Psilocybe Stropharia Volvariella – Field Mycorrhizal Genera Amanita Boletus Cantharellus Cortinarius Gomphus Hebeloma Hydnum Hygrophorus surveying Inocybe Laccaria Lactarius Ramaria Russula Suillus Tricholoma Almost all Truffles… * We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera! Saprobic Genera Agaricus Agrocybe Clavaria Clitocybe Collybia Coprinus Galerina Hypholoma Lentinus Mycena Pholiota Pleurotus Polypores Psilocybe Stropharia Volvariella Mycorrhizal Genera Amanita Boletus Cantharellus Cortinarius Gomphus Hebeloma Hydnum Hygrophorus Inocybe Laccaria Lactarius Ramaria Russula Suillus Tricholoma Almost all Truffles… * We still don’t know the trophic status of many genera! Pathogenic Fungi “Pathos” = disease Unlike saprobic fungi, pathogenic fungi just can’t wait until something dies on its own. They attack living organisms, sometimes killing the host and sometimes just causing sickness. Sudden Oak Death SOD bark lesion Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Plant Pathogens Armillaria mellea Armillaria Phaeolus schweinitzii mellea Phellinus weirii White Pine Blister Rust Swiss Needle Cast Chestnut Blight Phaeolus schweinitzii Dutch Elm Disease Sudden Oak Death* Potato Blight* Various Rusts and Smuts (more than 6000 species!) Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression…) Tinea (athlete’s foot, toenail fungus) Candidia (yeasts) Aspergillus (molds) Coccidioides (valley fever) Pneumocystis (pneumonia) Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllum commune See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures! Pathogenic Fungi Fungal Human Pathogens (a digression…) Tinea (athlete’s foot, toenail fungus) Candidia (yeasts) Aspergillus (molds) Coccidioides (valley fever) Pneumocystis (pneumonia) Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllum commune See www.doctorfungus.com for gruesome pictures! Luckily we have Penicillium! Fungal Plant Pathogens Summary No pathogenic fungi form truffles. Armillaria spp. form mushrooms. Some (Phellinus, Phaeolus) form conks. Most are in habitats other than forests. Most are inconspicuous. They are ubiquitous. Maple leaf spot Rhytisma punctatum Rose blight Phragmidium sp. Summary: Fungal Trophism and Morphology Mycorrhizae EctoEndoSaprobes Pathogens Truffles Many Few One None Mushrooms Many None Many Few Conks None None Many Few Glomerella cingulata 100 100 (Ro) Verticillium dahliae (Ro) Bionectria ochroleuca (Pl) Hydropisphaera peziza (Pl) 100 Hydropisphaera erubescens (Ag) 100 82 100 8 Roumeguieriella rufula ( Ne) 100 Cordyceps gunnii (Le) 100 Haptocillium balanoides ( Ne) 100 100 Haptocillium sinense ( Ne) 100 Cordyceps ophioglossoides (El-A) 98 9 Cordyceps capitata (El-A) Cordyceps fracta (El-A) 100 5 Cordyceps japonica (El-A) 100 Cordyceps sphecocephala (Hy) Cordyceps nutans (He) Cordyceps irangienesis (Hy) 10 100 100 Hym enostilbe aurantiaca (Hy) 100 100 Cordyceps aphodii (Co) 100 99 Cordyceps brunneapunctata (Co) Cordyceps unilateralis (Hy) Clavicipitaceae B Cordyceps agriota (Co) 77 99 76 Cordyceps stylophora (Co) ‘Ophiocordycipitaceae ’ 100 100 Cordyceps cf. acicularis (Co) 75 Cordyceps heteropoda (Ho) 100 Cordyceps melolonthae (Co) Cordyceps ravenelli (Co) Cordyceps variabilis (Di) Ashersonia badia (Ho) 100 Hypocrella schizostachyi (Ho) 100 100 Ashersonia placenta (Ho) 100 100 Hypocrella sp. (Ho) 11 Epichloe typhina (Po) 77 100 100 Claviceps paspali (Po) 100 95 Claviceps fusiformis (Po) 100 12 Claviceps purpurea (Po) 100 100 Clavicipitaceae A Verticillium epiphytum (Ur-B) 6 100 Myriogenospora atramentosa (Po) 100 Balansia henningsiana (Po) 100 100 100 Clavicipitaceae s.s 100 Balansia pilulaeformis (Po) Pochonia gonioides (Ne) Metarhizium album (Ho) 96 100 Metarhizium flavoviride (Ho) 99 100 100 Cordyceps taii (Le) 100 100 100 Metarhizium anisopliae (Co) Cordyceps chlamydosporia (Mo) 100 Rotiferophthora angustispora (Ro) Torrubiella ratticaudata (Ar) Lecanicillium antillanum (Hy-B) 100 97 13 Engyodontium aranearum (Ar) 100 Cordyceps cardinalis (Le) Paecilomyces farinosus (Le) 100 Clavicipitaceae C Cordyceps tuberculata (Le) 99 100 100 96 Torrubiella confragosa (Ho) 100 7 Cordyceps scarabaeicola (Co) 100 Paecilomyces tenuipes (Le) ‘Cordycipitaceae ’ 95 Cordyceps militaris (Le) 100 100 Cordyceps pruinosa (Le) Simplicillium lamellicola (Hy-B) 100 100 100 Simplicillium lanosoniveum (Ur-B) 100 Simplicillium lanosoniveum (Ur-B) Verticillium incurvum (Hy-B) 100 Hypocrea lutea (Pl) 100 Hypocreaceae Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Hy-B) 99 14 Hyphomyces polyporinus (Hy-B) Pseudonectria rousseliana (Bu) 70 Nectria cinnabarina (Be) 100 15 Nectriaceae Cosmospora coccinea (Hy-B) Viridispora diparietispora (Ro) Ophionectria trichospora (Pl) 100 100 96 76 3 100 100 100 Hypocreales Animal Plant Fungi Ambiguous 73 2 100 Nutritional mode shift 75 1 99 71 4 100 98 100 0.01 changes/site Bionectriaceae 100 The Big Picture - Kingdoms The Big Picture - Kingdoms The Big Picture - Kingdoms Animals – multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) Bacteria – single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption The Big Picture - Kingdoms Loss of external enzymes Gain of internal digestion (and a few other things) Loss of chlorophyll Gain of enzymes Gain of multicellular organization Gain of nucleus & chlorophyll Primordial Bacteria Animals – multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) Bacteria – single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption The Big Picture - Kingdoms Animals – multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) Bacteria – single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption The Big Picture - Kingdoms Animals – multiple cells with nuclei - internal nutrient digestion - no truffles Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption - truffles! Plants - multiple cells with nuclei - photosynthesis - no truffles Protozoans - single cell with nucleus - photosynthesis (algaes) - no truffles Bacteria – single cell without nucleus - external nutrient absorption - no truffles The Big Picture - Kingdoms Fungi – multiple cells with multiple nuclei - external nutrient absorption - truffles! Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Chytrids – microscopic soil, puddle, & gut fungi - spores have flagella - no truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Alpova Arcangeliella Cystangium Fevansia Gastroboletus Gautieria Gymnomyces Hymenogaster Hysterangium Leucogaster Leucophleps Macowanites Melanogaster Pyrenogaster Rhizopogon Thaxterogaster Trappea Truncocolumella ectoBasidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles “Basidio” = pedestal Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery Basidiospores Sterigmata Basidium Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Alpova Arcangeliella Cystangium Fevansia Gastroboletus Gautieria Gymnomyces Hymenogaster Hysterangium Leucogaster Leucophleps Macowanites Melanogaster Pyrenogaster Rhizopogon Thaxterogaster Trappea Truncocolumella ectoBasidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles “Basidio” = pedestal Usually squishy, spongy, or rubbery Basidiospores Sterigmata Basidium Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Gautieria monticola Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Macowanites luteolus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Truncocolumella citrina Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles Rhizopogon vinicolor (remember this one!) Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles? Cantharellus formosus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Basidiomycete Truffles? Tricholoma magnivelare Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Balsamia Barssia Cazia Choiromyces Elaphomyces Genabea Genea Geopora Hydnoplicata Hydnotrya Hydnotryopsis Leucangium Sarcosphaera Terfezia Tuber “Asco” = bag Usually brittle, often hollow ecto- & endoAscomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Ascospores Ascus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Balsamia Barssia Cazia Choiromyces Elaphomyces Genabea Genea Geopora Hydnoplicata Hydnotrya Hydnotryopsis Leucangium Sarcosphaera Terfezia Tuber “Asco” = bag Usually brittle, often hollow ecto- & endoAscomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Ascospores Ascus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Elaphomyces muricatus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Gilkeya compacta Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Hydnotrya variiformis Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Tuber gibbosum Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Tuber oregonense Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles Leucangium carthusianum Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Ascomycete Truffles? Morchella deliciosa Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes Acaulospora Entrophospora Gigaspora Glomus Scutellospora “Glomus” = ball (of yarn) Most genera form individual spores in the soil Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 µm) endoGlomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Glomeromycetes Acaulospora Entrophospora Gigaspora Glomus Scutellospora “Glomus” = ball (of yarn) Most genera form individual spores in the soil Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 µm) endoGlomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Glomeromycete Truffles Glomus microcarpus Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom Basidiomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from basidia - “false” truffles Ascomycetes – mycorrhizae, saprobes - spores from asci - “true” truffles Fungi Glomeromycetes – mycorrhizae - spores formed from hyphae - a few truffles Zygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes Endogone Modicella? Suspensor Cells Zygospore “Zygo” = yoke ectoZygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 µm) Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh) Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom - Zygomycetes Endogone Modicella? Suspensor Cells Zygospore “Zygo” = yoke ectoZygomycetes – mycorrhizae, molds - spores formed on suspensors - a few truffles Truffles usually small, irregularly shaped Spores very large (to 200 µm) Group includes Rhizopus (tempeh) Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Zygomycete Truffles Endogone flammicorona Phyla in the Fungal Kingdom – Zygomycete Truffles Endogone lactiflua Summary: Fungal Family Groups (taxonomy) Basidiomycetes Ascomycetes Glomeromycetes Zygomycetes Daldinia occidentale Truffles Many Many One One Mushrooms Many Many None None Conks Many One None None “Mycophagy” Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: In English: Truffle Mycota Ascomycota Discomycetes Pezizales Tuberaceae Tuber gibbosum Truffler Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Oregon White Truffle Human Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: In English: Truffle Mycota Ascomycota Discomycetes Pezizales Tuberaceae Tuber melanosporum Truffler Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens French Perigord Truffle Human Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Truffle Mycota Ascomycota Discomycetes Pezizales Tuberaceae Choiromyces alveolatus Truffler Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens In English: Sorry! Human Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Truffle Mycota Ascomycota Discomycetes Pezizales Helvellaceae Barssia oregonense Truffler? Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Primates Pongidae Pongo pygmaeus In English: Sorry! Orangutang Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Truffle Mycota Ascomycota Discomycetes Elaphomycetales Elaphomycetaceae Elaphomyces granulatus Truffler! Animalia Vertebrata Mammalia Marsupialia Potoroidae Bettongia tropica In English: Deer Truffle Northern Bettong Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Truffle Truffler? Mycota Animalia Ascomycota Vertebrata Saccharomycetales Aves Saccharomycetidae Passeriformes Saccharomyceticeae Corvidae Saccharomyces Aphelocoma cerevisiae californica In English: Brewers Yeast Western Scrub Jay Relatedness Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: In English: Truffle Mycota Basidiomycota Agaricomycetidae Boletales Rhizopogonaceae Rhizopogon vinicolor Truffler! Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Mycetophilidae Mycetophila fungorum That same durn ‘pogey again! Mushroom gnat So… Tuber gibbosum is as closely related to Rhizopogon vinicolor as Edward Drinker Cope is related to a mushroom gnat. (1840-1897) Mycetophila fungorum What do you think of that, Ed? Huh?? What do you think of that, Ed?