General Chemistry, 5th ed.
Whitten, Davis & Peck
Chapter 3 Definitions
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DIRECTIONS
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ACTUAL YIELD
The amount of a specified pure
product actually obtained from a
given reaction.
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BURET
A piece of volumetric glassware,
usually graduated in 0.1 mL intervals,
that is used in titrations to deliver
solutions in a quantitative (dropwise)
manner
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CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Description of a chemical reaction by
placing the formulas of reactants on the left
and the formulas of products on the right of
an arrow.
• A chemical equation must be balanced.
– It must have the same number of each kind of
atom on both sides.
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CONCENTRATION
The amount of solute per unit volume
or mass of solvent or of solution.
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DILUTION
The process of reducing the
concentration of a solute in solution,
usually simply by mixing with more
solvent.
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END POINT
The point at which an indicator
changes color and a titration is
stopped.
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EQUIVALENCE POINT
The point at which chemically
equivalent amounts of reactants have
reacted.
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INDICATORS
For acid-base titrations, organic
compounds that exhibit different
colors in solutions of different
acidities; used to determine the point
at which reaction between two solutes
is complete.
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LIMITING REACTANT
A substance that stoichiometrically
limits the amount of product(s) that
can be formed.
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MOLARITY (M)
The number of moles of solute per
liters of solution: mol/L
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PERCENT BY MASS
100% multiplied by the mass of a
solute divided by the mass of the
solution in which it is contained.
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PERCENT YIELD
100% times actual yield divided by
theoretical yield: (AY/TY) * 100%
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PRODUCTS
Substances produced in a chemical
reaction
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REACTANTS
Substances consumed in a chemical
reaction
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REACTION RATIO
The relative amounts if reactants and
products involved in a reaction; may
be the ratio of moles, millimoles, or
masses
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REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
Description of the quantitative
relationships among substances as
they participate in chemical reactions.
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SEQUENTIAL REACTION
A chemical process in which several
reaction stps are required to convert
starting materials into products.
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SOLUTE
The dispersed (dissolved) phase of a
solution
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SOLUTION
A homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances
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SOLVENT
The dispersing medium of a solution.
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STANDARD SOLUTION
A solution of accurately known
concentrations
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STOICHIOMETRY
Description of the quantitative
relationships among elements and
compounds as they undergo chemical
changes
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THEORETICAL YIELD
The maximum amount of a specified
product that could be obtained from
specified amounts of reactants,
assuming complete consumption of
the limiting reactant according to
only one reaction and complete
recovery of the product.
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TITRATION
• The process by which the volume of a
standard solution required to react with a
specific amount of a substance is
determined.
• Process in which a solution of one reactant,
the titrant, is carefully added to a solution of
another reactant, and the volume of titrant
required for complete reaction is measured.
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% solute =?
% solute = (mass of solute) x 100%
mass of solution
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DILUTION EQUATION
V1M1=V2M2
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