Metode Penelitian
Administrasi
/ Manajemen
Hasan Mustafa
The Scientific Method
Based on the assumption that
all behaviors and events are
orderly, and they are effects
that have discoverable causes
The goal of all
scientific
endeavors is:
a. To explain
b. To predict
c. To control
phenomena
Sources of knowledge
1. Application of the
scientific research
2. Experience
3. Authority
Story told about Aristotle
One day Aristotle caught a fly and
carefully counted and recounted its legs.
He then announced that flies have five legs.
No one questioned the word of Aristotle. For years
his finding was uncritically accepted.
Of course, the fly that Aristotle caught just
happened to be missing a leg.
Whether or not you believe the story, it does illustrate
the limitations of relying on personal experience
and authority as a source of knowledge
Inductive reasoning
Example :
Every research textbook
examined contains a chapter
on sampling
Formulation of
generalizations
based on observation
of a limited number of
specific events
Therefore, all research textbooks
contains a chapter on sampling
Deductive reasoning
Example :
All research textbooks contains
a chapter on sampling
Arriving at specific
conclusions based on
This is a research textbook
generalizations
Therefore, this book contains
a chapter on sampling
Sequential steps of scientific method
1. Recognition and definition of the problem
2. Formulation hypotheses
3. Collection of data
4. Analysis data
5. Statement of conclusions regarding
confirmation or disconfirmation
of the hypotheses
The building blocks of science
observation
Identification
of problem
Refinement of theory
(pure research)
Or
Implementation
(applied research)
Theoretical
framework
Interpretation
of
data
Hypotheses
Analysis
of
data
Uma Sekaran, 1984
Data
collection
Research
design
Types of research by purpose
Pure/basic research :
The main purpose of conducting
basic research is to generate
more knowledge and understanding
of the phenomena that occur and
to build theories based on the
research results.
Applied research :
The main purpose of this type of
research is to applying the results
of findings to solving specific problems
currently being experienced in
the organization
Types of research by method
Descriptive Research :
Correlational Research :
A descriptive study determines
Attempts to determine
and reports the way things are.
whether, and to what
One common type of
degree, a relationship
descriptive research involves
exists between two or
assessing attitudes or opinions
more quantifiable
toward individuals,
variables
organizations, events, or
Examples :
procedures.
The relationship between
Examples :
motivation and job performance
Customer Satisfaction
Employee Satisfaction
Causal Relationship Research :
The application of “flextime”
Try to trace the cause-effect
relationships between two
phenomena.
“Sebab-akibat atau
Example : The effect of positive
Korelasi?”
reinforcement on job performance
Business and management research
Management :
Employee attitude and behavior
Human Resource Management
Information system
Organizational Culture
Organization Structure
Etc.
Marketing :
Product image
Advertising
Sales promotion
Consumer preferences
Brand image
Etc.
Accounting :
Budget and control system
Inventory costing methods
Accelerated depreciation
Cash recovery rates
Etc.
Finance :
Optimum financial ratios
Merger and acquisition
The operations of financial
institution
Etc.
Some commonly researched
area in administration/mgt.
Employee behavior such as performance, absenteeism, and
turnover, validation of performance appraisal system, brand
loyalty, product life cycle, product innovation, consumer
complaints, logo image, market testing, product positioning,
portfolio investment, dividend policy, pricing model,
corporate culture and socialization process, advertising
effectiveness, designing career paths, gender differences in
leadership styles, pollution emission and health of the
worker, organizational effectiveness, deferred compensation
plans, participative management and performance
effectiveness, downsizing, creative management of a
diverse workforce, etc.
1
Proses Penelitian
Mengenali
secara
umum
masalah
penelitian
melalui
observasi
Teknik
pengumpulan
data
Teknik
sampling
Teknik
penskalaan
7
3
Merumuskan
masalah
penelitian
click
Mengumpulkan data
awal
2
Uma Sekaran, 2003
4
5
Kerangka
kerja
teoritis.
Menetapkan
variabel
penelitian
Memunculkan
hipotesis
atau
pertanyaan
penelitian
click
click
Menyusun
keputusan
manajerial
10
6
Menyusun
rancangan
penelitian
click
click
Mengumpulkan
mengolah,
menganalisis,
menginter
pretasi
data
Mempresentasikan
laporan
Menyusun
laporan
penelitian
9
8
1. Observasi Masalah Penelitian
Masalah yang dihadapi oleh organisasi yang perlu
dicari jalan keluarnya
Program pelatihan
yang ternyata hasilnya
tidak sesuai dengan
harapan
Disiplin pegawai
yang rendah
Sistem kerja baru
yang diterapkan
ternyata tidak berjalan
sesuai dengan rencana
Pelayanan kepada
masyarakat kurang
memuaskan
Indeks Prestasi
mahasiswa di bawah
rata-rata
Dan Lain-lain
2. Pengumpulan Data Awal
tentang masalah penelitian
Data tentang
kinerja pegawai
setelah mengikuti
pelatihan
Data pegawai yang
sering melanggar
aturan organisasi,
dan aturan-aturan
yang sering dilanggar
Data kegagalan
penerapan sistem
kerja baru
Data keluhan
masyarakat
atas pelayanan
yang diberikan
oleh organisasi
Data lengkap tentang
Indeks Prestasi
Mahasiswa
3. Perumusan Masalah Penelitian
Pernyataan yang spesifik yang akan dicari jawabnya
atau jalan pemecahannya
Berdasarkan data awal
tentang masalah
penelitian
maka masalah perlu
dirumuskan
Biaya pelayanan
terlampau besar ?
Waktu pelayanan tidak
sesuai dengan yang dijanjikan ?
Data keluhan
masyarakat
atas pelayanan
yang diberikan
oleh organisasi
Tempat pelayanan
kurang memadai ?
Petugas pelayanan
tidak profesional ?
4. Kerangka Kerja Teoritis
Contoh :
Five determinants of service quality :
1. Reliability – the ability to perform service
dependability and accurately. “Bisa dipercaya”
2. Responsiveness – the willingness to help customers
and provide prompt service. “Cepat tanggap”
3. Assurance – the knowledge and courtesy of employees
and their ability to convey trust and confidence. – “Jaminan mutu”
4. Empathy – the provision of caring, individualized
attention to customers – “mengerti kebutuhan pelanggan”
5. Tangibles – the appearance of physical facilities,
equipments, personnel,
and communication materials. – “Tampilan fisik”
Kotler, 1977
Model Penelitian
Kenyamanan
tempat pelayanan
Keterandalan
Tampilan
petugas
Kualitas
Pelayanan
empati
Pengetahuan
aparat
atas tugasnya
Kecepattanggapan
Kesopanan
aparat
5. Hipotesis atau Pertanyaan Penelitian
“Penyebab penyebab utama ketidakpuasan masyarakat atas mutu pelayanan
organisasi adalah ketidak tepatan-waktu pengurusan perijinan”
“Persepsi masyarakat terhadap aparat yang berjenis kelamin wanita lebih
positif daripada pria”
Apakah pekerjaan aparat dalam
melayani masyarakat
dapat diandalkan?
Apakah aparat mengetahui
dengan baik tugas mereka ?
Apakah kondisi fisik tempat
pelayanan memuaskan ?
Apakah aparat memahami
kebutuhan masyarakat?
Apakah tampilan
aparat menarik ?
Dll.
6. Rancangan Penelitian
Maksud penelitian :
Menjajagi ? – explore
Menguraikan apa adanya
secara rinci? – description
Menguji hipotesis ?
– hypotheses testing
Unit analisis
(populasi penelitian) :
Individu?
Pasangan?
Kelompok?
Organisasi?
Mesin?
Aturan-aturan?
Jenis penelitian :
Hubungan kausal ?
Korelasi?
Deskripsi?
Komparasi?
Penetapan sampel :
-Jumlahnya
-Cara penetapannya
a. sampel acak?
b. sampel tidak acak?
Rentang waktu
Penelitian :
-“Sekali tembak”?
(one-shot)
- Longitudinal?
Operasionalisasi
variabel penelitian.
Skala pengukuran
variabel.
Cara pencarian data
-Wawancara ?
-Kuesioner?
-Studi dokumen?
-Observasi?
Analisis :
Univariate?
Bivariate?
Multivariate?
7. Pengumpuan data
Wawancara
Kuesioner
Survai
Studi
Dokumen
Observasi