REPUBLIC OF MALAWI
E4085v14
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa
(APPSA)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Capital Hill
P O Box 30134
Capital City
Lilongwe 3
MALAWI
January 7, 2013
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The consultant wishes to acknowledge all the people who participated in the public consultations and
contributed to the preparation of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.
The people consulted included staff and farmers that were visited in the selected research stations in
Malawi which include Mbawa in Mzimba, Chitedze in Lilongwe, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe
in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.
Key staff at the selected research stations and lead farmers provided valuable input to this study.
In addition, a number of senior officers in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Environmental
Affairs Department, Pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, the World
Bank and other stakeholder Ministries and Departments provided relevant literature and considerable
administrative support during the assignment. The consultant wishes to sincerely acknowledge their
support.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................................................... 1
1.1
The Proposed Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa ......................... 1
1.1.1 APPSA Program Components ..................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Proposed Research Priorities, Objectives and Expected Outcomes of APPSA Program
2
1.1.3 Proposed research activities with regional spillovers ................................................. 3
1.1.4 Proposed dissemination activities to link Center of Leadership outputs to national
technology dissemination system ........................................................................................... 4
1.1.5 National coordination and implementation arrangements ........................................... 5
1.1.6 Project Implementing Agency ..................................................................................... 6
1.1.7 Project Cost Estimates ................................................................................................ 6
1.2
Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ................................. 6
1.3
Objective of the ESIA .................................................................................................. 6
1.4
Users of the ESIA ........................................................................................................ 6
1.5
Methodology in Preparing the ESIA ............................................................................. 7
1.6
Constraints and Limitation of the Study ...................................................................... 8
1.7
Organization of the Report .......................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO:
THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................... 10
2.1
APPSA Project locations and Land Size .................................................................... 10
2.2
Mbawa Agriculture Research Station ........................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 10
2.3
Chitedze Agriculture Research Station ...................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 11
2.3.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 11
2.4
Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station ......................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.4 Main Activities......................................................................................................... 12
2.5
Chitala Agriculture Research Station ........................................................................ 12
2.5.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 12
2.5.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 12
2.5.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 13
2.5.4 Main Activities......................................................................................................... 13
2.6
Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station .................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 13
2.6.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 13
2.6.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 13
2.7
Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station ................................................................... 14
2.7.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 14
2.7.2 Location ................................................................................................................. 14
2.7.3 Climate .................................................................................................................. 14
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
2.7.4 Main Activities......................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE: AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................... 15
3.1
General Situation ...................................................................................................... 15
3.2
Agriculture ................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.1 Agriculture and the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)................................................. 16
3.2.1 Agriculture and Land Tenure ........................................................................................ 17
3.2.2 Agriculture and Forest Resources ................................................................................ 18
3.2.3 Agriculture and Gender ............................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDS ........................................................................... 20
3.3
Agriculture Research ................................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................ 23
4.1
Malawi Legislation Relevant to the APPSA ................................................................ 23
4.1.1 Policy Framework ....................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Legal Framework ........................................................................................................ 26
Agricultural Policies ............................................................................................................. 27
4.2
Relevant World Bank Policies ................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01)..................................................... 30
4.2.2 Natural Habitats (Operational Policy 4.04) ..................................................................... 31
4.2.3 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09) .................................................................. 31
CHAPTER FIVE:
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE
PROJECT
33
5.1
Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components .............................. 33
5.2
Determination of Potential Impacts ........................................................................... 33
5.3
Determination of Mitigation Measures ....................................................................... 33
Table 5.2: Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................... 39
Table 5.3: Social Impacts ...................................................................................................... 41
5.4
Evaluation of Impacts................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN . 47
6.1
Environmental and Social Management Plan............................................................. 47
6.2
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ............................................................ 55
6.2.1 Monitoring............................................................................................................. 55
6.2.2 Monitoring Indicators, Institutions and Costs ........................................................ 55
CHAPTER SEVEN: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................... 72
7.1
National Coordination and Implementation Arrangements ........................................ 72
7.2
Centre of Leadership Implementation Arrangements ................................................ 73
7.3
Capacity Building Requirements ............................................................................... 74
7.3.1 Current Capacity Within Research Program and Assessment of Gaps ......................... 74
7.4.1 Proposed Environmental and Social Training and Awareness Programmes ................. 76
7.4.2 Environmental and Social Management Training for APPSA ....................................... 77
7.4.3 Proposed Approach in Executing the Environmental and Social Management Training . 77
CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 78
8.1
Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 78
8.2
Recommendations .................................................................................................... 79
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 81
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED ................................... 82
APPENDIX 2 LOCATION FOR PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRES ......................................... 105
APPENDIX 3: CHECKLIST FOR DEMONSTRATION FIELDS ................................................... 110
APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ..................................... 111
APPENDIX 5.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION AND SCORING
METHOD
115
APPENDIX 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SCORES ....... 116
APPENDIX 6.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED
REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP ..................................................................................... 118
APPENDIX 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED
REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP ..................................................................................... 126
APPENDIX 7: CONSULTANT CV ........................................................................................... 138
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1:
Breakdown of Total Project Cost
Table 2.1:
Summary of Total Land for Research Stations
Table 3.1
Gender Distribution in the Agricultural Occupation
Table 3.2
Women Participation in Selected Sectors
Table 3.3:
Women Farmers Participation in the various ASWAp-SP in 2011
Table 4.1:
Summary of Safeguard Policies Triggered by the APPSA
Table 5.1:
Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental
Components
Table 5.2:
Environmental and Social Impacts
Table 6.1:
Environmental and Social Management Plan for Positive Impacts
Table 6.2:
Environmental and Social Management Plan for Negative Impacts
Table 6.3:
Summary of Management Costs for 1 Year
Table 6.4:
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Positive Impacts
Table 6.5:
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Negative Impacts
Table 6.6:
Summary of Monitoring Costs for 1 Year
Table 7.1:
Key Partners and their Roles During APPSA Implementation
Table 7.2:
NARS Physical Infrastructure Current State
Table 7.3:
DARS Scientific, Technical and Administrative Human Capacity
Table 7.4:
Numbers and Academic Qualifications of DARS Scientific Personnel
Table 7.5:
Estimated costs for sensitization meetings and trainings
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1:
National Production of Cassava, Sweet Potatoes and Irish potatoes in Metric Tonnes
Figure 3.2:
National Production of Beans, Pegion peas, Cow peas and Soya beans in Metric
Tonnes
Figure 7.1:
Centre of Leadership National Level Implementation Framework
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ADD
ADMARC
ADP-SP
AEDO
AEZ
AGRA
AGRES
AISP
APPSA
ASWAp
ASWAp-SP
ATCC
BP
CADECOM
CCARDESA
CIAT
CIMMYT
CoL
DDC
DEC
DAES
DADO
DARS
DEA
DHO
EAD
EDO
EIA
EMC
EMP
EPA
ESIA
ESMP
FAO
FHH
FISP
FM
GDP
GMO
GoM
ICRAF
ICRISAT
IGA
IPM
IPMP
IPPC
IRLADP
Agricultural Development Division
Agriculture Development and Marketing Corporation
Agriculture Development Program – Support Project
Agriculture Extension Development Officer
Agricultural Ecological Zones
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support Services
Agriculture Input Subsidy Program
Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa
Agricultural Sector Wide Approach
Agricultural Sector Wide Approach - Support Project
Agricultural Technology Clearing Committee
Bank Policy
Catholic Development Commission in Malawi
Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa
International Centre for Tropical Agriculture
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maízy Trigo
Centre of Leadership
District Development Committee
District Executive Committee
Department of Agricultural Extension Services
District Agriculture Development Officer
Department of Agricultural Research
Director of Environmental Affairs
District Health Officer
Environmental Affairs Department
Environmental District Officer
Environmental Impact Assessment
Executive Management Committee
Environmental management plan
Extension Planning Area
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Food and Agriculture Organisation
Female-Headed Household
Farmer Input Subsidy Program
Financial Management
Gross domestic Product
Genetically Modified Organisms
Government of Malawi
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics
Income Generating Activities
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management Plan
International Plant Protection Convention
Irrigation, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Development Project
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
ISP
LGB
LRCO
MAWTCO
MBS
MGDS
MoAFS
MoWDI
MoLGRD
MPRS
MSc
MSV
NAC
NRCM
NCE
NEAP
OP
OPC
PCB
RCoLs
SADC
SFFRFM
SPGI
SWAp
SWG
TCE
TWG
WB
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Input Subsidy Program
Large Grain Borer
Land Resources and Conservation Officer
Malawi Agricultural Warehousing and Trading Company
Malawi Bureau of Standards
Malawi Growth and Development Strategy
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Malawi Poverty and Reduction Strategy
Master of Science
Maize Streak Virus
National AIDS Commission
National Research Council of Malawi
National Council for the Environment
National Environmental Action Plan
Operational Policy
Office of the President and Cabinet
Pesticide Control Board
Regional Centre of Leadership
Southern African Development committee
Smallholder Farmers’ Fertilizer Revolving Fund of Malawi
Sustainable Productivity Growth Initiative
Sector Wide Approach
Sector Working Group
Technical Committee on the Environment
Technical Working Group
World Bank
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The Government of Malawi through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) is seeking
support from World Bank to implement an Agricultural Productivity Programme in Southern Africa
(APPSA) with the objective of increasing the productivity of maize, rice and legumes through the
introduction of improved varieties and modern farming technologies. The proposed APPSA programme
will support agricultural technology generation and dissemination by supporting the strengthening and
scaling up of regional centres of research leadership on programs of regional importance through
regional collaboration. For identified regional priority programs, APPSA would support efforts to scale
up and develop national research centres into regional centres of leadership. The total project cost for
Malawi is approximately US$30 million.
Objective and Scope of Work of the Assignment
The objective of this assignment is to assist Ministry of Agriculture Food Security in assessing the
potential impacts of APPSA with respect to the different World Bank safeguards policies and to update
the existing safeguards instruments accordingly. To successfully carry out the assignment, a review of
relevant Malawi environmental and social legislation and policies, World Bank safeguard policies was
conducted. Key stakeholder consultations were done with government officials in Ministry of Agriculture
and Food Security, Research Stations Staff and Extension workers to solicit their views on the
proposed programme. Consultations with beneficiaries especially farmers were also done in selected
areas in proximity to research stations that will participate in APPSA programme. A review of safeguard
documents already in place under ASWAp-SP and IRLADP was also done. From the above described
activities, potential environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed. After the
assessment, appropriate mitigation and enhancement measures were identified for the impacts to be
generated by the project activities. The safeguard instruments applicable to this assignment include
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to describe potential positive and social impacts
of the project activities, and an updated Pest Management Plan for safe management of impacts from
any activities that will involve use of pesticides and agro-chemicals for scaling up agricultural
productivity.
Rationale for Preparing ESIA
It is anticipated that the proposed activities under APPSA will generate potential environmental and
social impacts and in order to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts
appropriate environmental and social safeguards must be prepared as per Malawi Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures for meeting the environmental and social management
requirements outlined in Appendix C of the EIA Guidelines and Environmental Assessment policy
(OP.4.01) for World Bank. The programme activities will generate impacts ranging from short to long
term as well as small and localised to regional. Since the specific activities and exact locations where
the project activities will be implemented are known, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment,
as a safeguard instrument, has been prepared to identify, and analyse and mitigate any potential
impacts from the programme activities.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
In view of the fact that successful implementation of the programme would require that it be aligned to
the provisions of the existing legislation, a number of policies and Acts were reviewed including those of
the Bank and these have been used in setting the foundation for the smooth implementation of the
project for it to be sustainable. The policies relate to those that are specifically focusing on the
environmental and social dimensions. The key policies and legislations relevant to the program include
the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (1995), Environmental Management Act (1996), National
Environmental Policy (2004), and National Water Policy (2004), Food Security Policy (2006). The Acts
include Land Act (1965), Water Resources Act (1969), Pesticides Act (2000), B. Other legal, legislative
and administrative documents are National Environmental Action Plan (1994), Malawi Agricultural and
Natural Resources Research Master Plan (1995), National Land Resources Management Policy and
Strategy (2000), Agricultural Research Master Plan (2006), Contract Farming Strategy (2007), Malawi
Growth and Development Strategy (2006-2011; 2011 - 2016), The Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Plant
Breeders’ Rights Bills, Departmental Procedural Guidelines, the World Banks Environmental
Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01), and Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09).
These policies, Acts, Strategies and Plans will act as the basis for a compliant and sustainable
mechanism through which the project can wholly achieve its intended objectives, outputs and
outcomes.
ESIA Implementation
The successful implementation of the ESIA depends on the commitment of MoAFS and other relevant
institutions, the capacity within the institutions and the appropriate functional institutional arrangements
to be put in place for the programme. The Department of Agriculture Research Services (DARS) and
Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) will have the principal responsibility for
implementation and delivery of the program. In addition, the program will be executed through and
implemented by the existing structures within the public sector with contribution from the private and
civil society institutions. This arrangement, it is believed, would help ensure project sustainability and
significantly contribute to capacity building. Chitedze Research Station will be the main centre for
APPSA programme activities in Malawi.
Project Description
In pursuit of the longer term goal of improving productivity and production of safe and nutritious food
within priority farming systems in the Southern Africa region, the Project Development Objective is to
improve the availability of agricultural technologies within and across SADC countries. APPSA will
pursue this objective by: (i) establishing Regional Centers of Leadership (RCoLs) on commodities of
regional importance, thereby allowing regional specialization around priority farming systems and more
strategic investment in agricultural research capacity; (ii) supporting regional collaboration in agricultural
training and dissemination; and (iii) facilitating increased sharing of agricultural information, knowledge
and technology across boundaries of participating countries.
The proposed program will have three components:
1.1
Technology Generation and Dissemination
The first component would support technology generation and dissemination activities associated with
Regional Centres of Leadership. This would include research activities targeting the technology
priorities defined through regional dialogue and consistent with a regional priority setting study. The
component would also support regional dissemination programs or technology transfer sub-projects to
link Centres of Leadership to institutions in other countries and enable scaling up of innovations.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Malawi has prioritized scaling up farmer to farmer dissemination methodologies, the use of mass media
(primarily radio), technology demonstration, and scaling up and expanding pluralistic extension
services, within its national technology dissemination system. APPSA will play an important role in
providing the content and higher level training of service providers within the technology dissemination
system. APPSA is not intended to be a full - fledged dissemination or extension program and that a
core focus of the ASWAp is technology dissemination.
The core focus of APPSA supported technology dissemination activities in Malawi will therefore aim at:
improving the content and accessibility of technology messages and knowledge products around
maize technologies; improving the capacity of DARS and DAES to strengthen technical training of lead
farmers, extension agents and advisory service providers around maize; strengthening the capacity of
DARS dissemination officers; private sector and civil society engagement; and improving farmerresearch-extension feedback mechanisms to obtain a better analysis of farmer preferences. APPSA will
also support regional information sharing and exchange activities with other participating countries.
1.2
Center of Leadership Strengthening
The second component would support capacity building for Regional Centres of Leadership. Within
Malawi, APPSA would support: (i) the upgrading of research infrastructure; (ii) improving management
and performance systems; (iii) scientific training at the post graduate level and to upgrade skills through
short courses or targeted training; and (iv) strengthening seed, regulatory and related services.
Investments in physical infrastructure will focus on improving existing facilities in Chitedze in Lilongwe,
Mbawa in Mzimba, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.
Investments in seed and related services will focus on increasing the capacity of pre-basic and basic
seed production for targeted commodities under APPSA, increasing analytical capacity for GMO
detection and mycotoxin analysis, and technical assistance to identify and address regulatory gaps
within the technology generation and dissemination system, if necessary.
1.3
Coordination and Facilitation
The third component would support implementation of the program and coordination activities. At the
national level the program would be fully integrated into MoAFS. Given the high vacancy rate within
DARS and DAES there is an urgent need to identify human resource requirements for program
implementation to be met through Government budget. MoAFS is currently expanding its approach of
contracting out some services to private providers or NGOs. This is particularly the case for extension
and will allow the Ministry to redeploy staff to core functions, including for research, coordination of
extension activities, M&E and sector monitoring and safeguards supervision. . APPSA also provides an
opportunity to scale up the use of multi-stakeholder platforms within the program to ensure all actors
within the national agricultural research system are involved.
At the regional level the program would finance regional facilitation activities including: (i) regional
planning, monitoring and evaluation activities needed to establish and monitor regional collaborative
activities; and (ii) regional exchange of information, knowledge and technologies. These functions are
most efficiently provided by a regional entity and CCARDESA is in the process of developing a more
detailed proposal on how it could fulfill these functions in APPSA.
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
Although the APPSA activities especially in technology generation, dissemination and adoption will vary
in size, location, scope and approach to implementation, most of these activities will take place in
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
already existing research stations identified to be part of the program. Hence the generic and typical
environmental and social impacts would mostly be positive, with minor negative impacts.
The identified positive environmental impacts include:
 improved soil and water resources management;
 improved soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation; and
 development of climate change resistant crops.
The identified positive social impacts include:
 increase in maize productivity;
 increase in farm incomes for farmers using improved technologies;
 increase in food security and nutrition;
 improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations;
 reduced post harvest losses; and
 improved agricultural extension services.
The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative environmental impacts:
 degradation of surface and ground water quality due to chemical handling and application by
agro dealers and smallholder farmers respectively;
 contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals;
 loss of soil organisms and non-targeted insects due to effects of chemicals and pesticides; and
 Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures.
The potential negative social impacts:
 health and safety risks from chemical poisoning;
 Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff; and
 Risks of gender inequalities.
The table below provides the proposed measures to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the
adverse ones including estimated costs:
Potential Impacts


Enhancement / Mitigation
Costs (MK) Responsible
Measures
Institution
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
30,000,000
MoAFS
Improved maize productivity
 Provide farmers with
improved maize based
technology
 conduct awareness on the
advantages of using maizebased technologies to
facilitate quick adoption
 Conduct field demonstrations
on new maize-based
technologies
5,000,000
DARS
Increase in production of
 Provide training to APPSA
and DAES
improved maize and legume
staff to enhance and maintain
varieties
maize and legume breeding
programmes
 Conduct regular staff
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Potential Impacts


Increase in performance and
sustainability of the research
and technical support
systems



Creation of employment


Development of climate
change
resistant
crop
varieties


Health and safety risks from
chemical poisoning






Enhancement / Mitigation
Measures
exchange programmes
Maintain the production of
acceptable maize and legume
breeds by local communities
Provide regular and
continuous training to APPSA
staff to enhance performance
and sustainability of the
research and technical
support systems
Conduct regular staff
exchange programmes
Employ and build capacity
through training the required
number of agricultural
research experts to fill the
vacant positions in
participating agricultural
research stations
Promote research activities
aimed at generating crop
varieties resistant to climate
change
Provide information and
increase awareness for staff
and farmers on the risks with
handling chemicals.
Provide protective clothing to
workers and farmers during
field trials
Provide adequate training to
crop protection department
Risks associated with weak 
capacity in dealing with crop
protection
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Improved infrastructure in the  Conduct regular maintenance
existing agricultural research
of
infrastructure
in
stations
participating
agricultural
research stations
Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity
through training for the
required
number
of
agricultural research experts
to fill the vacant positions in
participating
agricultural
research stations
Increased work load for  Provide and train adequate
already insufficient extension
extension staff
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Costs (MK) Responsible
Institution
5,000,000
DARS
and DAES
3,000,000
MoAFS
5,000,000
DARS
1,000,000
MoAFS,
Pesticides
Control
Board
5,000,000
Department
of Crop
Protection
15,000,000
MoAFS
1,000,000
MoAFS
3,000,000
DAES
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Potential Impacts



staff
Solid waste generation from
rehabilitation of existing
infrastructures
Enhancement / Mitigation
Measures

The contractor in coordination
with APPSA should make
arrangements for proper
disposal of all rubble and solid
wastes from the site.
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
Improved program planning,  Provide regular training to
coordination and facilitation
management and staff of
APPSA within participating
agricultural research stations
for
effective
planning,
coordination and facilitation of
the program
Increasing rates of improved  Advocate for the adoption and
technology transfer and
use of efficient and effective
adoption
maize based technology
 Conduct field demonstrations
on new and improved maize
varieties to facilitate farmer
adoption
TOTAL
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Costs (MK) Responsible
Institution
3,000,000
MoAFS
(DARS)
5,000,000
MoAFS
5,000,000
MoAFS
86,000,000
As a reference material, the ESIA (supported by the updated PMP) will be useful to several
stakeholders who will be involved in planning, implementation and monitoring of the proposed project
activities. Some of the key users of this ESIA are:
 Funding agencies/donors for the proposed APPSA;
 Staff in proposed regional centres of leadership;
 Participating sectors in the implementation of the APPSA;
 Senior central government officials responsible for policy making and project planning;
 Central government officials responsible for environmental planning and management and;
 Contractors to be involved in implementation of the project activities.
Based on the findings from this environmental and social impact assessment study, it is recommended
that the project proceeds because it will bring significant benefits to the agricultural sector, both in the
short and long terms. Negative impacts identified from this preliminary study will be manageable,
localised and short term.
The ESIA recommends that the proposals made herein (and those made in the updated PMP) must be
implemented adequately to mitigate the consequential environmental and social impacts of the project
activities; and to enhance the positive attributes. The proposals include:
 The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security should oversee the implementation of the ESIA.
The MoAFS should do this in coordination with the Environmental Affairs Department;
 District and local community structures should be adequately trained to supervise
implementation of the EMP. The project should take advantage of the District Environmental
Sub-Committee led by the Environmental District Officer and should provide the necessary
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)





Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
resources and equipment to enable them monitor implementation of the EMP at district and
area levels;
Key stakeholders should be made aware of the project, the ESIA and its EMP and their role in
its successful implementation. They should also be sensitized on the linkages between the
program and the environmental and social impacts; and the need to mitigate the impacts to
ensure sustainability of the APPSA program; and the program should put in place an effective
monitoring and evaluation and feedback mechanism on implementation of the EMP;
Capacity building training programs should be provided to key departments such as Agriculture
Research Services, Pesticides Control Board, Crop Protection and Agriculture Extension
Services which will be critical in monitoring the adverse impacts of the proposed project
activities discussed in this report;
The proposed participating research stations should be equipped with modern equipment to
ensure effective implementation of the proposed program;
The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that recommendations made in the updated IPMP are
adhered to in order to avoid or minimize risks and impacts associated with use of pesticides,
herbicides and chemicals; and
The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that participation of women farmers, youth and other
vulnerable groups is encouraged during planning and implementation of the program.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1
The Proposed Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa
The World Bank would like to support the implementation of an Agricultural Productivity Programme in
Southern Africa (APPSA) with the objective of increasing the productivity of maize, rice and legumes
through the introduction of improved varieties and modern farming technologies. The proposed
programme will support agricultural technology generation and dissemination by supporting the
strengthening and scaling up of regional centres of research leadership on programs of regional
importance through regional collaboration. For identified regional priority programs, APPSA would
support efforts to scale up and develop national research centres into regional centres of leadership.
Currently, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia have expressed their interest in establishing Regional
Centres of Leadership (RCoLs) for maize, rice and legumes respectively. Malawi has elected to
establish a RCoL on the maize based farming system which will encompass the maize farming system
as a whole, including a focus on the full set of crops within the maize farming system, and associated
nutrient, soil and water management issues. The programme will be implemented by the ministry of
Agriculture and food Security.
1.1.1
APPSA Program Components
In pursuit of the longer term goal of improving productivity and production of safe and nutritious food
within priority farming systems in the Southern Africa region, the Project Development Objective of
APPSA is to improve the availability of agricultural technologies within and across SADC countries.
APPSA will pursue this objective by: (i) establishing Regional Centers of Leadership (RCoLs) on
commodities of regional importance, thereby allowing regional specialization around priority farming
systems and more strategic investment in agricultural research capacity; (ii) supporting regional
collaboration in agricultural training and dissemination; and (iii) facilitating increased sharing of
agricultural information, knowledge and technology across boundaries of participating countries.
The proposed program would have three components:
1.1.1.1 Technology Generation and Dissemination
The first component would support technology generation and dissemination activities associated with
Regional Centres of Leadership. This would include research activities targeting the technology
priorities defined through regional dialogue and consistent with a regional priority setting study. The
component would also support regional dissemination programs or technology transfer sub-projects to
link centres of Leadership to institutions in other countries and enable scaling up of innovations.
Malawi has prioritized scaling up farmer to farmer dissemination methodologies, the use of mass media
(primarily radio), technology demonstration, and scaling up and expanding pluralistic extension
services, within its national technology dissemination system. APPSA will play an important role in
providing the content and higher level training of service providers within the technology dissemination
system. APPSA is not intended to be a full - fledged dissemination or extension program as that is a
core focus of the ASWAp. ASWAp-SP has significant resources allocated for technology dissemination
activities around maize.
The core focus of APPSA supported technology dissemination activities in Malawi will therefore aim at:
improving the content and accessibility of technology messages and knowledge products around maize
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technologies; improving the capacity of DARS and DAES to strengthen technical training of lead
farmers, extension agents and advisory service providers around maize; strengthening the capacity of
DARS dissemination officers; private sector and civil society engagement; and improving farmerresearch-extension feedback mechanisms to obtain a better analysis of farmer preferences. APPSA will
also support regional information sharing and exchange activities with other participating countries.
1.1.1.2 Center of Leadership Strengthening
The second component would support capacity building for Regional Centres of Leadership. Within
Malawi, APPSA would support: (i) the upgrading of research infrastructure; (ii) improving management
and performance systems; (iii) scientific training at the post graduate level and to upgrade skills through
short courses or targeted training; and (iv) strengthening seed regulatory and related services.
Investments in physical infrastructure will focus on improving existing facilities in Chitedze in Lilongwe,
Mbawa in Mzimba, Lifuwu and Chitala in Salima, Bvumbwe in Thyolo and Kasinthula in Chikwawa.
Investments in seed and related services will focus on increasing the capacity of pre-basic and basic
seed production for targeted commodities under APPSA, increasing analytical capacity for GMO
detection and mycotoxin analysis, and technical assistance to identify and address regulatory gaps
within the technology generation and dissemination system, if necessary.
1.1.1.3 Coordination and Facilitation
The third component would support implementation of the program and coordination activities. At the
national level the program would be fully integrated into MoAFS. Given the high vacancy rate within
DARS there is an urgent need to identify human resource requirements for program implementation to
be met through Government budget. APPSA also provides an opportunity to scale up the use of multistakeholder platforms within the program to ensure all actors within the national agricultural research
system are involved.
At the regional level the program would finance regional facilitation activities including: (i) regional
planning, monitoring and evaluation activities needed to establish and monitor regional collaborative
activities; and (ii) regional exchange of information, knowledge and technologies. These functions are
most efficiently provided by a regional entity and CCARDESA is in the process of developing a more
detailed proposal on how it could fulfil these functions in APPSA.
Each participating country will allocate resources to CCARDESA based on an agreed upon work plan
established during the preparation process.
1.1.2
Proposed Research Priorities, Objectives and Expected Outcomes of APPSA Program
The main goal of the program is to improve productivity of maize/legume farming systems through
improved nitrogen use efficiency, reduced loss of crop production from field pests and diseases and
post-harvest handling, diversification and improved nutrition. In collaboration with CIMMYT, the Malawi
Maize Research team has developed and released stress-tolerant maize varieties, some with enhanced
nutritional characteristics. These include hybrids and open-pollinated varieties (seed of the latter may
be saved by farmers from one year to the next for future crops) that are tolerant to drought and pre- and
post-harvest pests. Those well adapted and farmer preferred varieties are fast-tracked for release and
scale up of seed production, and subsequently integrated and promoted as part of more productive,
sustainable and risk-averting local livelihood systems.
The objectives of the programme are:
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Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
To improve cropping systems through development and dissemination of maize based
technologies in Malawi and within the region.
To strengthen capacities of research institutions dealing with maize based cropping systems
through training and improvement of infrastructure.
Develop and promote integrated pest and disease management technologies in Maize.
To strengthen seed production, quality control, supply and delivery systems in Malawi and
within the region.
To strengthen quality control systems provided through biotechnology
To strengthen collaboration and linkages between institutions involved in maize based
cropping systems research in Malawi and within the region
To develop and promote postharvest/agro-processing and value addition technologies
To develop, adapt and popularize farm mechanization technologies
The programme is expected to deliver the following outcomes by the end of its implementation period:
 Improved maize varieties, suitable for the prevailing ecologies and with acceptable attributes
 Use of improved maize and legume seed increased
 Integrated pest and disease management technologies for pre and post-harvest identified and
utilized
 Improved maize and legume technologies developed and adopted
 Average level of nitrogen use efficiency increased
 Maize -legume intercropping technologies promoted
 Seed production, supply and delivery systems in Malawi and within the region strengthened
 Quality control system like GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis strengthened
 Collaboration and linkages between institutions involved in maize based farming systems
research in Malawi and within the region strengthened
 Post harvest/agro-processing and value addition technologies developed and promoted
 Labour saving technologies developed and promoted
Priority research areas proposed are as follows:
 Breeding for resistance to pests and diseases of economic importance
 Breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses, e.g. drought
 Integrated Pest and Disease Control
 Strengthening of seed production, supply and delivery systems
 Quality control of agricultural produce through GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis
 Germplasm collection, characterization and conservation for future research
 Soil fertility improvement and other soil and water management options
 Post harvest processing, marketing and value addition
 Development of labour saving technologies
 Capacity building
1.1.3
Proposed research activities with regional spillovers
Malawi has been adopting a series of policy instruments to support smallholder agricultural
development and it is perhaps the only sub-Saharan African country providing direct support of farm
inputs at low cost to farmers to farm, and this has shown significant impacts in maize production and
productivity.
Capitalizing on the strong policy support, the integrated technology and value chain interventions of the
CoL are expected to enhance productivity and food security which may also provide useful lessons and
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
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spillovers for the other APPSA participating countries of the Southern Africa - Zambia and
Mozambique, and the region. Some of the specific activities with spillover effects include:
 Developing and promoting demand-driven crop varieties (includes resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses, market preferred traits. This may be done through regional collaborative trials
with CGIARs, like CIMMYT, relevant partners for example Alliance for Green Revolution in
Africa- AGRA)
 Develop and promote value-added maize-based products
 Develop and promote appropriate post-harvest technologies for maize that would be useful
for farmers in Malawi and neighbouring countries.
 Develop and promote improved soil and water management and maize-based cropping system
interventions.
 Collect, characterize, conserve and utilization of maize and associated legume germplasm for
local and international scientists.
1.1.4
Proposed dissemination activities to link Center of Leadership outputs to national
technology dissemination system
The Centre of Leadership will implement the following activities in the dissemination of technologies to
ensure increased adoption:
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Promotion of the Lead farmer approach that promotes farmer to farmer extension to bridge the
gaps on interface between the extension service providers and the farmers.
Promotion of participatory approaches in research, extension and advisory services in the
interest of empowering the communities for ownership and sustainability.
Mounting on farm demonstrations as one of the innovation platforms for technology adoption
along the value chain.
Organizing National and Regional Scientific conferences for public, private, Civil Society
Organizations and Universities to share information and best practices on topical issues
affecting technology generation and dissemination.
Field Days will be organized by farmers, researchers, universities, Civil Society organizations
and private sector to showcase some of the successful innovations.
Strengthening Research and Extension in the promotion of maize production through Farmer
field schools to tap on the farmers’ indigenous knowledge in technology generation and
dissemination.
Opening Farmer Business Schools to instill a culture among farmers of taking farming as a
business.
Publications or print media (newsletters, bulletins, calendars, posters, fliers, extension circulars,
leaflets).
Production of training materials for extension workers and Lead farmers.
Exchange visits for farmers and staff (National and International) tours
Displays to popularize the value addition technologies in promoting the cottage industry
Campaigns using mobile vans, village meetings
Documenting and exchanging maize based technology information through website.
Organizing farmers into radio listening clubs and linking them to the national, private and
community radio stations to promote the culture of information sharing through radio
Promoting gender, HIV and AIDs responsive programming for technology dissemination
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
1.1.5
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
National coordination and implementation arrangements
MoAFS will have overall responsibility of APPSA supervision and coordination in Malawi. Consistent
with GoM policies on harmonization and alignment of donor projects, APPSA will be fully executed
through existing country institutions and DARS and DAES will be the main implementing agencies. The
project will be integrated into the ASWAp management structure approved in September 2011.
Similar to other MoAFS projects and programs, the ASWAp Executive Management Committee will
oversee APPSA execution from the policy and strategic perspective. The Committee will provide
strategic direction and ensure inter-ministerial coordination on research and extension activities
developed under APPSA and it will review and validate the project’s annual work plan and budget.
The “Technology Generation and Dissemination” Technical Working Group (TWG), co-chaired by
DARS and DAES Directors, will review and refine APPSA annual work plans and budget before
submission to the ASWAp Executive Management Committee. This TWG will ensure coordination of
APPSA proposed activities with other MoAFS investments and similar projects.
To ensure a closer and more regular supervision and coordination of APPSA implementation, DARS
and DAES, along with other project partners, will set up a Technical Implementation Coordination
Committee.
DARS will also be in charge of: (i) coordinating the preparation of APPSA annual work plans and
budgets, including liaising with the PPD and ASWAp secretariat to ensure incorporation of APPSA
proposals in the overall MoAFS budget; (ii) compiling information for proper coordination and
supervision by MoAFS; (iii) preparing quarterly progress reports and organizing meetings of the
technical implementation coordination committee; and (iv) preparing annual implementation reports for
presentation to the “Technology Generation and Dissemination” TWG.
Financial management and procurement modalities for APPSA will follow the principles and procedures
already in place under ASWAp-SP. Project activities will be implemented by DARS using the country
financial management (FM) and procurement systems. DARS is governed by the Public Procurement
Law, its Regulations and Desk Instructions. The Office’s annual budget and Procurement Plan
provides a framework for checks and balances for the smooth running of procurement, disbursement
and disposal system in accordance with Section (3) of the Public Procurement Act. Due to the limited
knowledge that the current procurement staff have in World Bank procedures, the Project will recruit a
technical assistance as Procurement Specialist who should initially support the project for a period of 24
months as the staff are being mentored. The Project will also finance training in World Bank
procurement procedures for DARS staff. To mitigate FM risks, DARS will deploy qualified and
experienced personnel to head accounting function of the project. Additionally, the project will recruit a
technical assistant as FM specialist to be responsible for setting up an accounting system for the
project and train DARS staff in FM and disbursement. DARS will also acquire an accounting package
for transaction processing and reporting purposes.
In line with its mandate to support regional collaboration in agricultural research, CCARDESA is
expected to play a role in supporting implementation of APPSA. CCARDESA is well placed to facilitate
a range of regional activities including convening stakeholders, facilitating networking, providing
technical backstopping and peer review, monitoring and evaluation, and policy harmonization and
advocacy.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
1.1.6
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Project Implementing Agency
The project implementing agency is the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS). The
Ministry’s contact address is:
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Capital Hill
P O Box 30134
Lilongwe 3
Malawi
1.1.7
Project Cost Estimates
The total project cost is approximately US$30 million. Table 1.1 provides a breakdown of the total
project cost by activity, amount and percentage of total.
Table 1.1: Breakdown of Total Project Cost
Components
Technology generation and Dissemination
Strengthening Regional Center of Leadership
Coordination and Facilitation
TOTAL
1.2
TOTAL (US$)
11,400,000.00
13,000,000.00
5,600,000.00
30,000,000.00
% TOTAL
38%
43%
19%
100%
Rationale for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) identifies the environmental and social
impacts of the APPSA and determines their mitigation measures. This ESIA therefore incorporates the
Malawi EIA procedures for meeting national environmental and social management requirements, as
outlined in Appendix C of the EIA Guidelines. The ESIA also integrates consideration for the World
Bank Operational Policies for environmental management of projects.
1.3
Objective of the ESIA
The objective of the ESIA is to identify the potential environmental and social impacts of increased
agricultural research, dissemination, production and productivity in the project areas. The potential
impacts identified, assessed and analyzed relate to activities targeted at improving food security
through development and dissemination of improved maize based technologies. The proposed project
activities could also generate negative impacts such as increased use of land, and agro-chemicals
including pesticides and fertilizers. The ESIA presents mitigation and monitoring measures as well as
institutional arrangements for environmental and social management under the APPSA.
1.4
Users of the ESIA
This ESIA has been prepared for use by MoAFS and key stakeholders involved in the planning,
implementation and management of the proposed APPSA. The ESIA would be useful to the following
APPSA key stakeholders:
(a) Funding and donors agencies;
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(b) Department of Agricultural Research Services and other government institutions to be involved in
the implementation of the project;
(c) Government extension workers and lead farmers in the APPSA project areas;
(d) Non-governmental organizations involved in the activities of the APPSA;
(e) Contractors and consultants to be engaged under APPSA; and
(f) Planners of the APPSA project activities.
1.5
Methodology in Preparing the ESIA
In the development of the ESIA, consultations with key stakeholders were employed from 21
September to 16 October 2012. A summary of the consultations proceedings are provided in Annex 1.
The rationale of these consultations was to solicit views of a cross section of people, at the local level in
this case research stations to participate in APPSA activities and Central Government level. Lead
farmers were also consulted during the field investigations. Walks along part of the boundaries and
within the area of land of the visited research stations were conducted to appreciate the research
activities currently being conducted, to verify boundaries and assess if there are any land-related
problems on proposed land to be used for APPSA. However, during the field investigations no farmer
encroachment was observed on research land proposed for APPSA activities.
Key stakeholders consulted included:
(a) staff at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security,
(b) staff of Mbawa, Chitedze, Chitala, Lifuwu, Bvumbwe and Kasinthula Agricultural Research
Stations;
(c) staff of other relevant Ministries and Departments including the Environmental Affairs;
(d) World Bank staff;
(e) Farmers around the proposed research stations where on farm trials could be conducted;
(f) Agricultural Extension Staff; and
(g) ASWAp Coordinating Unit.
These consultations were carried out to share the views of key stakeholders and to obtain their input in
the identification of environmental and social impacts of the APPSA. A list of individuals and institutions
consulted, proceedings from consultations and how the findings have been incorporated in the report
have been included in Appendix 1. Most of the findings have been included in the environmental and
social management and monitoring plans, as part of the project implementation plan. In addition, the
findings form part of the institutional arrangement and capacity building for APPSA and specific
recommendations for this ESIA report.
The strategies used and activities performed in the preparation of the ESIA included:
a. Review of existing national biophysical and social conditions. Some of the sources of
information included Socio-economic Profiles and Environmental Reports;
b. Review of the implementation approach and processes for the proposed APPSA. This
information was obtained from the project description, project concept note, project appraisal
documents and other related literature;
c. Determination of the APPSA project stages and activities which are likely to have
environmental and social impacts;
d. Identification and analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the APPSA, based
on the field investigations and public consultations, project description, other similar documents
and professional knowledge;
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e. Determination of the environmental and social components to be impacted by the project
activities;
f. Identification of appropriate mitigation measures for the potential environmental and social
impacts;
g. Preparation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for addressing the impacts during
the different project stages and activities and;
h. Preparation of a monitoring plan for effective implementation of the EMP.
1.6
Constraints and Limitation of the Study
The major challenge faced during the development of this ESIA report is that there was lack of clear
knowledge on the subproject activities to be funded under the APPSA project by the officials consulted
in the research stations visited during the preliminary consultations.
1.7
Organization of the Report
This report is organized into seven chapters as follows:
Chapter One provides background information on the APPSA and describes its project components,
estimated costs, national coordination and implementation arrangements. It further introduces the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA, its rationale and objectives, methodology used in
undertaking the ESIA and constraints and limitation of the study. This chapter also defines the target
audience for the ESIA.
Chapter Two provides an overview of the environmental and social setting of the project by describing
the biophysical environment including its topography, hydrology, and biodiversity of the project areas.
Chapter Three gives the socioeconomic environment mainly in relation to agriculture.
Chapter Four outlines relevant Malawi policies and legislation applicable to the APPSA. The chapter
also provides relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered by the APPSA.
Chapter Five describes the environmental and social impacts that are likely to be generated by the
three project components (i.e. Technology Generation and Dissemination, Center of Leadership
Strengthening and Coordination and Facilitation). The environmental and social impacts are the basis
for the development of environmental and social management and monitoring plans in Chapter Five.
Chapter Six outlines the Environmental and Social Management Plans for addressing the program’s
environmental and social impacts. The Management Plans include information on the environmental
component likely to be affected, the activity that may cause the impact and the mitigation measures to
be put in place. The Chapter also provides environmental and social monitoring plans for project
impacts; provides information on the monitoring activities, monitoring indicators, frequency of
monitoring and the institutions to carry out the monitoring.
Chapter Seven gives an overview of the proposed institutional arrangement for implementation of
APPSA activities. The chapter highlights key institutions and their roles. It further proposes capacity
building and training requirements to be undertaken for the successful implementation of the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
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Chapter Eight makes recommendations for effective and successful implementation of the
Environmental and Social Management Plans that contribute towards environmentally and socially
sustainable attainment of the APPSA goals and objectives.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
CHAPTER TWO:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1
APPSA Project locations and Land Size
The proposed project activities for APPSA will take place in the six existing research stations within the
agricultural sector. Chitedze Research Station has been designated to be the Regional Centre of
Leadership for the project while the research stations below will be part of the national system for the
generation and dissemination of the new technologies:
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Mbawa Agriculture Research Station in Mzimba;
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Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station in Salima;
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Chitala Agriculture Research Station in Salima;
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Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station in Thyolo; and
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Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station in Chikhwawa.
Table 2.1 presents the total hectare for each research station, land currently being used for research
activities and idle land. Findings from field investigations indicate that there is adequate land in the
targeted research stations for proposed APPSA activities with no encumbrances.
Table 2.1: Summary of Total Land for Research Stations
NAME OF STATION
TOTAL LAND (Ha)
Chitedze
486.0
Bvumbwe
287.3
Kasinthula
260.0
Lifuwu
250.0
Chitala
485.0
Mbawa
486.0
IN USE (Ha)
430.0
285.3
110.0
210.0
124.0
286.0
IDLE LAND (Ha)
56.0
5.0
150.0
40.0
361.0
200.0
The EIA process for Malawi (EMA, 1997) requires that the baseline situation of the existing biophysical
and socio-economic environment be established, before any project that might significantly impact on
the environment is implemented. The following sections briefly outline the existing environmental and
social situation in the project impact areas of the APPSA.
2.2
Mbawa Agriculture Research Station
2.2.1 Background Information
The station was established in 1936 as a Veterinary Station with the principal aim of investigating the
rampant livestock diseases which were common in Mzimba district. It had a small herd of dairy cattle
and the station produced butter, cream and ghee in the 1950s. Mbawa research station was
subsequently handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research in the 1951/52 crop season
when research on crop production was first established.
2.2.2
Location
Mbawa Agriculture Research Station is situated about 50 km south west of Mzimba District
headquarters. The station is located at 12° 06' S. and 32° 25' E. It lies at an elevation of 1,253m above
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sea level. The sub-station occupies a total land area of 486 ha out of which 286 ha is available for
research purposes and 200 ha is covered by woodland and natural pastures .
2.2.3 Climate
The area has a mean annual temperature of 21.5°C with the highest temperatures recorded in October
reaching 26.4°C, while July has the lowest temperatures averaging 16.5°C. The mean annual rainfall is
about 692 mm which is received between November and March.
2.2.4 Main Activities
The main activities at the station include research activities and dissemination on livestock, mainly
cattle (local Zebu and crossed dairy breeds), cereals (particularly maize), legumes such as soya beans,
groundnuts and cowpeas and soil fertility improvement. The station has extensive range of livestock, a
storage room for the handling of research materials and adequate land for diversification of research
activities.
2.3
Chitedze Agriculture Research Station
2.3.1
Background Information
Chitedze Agricultural Research Station was established during the 1948/49 cropping season. The aim
was to expand the work that was already being carried out at Likuni Experimental Station. The first field
experiments at Chitedze were conducted in the 1949/50 cropping season.
Since its inception, several institutions have been established within the premises. Colby College of
Agriculture was opened in 1956 but later moved to a new site and was renamed the Natural Resources
College (NRC). This was followed by the Grain Legumes Research Unit (GLRU) which was established
in 1964 under the auspices of the Agricultural Research Council of Central Africa. The GLRU was then
in 1975 handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research. Other international research
institutions such as ICRISAT, ICRAF, IITA and GTZ set up bases at Chitedze in 1980, 1987, 1988 and
1993 respectively. However, ICRAF has since been relocated to Makoka Agriculture Research Station
in Zomba.
2.3.2
Location
Chitedze Agricultural Research Station is situated about16 km west of Lilongwe, on the LilongweMchinji Road that leads to the Zambian border. The station is located at 13° 85' S. and 33° 38' E. It lies
at an altitude of 1,146m above sea level and represents the medium altitude areas typical of the central
areas of the country. The research station has a total of 486ha (230 ha are under arable cropping, 200
ha are covered by buildings and indigenous pastures and 56 ha are under natural and planted trees
which provide fuel wood and wind-breaks).
2.3.3
Climate
The station and its adjacent areas has a mean annual temperature of 20°C with a mean maximum
temperature of more than 24°C recorded in November and lowest mean temperature of below 16°C
recorded normally in July. It receives a mean annual rainfall of about 892mm, 85 per cent of which falls
between the months of November and March.
2.3.4 Main Activities
Chitedze is also home to several International Agricultural Research centres including the
SADC/ICRISAT Groundnut and Pigeon pea Project; The CIAT Regional Bean Programme; and The
GTZ/MGBPP Integrated Pest Control Project. These institutions have set up a robust office, laboratory
and field facilities.
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The Station currently has National Research Coordinators for Livestock and Pastures; Cereals, Grain
Legumes, Oilseeds and Fibre Crops; Soils and Engineering; and Technical Services. In this regard,
research activities are coordinated by personnel based at the station. Research Programmes on maize,
wheat and barley; seed services, plant genetic resources and statistics; livestock and pasture
management; soil fertility, microbiology, soil survey, agroforestry and farm machinery are also
conducted at the station. In addition, Chitedze research station has a water pond (Kandiyani Pond on
Mbavi River), which is used for irrigation purposes during research of crops such as millet, cassava,
beans and soya beans. Appendix 2.1 provides a topographical map for Chitedze Research Station.
2.4
Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station
2.4.1
Background Information
Lifuwu Agriculture research station was established as an experimental station in 1974 by the Central
Region Lakeshore Project. The station was later converted into a Rice Experiment Station in 1975. The
station has been in operation since then conducting research in agronomy.
2.4.2
Location
Lifuwu Agriculture Research Station is situated about 8 km from the turn-off of the Salima-Sengabay
Road. It is located at 13°S and 34°E (at the foot of Lifuwu Hill). The research station is located within
the expansive and seasonally-flooded Katete Dambo at an altitude of 500 m above mean sea level.
2.4.3
Climate
The station records a mean annual rainfall of 1,228 mm. Temperatures range from a mean maximum of
29°C between November and December and a mean minimum of 19°C between June and July.
2.4.4
Main Activities
Lifuwu station conducts research activities on rice breeding and agronomy. Occasionally the station
also carries out research work of crops such as legumes, cereals and vegetable crops. Lifuwu
Agriculture Research Station has good storage facilities for the handling of experimental materials and
a vacuum emasculator for the crossing programme. Appendix 2.2 provides a topographical map for
Lifuwu Research Station.
2.5
Chitala Agriculture Research Station
2.5.1
Background Information
Chitala was established in 1929 by the Empire Cotton Growing Company (ECGC) for cotton
experimental work and was later handed over to the Department of Agricultural Research in 1956. Its
mandate was expanded to include research work on other annual crops and livestock mainly the
Malawi Zebu and range management.
2.5.2
Location
Chitala Agriculture Research Station is located at the interface of the escarpment zone and the
lakeshore plain. Chitala station is situated 30km west of Salima Boma at 13° 40' S and 34° 15' E. This
station is at an altitude of 606m above sea level and has a total of 485 ha of land, of which 361 ha
consists of natural pasture and woodland.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
2.5.3
Climate
The station and its adjacent areas records a mean annual rainfall of about 800mm most of which falls
within three months between December/January and March. The mean maximum annual temperature
is 28°C and while the mean minimum annual temperature is 16°C.
2.5.4
Main Activities
Chitala research station concentrates on conducting research on upland crops such as cotton, maize,
sorghum, millet, groundnuts, soya beans, pigeon peas, sweet potato, cassava, cashew nuts, mangoes
and citrus fruits. In addition, the station is also involved in conducting research on seed production of
various crops, and livestock and range management. Most of the activities are carried out in
collaboration with other research stations such as Chitedze. The station has a large storage area for
experimental material handling and adequate land for research work. Appendix 2.3 provides a
topographical map for Chitala Research Station.
2.6
Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station
2.6.1
Background Information
Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station was first established in 1940 and it was aimed at chronicling
factors affecting the growth and production of Tung in this area. The programme of work was, however,
expanded in 1950 to include investigations into improvements of dairy farming and the production of
coffee, fruit and vegetables.
2.6.2
Location
Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station is located 13 km south east of Blantyre on the Limbe-Thyolo
Road. The station is situated at the Southern of the Blantyre escarpment and at an altitude of 1,228m
above sea level (ASL). The latitude is 15o 55’ South and longitude is 35o 04’ East, and is adjacent to the
main Shire Valley.
2.6.3
Climate
The climate of Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station and its surrounding is characteristic of the typical
seasonal rainfall pattern found all over the country. The mean annual rainfall is 1,219 mm most of which
occurs mainly in the months of December to April. Frequent mist and drizzles locally known as
Chiperoni, and occasional frosts occur during the cool months of May to August. Average temperature
ranges from a minimum of 15oC and a maximum of 22oC.
2.6.4 Main Activities
Currently, the Station coordinates research activities on horticulture, soil fertility and plant nutrition, tree
nuts, grain legumes, cereals, plant protection, tissue culture, livestock and technical services. There is a
water retention pond within the research station premises for water supply and irrigation. The pond is
on Chisawani River.
Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station has modern laboratories with facilities for soil and plant
analyses, identification of plant diseases and pests. Additionally the station has glass houses and a
nursery for the propagation of planting materials, farm machinery workshop, seed testing laboratory and
crop storage. It also has facilities for the production of mushroom, a tissue culture laboratory for
research into the cutting of bananas, roots and tubers. The station has adequate land for further
research activities. Appendix 2.4 provides a topographical map for Bvumbwe Research Station.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
2.7
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station
2.7.1
Background Information
The station was established in 1968 as an Irrigation Pilot Project by Shire Valley Agricultural
Development Division. The Pilot Project was later handed over to the Department of Agricultural
Research in 1975 and it has since been responsible for conducting irrigation agronomy research on
field crops, smallholder paddy rice production and fish farming.
2.7.2
Location
Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station is located 10km south of Chikwawa at an altitude of 60m
above sea level. The agriculture research station is situated at 34° 05' E and latitude 16° 00' S in. The
station has a total of 260 ha of land of which 100 ha are designated for rice production and 10 ha for
sorghum and pearl millet research activities. The remaining 150ha is idle land.
2.7.3
Climate
The climate of Kasinthula Agriculture Research Station and its surrounding is characteristic of the
typical seasonal rainfall pattern. Kasinthula records a mean annual rainfall of around 700 mm, most of
which comes within the short period from November/December to February/March. This low rainfall
necessitates the use of irrigation for crop production. Maximum temperatures range from 25°C to 49°C,
while the minimum temperature ranges from 10°C to 20°C.
2.7.4
Main Activities
The station works in collaboration with Shire Valley ADD, which helps in technology adoption by
farmers. The station also works with other NGOs such as CADECOM, Concern Universal, CIAT and
WALA. Concern Universal and CADECOM helps in training farmers. Kasinthula station further carries
out research on sorghum, pearl millet, irrigation and drainage, maize, legumes, cotton, root and tuber
crops, horticulture and oilseeds. The station also has good irrigation facilities, storage room and a small
library, with adequate land for conducting further research. Appendix 2.5 provides a topographical map
for Kasinthula Research Station.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
CHAPTER THREE:
ENVIRONMENT
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
AGRICULTURE AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
3.1
General Situation
Malawi’s economy is predominantly agricultural, with about 85 per cent of the population living in rural
areas. Agriculture accounts for almost 40 per cent of GDP and 85 per cent of export revenue earnings.
Malawi's economic reliance on agricultural commodities renders it vulnerable to external shocks such
as declining terms of trade, international lobbying against other crops such as tobacco, and inability to
produce adequate quantities and quality due to changes in climatic conditions such as drought. The
emergence of climate change will also have disastrous effects on agricultural output which would
impact negatively on the country’s economy. In addition, high transport costs which are estimated to be
over 30 per cent of the total import bill are a serious impediment to economic development and growth.
Malawi imports most of the important products including fuel products and much of the inorganic
fertilisers, making agricultural production expensive, especially for smallholder agriculture. The socioeconomic environment is characterised by high interest rates, moderate inflation rate, high rates of HIV
and AIDS, poor education and health facilities. The economy depends on substantial inflows of
economic assistance from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union and
individual donor nations.
3.2
Agriculture
Malawi has a dual agricultural system, comprising an estate and a smallholder sector. Until recently, the
estate sector has had a monopoly with respect to the production of certain export crops, such as tea
and tobacco. Various shifts in policy including increased price incentives, extension of credit to the
smallholder sector and deregulation of agricultural marketing, have led to a large increase in marketed
output of certain crops, particularly maize and tobacco from the smallholder sector. The total land under
smallholder production is high compared to total land under estate production. For instance in Lilongwe
District total smallholder land is estimated at 429 435 ha against 350 663 farm families while total estate
land is 11,525 ha against 25
estates. The district has a huge
potential of irrigation development
of more than 81, 700 hectares
(Lilongwe District Socio-Economic
Profile, 2011).
Traditionally Malawi has been selfsufficient in its staple food, maize,
mostly grown by smallholder
subsistence farmers. Nearly 90
per cent of the population engages
in subsistence farming. Apart from
maize,
smallholder
farmers
produce a variety of other crops,
beans, rice, cassava, tobacco, Figure 3.1: National production in metric tonnes
sorghum, millet and groundnuts.
The smallholder sector itself is increasingly differentiated, with a growing number of smallholders
including a disproportionate number of female headed households cultivating less than 0.5 hectare and
unable to meet their subsistence needs. Apart from rain-fed production, the MoAFS is also promoting
irrigation. There has been an increase in agricultural production and output for most of the high value
crops in Malawi. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 indicate production estimates for various crops from 2000 to 2011.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Figure 3.2: National production in metric tonnes
3.2.1 Agriculture and the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)
The declining production of the country’s main staple food maize, due to bad weather and low input
uptake among other reasons, led to massive importation of maize for a number of years prior to
2005/06 and especially in 2002 and 2005. The government therefore implemented the Farm Input
Subsidy Programme (FISP) of 140,000 metric tonnes of fertiliser for maize and tobacco in the
2005/2006 season, with a view to increasing agricultural productivity and to improve food security at
both household and national levels. Prior to that, subsidies were minimal especially after the
introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programs in the 1980s1.
The FISP was introduced to promote access to inputs, in both maize and tobacco production, to
increase agricultural productivity and food security. Subsidies are targeted at government-selected
beneficiaries using ‘smart’ vouchers to provide access to specific inputs distributed through the public
and private input distribution system. Due to its success, several donors (DFID, Norway and Irish Aid)
joined in programme funding and evaluation in 2006. In the consecutive years, Malawi experienced a
surplus against expected consumption of about 0.4 and 1.3 million metric tonnes of maize, in 2007/08
and 2008/09 respectively.
The first initiative of Starter Packs in the late 1990s was followed by the Targeted Input Program. It is
reported that the recent fertiliser and seed subsidy programs have had impressive effects on national
yields. In the 2005/06 season, the national average maize yield jumped to 1.6 t/ha and in the 2006/07
season to over 2.5 t/ha2. Although statistics are not available for the most recent seasons, productivity
has been high and the program financed by the government has contributed to Malawi’s increased
production, making it self-sufficient in maize.
Although there has been an increase in maize production and productivity, the sector still faces a
number of challenges including low productivity, over-dependence on rain-fed farming, low level of
irrigation development, and low uptake of improved farm inputs. Furthermore, there are high transport
costs, inadequate farmer organizations, insufficient extension services, inadequate markets and market
information, limited access to agricultural credit, inefficient input and output markets and low technology
The World Bank and IMF recommended removal of subsidy programs in the 1980s, during the Structural Adjustment
Programs. However in the mid 1990s the government introduced a starter pack program which was in form of subsidy, on a
small scale and only for two years.
2 Denning et al., 2009
1
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
development and transfer. To attain the sector’s objectives and consolidate its contribution to economic
growth, the sector has embarked on a coordinated approach to the implementation of programmes as
outlined in Agricultural Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp). Focus areas are food security and risk
management, agri-business and market development and sustainable land and water management.
Other key areas include technology generation and dissemination and institutional strengthening and
capacity building (GoM, 2011).
In addition, the methods of cultivation on the small land holdings among smallholder farmers remain
traditional and non-mechanised. Several studies in Malawi have shown a positive relationship between
technology adoption (e.g. fertiliser use) and land sizes among smallholder farmers. There have been
several government efforts promoting the adoption of fertilisers, hybrid varieties and modern methods of
farming and the provision of price incentives through progressive market reforms. However, due to
partly diminishing land holdings the supply response has remained weak. At current market prices for
inputs and outputs, adoption of higher productivity technologies is simply impossible for the poor given
their low purchasing power.
3.2.1 Agriculture and Land Tenure
According to the Land Act, title to land in Malawi, has the following three tenure categories.
(a) Customary land is held, occupied or used under customary laws, but does not include public
land. It constitutes about 65 per cent of land in Malawi. According to the Customary Land
(Development) Act Cap 59:01, “family land” is customary land which is held, occupied or used
by members of the family on the allocation of the head of that family. In principle, family land
is passed on to the members of the family and land disputes are resolved at the family level.
Partitioning of family land may be referred to the Local Lands Board, which will first ascertain
the names of the members of the family entitled to a share of the land and the sizes of each
such share. The Board, which is established in accordance with the provisions of the Local
Land Boards Act Cap 59:02 then effects the partitioning of the land with the agreement of the
members and with due regard to the rules of customary law affecting the land.
According to the different cultural practices in Malawi, land ownership varies depending on
the marriage systems and customs. In the Northern Region for instance, and parts of the
Southern Region such as Nsanje and Chikhwawa people practice a marriage system known
as lobola or patrileneal, where the man pays dowry to the family of the woman as part of the
marriage requirements. Upon paying the dowry, the man shoulders all the responsibility for
the woman and his family. In this case, the woman ceases to own land which she may have
possessed through her maiden family. In the Central Region however, the man becomes part
of the wife’s family (matrilineal), and he moves to stay at the woman’s place where he may
have access to farm land belonging to the wife’s family. However, the land still remains
property to the wife’s family.
Some of the proposed APPSA activities will take place on customary land and people’s rights
to land, especially women and the disadvantaged persons’ rights will be protected by their
customary rights and/or the Local Lands Boards Act. In the event that the program activities
are implemented on customary land, each participating farmer will sign consent of agreement
for their land to be used for APPSA activities. Appendix 3 provides a checklist to be used prior
to using farmers’ field for on-farm demonstrations in order to protect the interests of the
disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
(b)
(c)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Public land constitutes about 21 per cent of the land in Malawi and is occupied, used or
acquired by the Government, and includes any other land which reverts to the Government on
termination, surrender or falling-in of freeholds or leaseholds. It is allocated to a family or
lineage and the family has a right of using the land almost to posterity. Most of the proposed
APPSA activities will utilise some of this land especially in existing research stations. During
the field investigations it was observed that the research stations have adequate land to be
used for APPSA. None of the land being targeted for APPSA activities is encroached by
farmers from the surrounding communities.
Private land is owned, held or occupied under a freehold title, or leasehold title, or a
certificate of claim or which is registered as private land under the Land Act. It constitutes
about 14 per cent of the land area in Malawi. No APPSA activities will take place on this type
of land.
3.2.2 Agriculture and Forest Resources
According to the Malawi National Land Policy 2002, there are growing conflicts between agriculture and
other land uses as both human and animal populations increase. The decline in soil fertility due to
overuse or improper agricultural techniques has encouraged encroachment in forestlands, conservation
areas, watersheds and wildlife and National Parks. In 2000, 28 per cent of the total land area was
estimated by the Department of Forestry to be actual forests, of which 21 per cent was under forest
reserves, National Parks and wildlife reserves; and 7 per cent under customary land. In 2004, forestry
resources were estimated at 26 per cent of the country’s total land area. The rate of deforestation is
estimated to be at 2.8 per cent per annum and is one of the highest in the Sub-Saharan region. About
52,000 hectares of forest is cleared every year.
The need for more land for cultivation pushes farmers into marginal areas. The level of environmental
damage from bush fires, poor farming practices and overgrazing, calls for among other things, better
and more efficient farming practices such as agro-forestry. The proposed APPSA activities aim at
improving the smallholder farming practices and productivity, thereby ensuring improved crop
production per unit area of land through improved technology. These efforts will contribute to the
reduction of exploitation of marginal and forest areas.
Different services such as extension are also offered to farmers and frontline extension staff to facilitate
adoption of agro-forestry technologies. These services are complemented by training materials in the
form of booklets, manuals, posters, leaflets and training kits. The extension materials are produced in
English and Chichewa depending on the targeted audience (extension staff or farmers). The proposed
APPSA activities will support these already existing initiatives by the Government, through developing
improved technologies through research and dissemination programs.
3.2.3 Agriculture and Gender
Women comprise 70 per cent of full-time farmers. Major shifts in the agricultural economy during the
1980s had considerable impact on the smallholder sector, previously neglected in favour of estate
production of export crops. However, an increasing proportion of smallholders, including a high
proportion of Female-Headed Households (FHHs), are functionally landless. The formal sector offers
limited employment opportunities, especially for women, and is shrinking under fiscal pressures and
liberalisation while the informal sector is correspondingly gaining in importance.
A number of micro-level studies have been undertaken on gender divisions of labour and, more
specifically, on women’s allocation of time between different activities in rural areas in Malawi. It has
been found that a substantial amount of agricultural labour, within the subsistence smallholder sector, is
generally under control of women. According to the Demographic and Health Survey of 2004, seven in
ten or 70 per cent of the women in the country work in agriculture. However, this number has been
decreasing during the past five years.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
According to the Demographic and Health Survey of 2010, 5 to 6 of every 10, or 50 – 60 per cent of the
women in the country are engaged in agriculture. This is partly because most women have moved to
sales and services industry. The number of men in agriculture has also decreased as only 4 to 5 of
every 10 are engaged in agriculture although there is a slight increase in men aged between 15 - 19
years that are engaged in agriculture. Nonetheless, the number of women in agriculture is still high
compared to men. At institutional level, the participation of women in decision-making in the agriculture
sector is also limited as the process is dominated by men. Most organizations are headed by males, for
example by August 2011 there were 42 males against 10 females in decision-making positions in the
MAFS and Bunda College of Agriculture had 31 males against 5 females (GOM, 2012).
Men’s labour input into subsistence production was more seasonal than that of women however, being
mainly concentrated in the post-harvest period (FAO, 2011). Thus, men make greater inputs into
tobacco production than food production. Other potential cash crops such as groundnuts may be
considered ‘women’s’ crops and thus their cultivation and marketing may be more under the control of
female farmers. Table 3.1 shows gender distribution in the agricultural occupation and Table 3.2 shows
the level of women participation in other selected sectors.
Table 3.1
FEMALE
AGE
CATEGORY
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
PER CENT
DISTRIBUTION IN
AGRICULTURE
2004
77.8
73.7
66.4
67.6
64.7
65.3
75.4
Gender Distribution in the Agricultural Occupation
PER CENT
DISTRIBUTION IN
AGRICULTURE
2010
MALE AGE
CATEGORY
PER CENT
DISTRIBUTION IN
AGRICULTURE
2004
67.9
58.2
52.6
53.6
56.4
57.7
60.0
15-19
62.5
20-24
54.8
25-29
55.1
30-34
48.7
35-39
53.8
40-44
62.6
45-49
62.7
50-54
80.6
Source: Demographic and Health Survey, 2004 & 2010; National Statistical Office
PER CENT
DISTRIBUTION
IN
AGRICULTURE
2010
63.8
47.5
39.2
44.0
47.4
46.4
56.2
Table 3.2
Women Participation in Selected Sectors
CATEGORY
STATISTICS BY YEAR ( per cent)
1991
2000
2006
2009
2012
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school
80.9
92.6
100
100
1990
2000
2006
2009
Ration of young literate women to men (age 15 – 24)
67.6
86.1
99.0
98.3
Women in national parliament
10
Share of women employed in the non agricultural sector
10.5
Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2009 (MDGs, Goal 3)
8
11.8
20.8
12.4
22.22
16.4
According to the Agriculture HIV and AIDS policy (2003-2008), the agriculture sector has strived for
gender empowerment in all aspects of participation to ensure access to and control over production,
assets, information, technologies, land, credit, inputs and resource persons.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
The MoAFS has a task force that vets all programs at concept stage, to ensure that cross cutting issues
such as gender are mainstreamed. The Agriculture Gender Roles and Extension Support Services
(AGRESS) in the Department of Extension Services (DAES) of the MAFS takes the leading role in
gender mainstreaming. DAES is the focal point for the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare.
This collaboration ensures proper coordination and incorporation of gender issues into all development
programs of the MAFS. One of the strategies to ensure enforcement or promotion of the gender policy
for the MAFS is the formation of a parallel structure on gender at all levels of the Ministry. The MAFS
has also developed the Agriculture Sector Gender, HIV and AIDS Strategy which aims at guiding all
stakeholders in the implementation of Gender, HIV and AIDS responsive programs and projects
between 2012 and 2017.
At the workplace gender, HIV and AIDS mainstreaming was also prioritised during the implementation
period where 11 functional workplace committees were instituted and trained on gender, HIV and AIDS
mainstreaming in a number of Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs) and departments. The
committees are facilitating the implementation of gender, HIV and AIDS activities at the workplace
which has lately resulted in improved staff welfare in terms of nutrition, better health of those living with
HIV and reduced stigma and discrimination. In addition, 70 Peer Educators and Counsellors (45 male,
25 female) have been trained on HIV and AIDS. These are facilitating care and support of people living
with HIV (PLHIV) and linking them to HIV and AIDS service providers. This is greatly contributing to
better output of staff to the project. Female staff participation in short to long-term courses under
capacity building is at the level of 38 per cent (508 males and 191 females).
According to the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Welfare, the minimum participation of women
in farmer clubs and committees is estimated at 33 per cent, although most of the forestry committees
have an average of 47 per cent women participation. This level of participation is achieved through
different awareness and leadership training programs organised in coordination with the Malawi Gender
Trainers Team; a team of experts from different public and private sector organizations (Civil Society
Gender Network), that provide capacity building services to all sectors, depending on specific
requirements and needs.
Further to this, the Ministry notes that women participation has improved from the time Malawi changed
her one-party political system to multi-party democracy. It is reported that in 1994, women participation
in politics was at 5.6 per cent; while in 1999, it improved to 8.8 per cent. Currently, women participation
is estimated at 17 per cent although in key decision-making positions such as that for Principal
Secretaries of different Ministries, women participation is now at 22 per cent. Parastatals have 18.9 per
cent women participation in different leadership positions. The Government is striving to ensure that
women participation in all sectors reaches a minimum of 30 per cent, in line with the Millennium
Development Goals (MGDs).
For the APPSA, gender mainstreaming is exceedingly important as it will facilitate equal or optimal
distribution of roles and responsibilities; equal and fair participation of women in technology generation,
dissemination and adoption. AGRESS will, among other strategies, use gender analysis to develop
appropriate gender guidelines for the APPSA. Sensitisation and encouragement of women will be done
to ensure that they confidently participate more in the different agricultural activities. In this regard, the
monitoring indicators in Chapter 6 (Table 6.2) include key indicators for monitoring women
empowerment and participation.
3.2.4 Agriculture and Health, HIV and AIDS
Agriculture being labour demanding, one’s health is crucial in production. Health care is provided at
health centres spread across the districts, district hospitals and central hospitals. Government initiative
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
is supplemented with churches and private sector support. Issues of HIV and AIDS and malnutrition are
the main health challenges facing the agriculture sector.
Recent estimates made by the National AIDS Commission (NAC) indicate that infection rates in women
attending antenatal clinics vary from 10 per cent in rural areas to nearly 30 per cent in urban areas. The
prevalence rate for women is at 13 per cent and 56-58 per cent of people living with HIV are women.
The high infection rate of HIV in women of childbearing age suggests that many children are born
infected with HIV. The HIV infection in people within the 15-49 age group is concentrated in younger
age groups (15-24 years), particularly women. Most of these HIV infected individuals do not yet know
their status (Agriculture HIV and AIDS Policy and Strategy document, 2012). According to the Policy
Document, HIV and AIDS and its related diseases have affected the agriculture activities in several
ways which include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Eroding of agriculture staff at all levels due to HIV and AIDS infection;
Loss of income by employees in commercial agriculture. Income is diverted to support
infected and affected households;
Loss of workers in commercial agriculture which result in reduction of labour;
Shift in crop production from labour-intensive cash crops to low labour demanding crops
mainly food crops only. The infection of HIV and AIDS has left women with more
community work (caring for the sick and orphans and attending funeral services) hence
they no longer have the extra time to devote themselves to farm labour production; and
Loss of physical assets such as land and livestock - these are sold for the households to
earn cash to care for the sick or additional members of the house (orphans).
3.2.5 Agriculture and Pest Management
Due to drawbacks of reliance on pesticides, a crop protection approach (IPM) that is centred on local
farmer needs and is sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use, was prepared
as a separate Pest Management Plan for the ASWAp-SP and this IPM has been updated before being
adopted for APPSA project activities. The requirement for adoption of IPM in farming systems is
emphasized in the World Bank operational policy, WB OP 4.09, which supports safe, effective, and
environmentally sound pest management aspects, such as the use of biological and environmental
friendly control methods.
3.3
Agriculture Research
The APPSA component in the agriculture sector will contribute to the attainment and achievement of
the country’s development agenda particularly in fulfilling its aspirations by strengthening agricultural
research and technology development as spelt out in the MGDS. The government regards research,
science and technology as essential tools for socio-economic development and growth and has
established national institutional structures that support the development of science and technology
such as the National Research Council, Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development
Centre and a fully-fledged Department responsible for science and technology.
The establishment of the three components under APPSA augers well with the recognition by the
government that technology must be generated through a continuous research and development
process; which in turn therefore calls for continuous investment in research, technology development
and transfer of knowledge and expertise. However, currently all scientific and technological
developments in the country are weak, under-exploited and, therefore, poorly support the socioeconomic development of the country. Factors that have led to this status quo include:

Poor coordination of research, science and technology activities;
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)


Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Weak institutional framework; and
Inadequate funding of science and technological initiatives.
The primary long-term goal is to enhance the application of science and technology in national
development in order to achieve the following outputs:




Well coordinated science and technology generation and dissemination;
Effective and efficient operation of the science and technology institutions;
Increased uptake on productivity and enhancement of technologies; and
Prioritised and focused research and development.
Development of infrastructure such as those relating to DARS and DAES as well as the RCoL will
contribute to the achievement of a number of the expected outcomes under the ASWAp program
including among other benefits, increased access to markets, clinics, schools, especially in rural areas
and reduced incidence of water-borne diseases and environmental impacts from poor water usage and
poor sanitation. In order to achieve these outcomes, the government has formulated the following
strategies:







Establishing a National Science and Technology Commission as the apex body to coordinate
all activities relating to research, science and technology;
Strengthening the capacity of research, science and technology institutions;
Generating and disseminating appropriate technology through public-private partnerships;
Developing and commercialising science and technology in areas identified to contribute
significantly to socio-economic development;
Promoting the development and utilization of indigenous technology through the re-introduction
of the “Malawi Award for Scientific and Technological Achievement (MASTA) and the Most
Innovative Technology Stand (MITS)” at the Malawi International Trade Fair;
Establishing research funding mechanisms to promote research by individuals and institutions,
including formulation of legislation for private sector investment in local research, science and
technology development; and
Designing syllabi that achieve a balance of science and technology, arts and humanities in
basic, secondary, higher and technical education levels.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
4.1
Malawi Legislation Relevant to the APPSA
Malawi has a number of policies and legislation to guide environmentally sustainable development in
various sectors of the economy. This chapter discusses the provisions of policies and legislation
relevant to guide the implementation of the APPSA. It also looks at the provisions of the World Bank
policies that will be triggered by the implementation of this programme.
4.1.1 Policy Framework
4.1.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi (1995)
The Constitution of the Republic of Malawi provides the foundation for environmental management in
Malawi. Sections 13 (d) and (e) define the role of the State in environmental management as:
(a) To manage the environment responsibly in order to:
i. Prevent degradation of the environment;
ii. Provide healthy living and working environment for the people of Malawi;
iii. Accord full recognition to the rights of future generations by means of environmental
protection and sustainable development of natural resources; and
iv. Conserve and enhance the biodiversity of Malawi.
(b) To enhance the quality of life in rural communities and to recognize rural standards of living
as a key indicator in the success of Government policies.
The Constitution, under Section 13 (e), gives the State the responsibility to achieve gender equality for
women through: full participation of women in all spheres of Malawian society on the basis of equality
with men; implementation of principles of non-discrimination and such other measures as may be
required; and implementation of policies to address social issues such as domestic violence, security of
the person, lack of maternity benefits, economic exploitation and rights to property.
The implication of this is that Government has the responsibility of ensuring that development
programmes and projects (including those in agriculture) are undertaken in an environmentally and
socially responsible manner, with the ultimate aim of attaining sustainable development and to the
benefit of all including women and future generations.
4.1.1.2 National Environmental Action Plan (1994)
The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), 1994; updated in 2004, provides a framework for
integrating the environment into all socio-economic development activities. The objectives of the NEAP
are to: document and analyse all major environmental issues and measures to alleviate them; promote
sustainable use of natural resources in Malawi; and develop an environmental protection and
management plan. The NEAP identifies: soil erosion, deforestation, water resources degradation and
depletion, threat to fish resources, threat to biodiversity, human habitat degradation, high population
growth, air pollution and climatic change as key environmental issues to be addressed. Most of these
issues are linked to agriculture.
To protect the environment from further degradation; the NEAP outlines actions to be undertaken to
ensure adequate environmental protection. The actions relevant to the APPSA include to:
(a) Discourage cultivation on marginal lands (steep slopes and river banks)
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(b) Promote agro-forestry;
(c) Construct permanent physical conservation structures such as storm water drains, terraces and
bunds;
(d) Promote crop rotation;
(e) Promote mixed and intercropping by smallholder farmers;
(f) Improve land productivity through soil conservation techniques and labour saving technologies;
(g) Intensify training of farmers in improved farming practices;
(h) Improve management of forest resources on customary land; and
(i) Promote proper handling and use of agrochemicals.
The APPSA have elements of these actions as strategies to increase agricultural productivity of the
smallholder farmer.
4.1.1.3 National Environmental Policy, 2004
Malawi's National Environmental Policy aims to promote sustainable social and economic development
through sound management of the environment and natural resources. It seeks, among other things, to:
 Secure for all persons now and in future an environment suitable for their health and
wellbeing;
 Promote efficient utilization and management of the country’s natural resources and
encourage, as appropriate, long-term self-sufficiency in food, fuel wood and other energy
requirements;
 Facilitate restoration, maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems and ecological processes
essential for the functioning of the biosphere and prudent use of renewable resources;
 Integrate sustainable environment and natural resources management into the decentralized
governance systems and ensure that the institutional framework for management of the
environment and natural resources supports environmental governance in local government
authorities;
 Enhance public education and awareness of various environmental issues and public
participation in addressing them; and
 Promote local community, NGO and private sector participation in environment and natural
resource management.
The key principles that apply to the proposed APPSA activities are that:
a) Every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment;
b) Every person has a duty to promote sustainable utilisation and management of the environment
and natural resources, including taking legal action against any person whose activities or
omissions have or are likely to have adverse effects on the environment;
c) Women should effectively participate in policy, program and project design and implementation to
enhance their role in natural resource use and management activities;
d) Trade-offs between economic development and environmental degradation can be minimised
through use of EIA and environmental monitoring.
For the proposed APPSA, it is important to recognize the linkage between environment and
development. It is also important to realize that the two are not mutually exclusive but rather
complementary. More important the APPSA programme should integrate gender, children and other
vulnerable groups’ concerns at all levels, to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.
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4.1.1.4 National Land Policy, 2002
The Policy focuses on land as a basic resource common to all people of Malawi. It provides the
institutional framework for democratizing the management of land and outlines the procedures for
protecting land tenure rights, land-based investments and management of development at all levels. It
ultimately seeks to promote optimum utilization of Malawi’s land resources for development. The policy
recognizes agriculture development as the major benefactor of the land use sector and highlights a
number of approaches for addressing problems facing land resources. For the APPSA the policy:



Guarantees full legal protection of the customary land tenure to the people of Malawi, to enable the
ordinary Malawians adequately participate in agricultural activities and other rural livelihoods;
Requires environmental impact assessment for all big land development projects, and those
planned in fragile ecosystems in order to protect biodiversity and water resources; and
Recognises the damaging effects of poor agricultural methods and land use practices including
high smallholder population concentrations, primitive agriculture technologies and soil erosion.
Specifically, Chapter 10 of the National Land Policy deals with inter-sectoral coordination and relations.
It highlights the need for collective responsibility for monitoring of the land resources, forging strong
inter-ministerial commitments to land stewardship, feedback from land sector agencies and their
regulatory processes to inform land use decision-making. The APPSA will not only integrate these
policy requirements but also adopt a multi-sectoral approach in monitoring effects of the programme.
National Water Policy, 2004
This Policy addresses all aspects of water resources including management, development, and service
delivery, conforming to the current global and regional trends and the requirements as reflected under the
Millennium Development Goals. The overall policy goal is sustainable management and utilisation of water
resources to: provide water of acceptable quality and of sufficient quantities; ensure availability of efficient
and effective water and sanitation services; and enhance the country’s natural ecosystems.
4.1.1.5
One of its objectives is promoting public and private sector participation in water resources
management, development, supply and conservation. Principles that will guide the implementation of
this project include the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Management, protection and conservation of water resources in an integrated manner;
All people to access potable water and sanitation services to reduce diseases;
Water resources to be optimally, equitable and rationally allocated and regulated to ensure
sustainable optimal economic returns and social enhancement;
Pollution of water resources to follow the “Polluter Pays” principle to ensure water user
responsibility.
4.1.1.6 Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (2006-2011; 2011 - 2016)
The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MDGS I and II)) is designed to attain the nation’s vision
2020. The MDGS builds on the Malawi Economic and Growth Strategy (MEGS) that emphasises the
need to create a conducive environment for private sector investment to stimulate economic growth. It
also incorporates lessons from implementation of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy (MPRS).
The main aim of the MDGS is to create wealth through sustainable economic growth and infrastructure
development, as a means of achieving poverty reduction. The MDGS has identified six priority areas
one of which is agriculture and food security. The strategies relevant to the APPSA are as follows:

Agriculture and Food Security: Key strategies include strengthening linkages of farmers to
markets, provision of effective extension services, increased livestock production, orienting
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smallholders to greater commercialisation and international competitiveness and improving
agricultural productivity.
The MDGS recognises the need to invest in social development through education, health, good
governance, gender mainstreaming in national development; and to protect the most vulnerable.
4.1.2 Legal Framework
4.1.2.1 Environment Management Act, 1996
The Environment Management Act provides the legal basis for the protection and management of the
environment and the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural resources including land
and water resources to which agriculture is tied.
The Act, under Section 24, specifies the types and sizes of activities that require an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) before they can be implemented in Malawi. A prescribed list of projects to
which (EIA) applies is provided in the Guidelines for EIA, 1997.
The Act further outlines the EIA process to be followed in Malawi, and requires that all project
developers in both the public and private sectors comply with the process. The Act under section 26 (3)
further requires that no licensing authority issues any license for a project for which an EIA is required,
unless the Director of Environmental Affairs (DEA) has given consent to proceed.
Based on this ESIA, APPSA will be in compliance with the 1996 Environment Management Act.
4.1.2.2 Land Act (1965)
The Land Act (Cap 57.01) is the principle legal framework in land administration and management. It
recognises land use and tenure as being critical in sustainable environmental management in Malawi
and deals with these issues quite comprehensively. Section 31 provides rules for good husbandry and
gives powers to the minister to regulate, manage or control how land is used to ensure sustainable use
of land and land-based resources are used sustainably. These include:
 The method of cultivation and growing of crops;
 The maintenance of proper drainage of the land;
 The preservation and protection of the source, course and banks of rivers; and
 The good management and conservation of soil, water, woodland pasture and other land
based resources.
For APPSA, this implies that the technologies that are going to be introduced should be those that will
promote good soil management and conservation. The small holder farmers who will take part in the
programme should also be encouraged not to open gardens within catchment areas and banks of rives
to ensure that the provision of this act on preservation and protection of sources and banks of rivers are
adhered to. It further implies that the APPSA should adopt a multi-sectoral approach in the protection
and conservation of land and land-based resources.
4.1.2.3 Water Resources Act (1969)
This Act provides for the control, conservation, apportionment and use of water resources of Malawi. It
vests ownership of all public water in the president, while the control of all public water is vested in the
minister responsible for water affairs. The Act prohibits any person to divert, dam, store, abstract or use
public water; or for any such purpose, to construct or maintain any works except in accordance with a water
right. The Act further prohibits any person to interfere, alter the flow of or pollute or foul any public water.
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The APPSA should be guided by the provisions of the Act to avoid discharge of agrochemicals into
water courses, by training the farmers in proper use and management of agrochemicals.
4.1.2.4 Pesticides Act (2000)
The Act provides for the control and management of import, export, manufacture, distribution, storage,
disposal and use of pesticides. It provides for the establishment of a Pesticides Control Board which is
responsible for the control and management of all pesticides in Malawi. The Board is also responsible
for: registration, issuing guidelines on the environmentally-sound handling or use of pesticides; and
conducting public educational campaigns on the safe handling and use of pesticides.
Section 34 of the act stipulates that employers should ensure the safety, health and welfare of their
employees by providing them with equipment and clothing that is conducive to the safe handling of the
pesticides. The act also prohibits the disposal of pesticides containers or packaging in a hazardous
manner. This implies that management of the research stations will have to ensure that both their
employees and farmers are provided with protective wear and are trained on how to handle the
pesticides. They will also be required to put in place proper waste disposal systems for the hazardous
wastes that will be generated. These safety standards will also have to be extended to rural
communities by providing them with necessary skills and knowledge in the use of pesticides.
An Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM) has been prepared as a separate document to comply with
the requirements of the Pesticides Act and also the World Bank’s OP 4.09 on Pest Management.
4.1.2.5 Biosafety Act (2002)
The Biosafety Act provides for the safe management of biotechnological activities including issues of
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) licences and permits, containers, packages and identification
of GMOs products, GMOs sales promotion and inspection. Specifically, section 17 of the Act stipulates
that no persons shall engage in the genetic modification of organisms, importation, development,
production, testing, release, use and application of GMOs, and the use of gene therapy in animals
including human beings unless they are authorised by the Minister responsible for environmental
affairs. Such activities may be for scientific research or experimental purpose, or for emergency supply
of food for human beings.
This implies that the technologies for the improvement of crop production that will be introduced under
this programme will have to be vetted by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Affairs. The
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security will have to liaise with the Ministry responsible for environment
and climate change affairs at all stages of APPSA. This will ensure that the activities of APPSA
especially within research stations are in line with the provisions of the Biosafety Act.
The APPSA is undertaking an environmental and social impact management of the program to ensure
that adverse impacts from the program are avoided, minimized and mitigated. It is targeting improved
access to agricultural inputs and technologies on existing smallholder farm land and therefore this
implies that the programme must also be aligned to other areas of focus which should include:
Agricultural Policies

3
Agricultural Research Master Plan, 2006
The Agricultural Research Master Plan (ARMP) is the overall guideline document for
agricultural research as it sets3 out the basic approaches to research, focusing on commodity
First published in 1988, reviewed in 1995 and 2006, and expired last year in 2011.
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team and group approach. It also outlines the research and commodity priorities, which
facilitates allocation of resources to different commodity groups, teams and research areas in
line with the requirements of demand driven and market oriented research agenda. The Master
plan is currently being reviewed with funding from ASWAp in order to bring it in line with current
national priorities and approaches to problem solving through research. The new Master Plan
will not only emphasize the need for research to respond to demand and the market, but
include research on strategic issues - the identification of new technologies in response to new
environmental developments or production potential which the farmer may not be aware of and
be able to demand on his own. The Plan, once reviewed will play an important role during
APPSA implementation.

The Seed Act, 1996
The Seed Act empowers the DARS to undertake seed certification services in Malawi. This is
the Act that enables the regulation of the quality of seed varieties, and the imports and exports
of seed varieties into and out of the country. APPSA activities will benefit a lot from the
provision of the Seed Act, particularly in technology generation and dissemination.

Pesticides Act, 2000
The Pesticides Act (2000) allowed the Ministry of Agriculture to form the Pesticide Control
Board (PCB), an independent institution responsible for regulating pesticide importation,
manufacturing, distribution and utilization in Malawi. The PCB will be instrumental during
APPSA implementation, monitoring and evaluation especially on the use and disposal of
pesticides. APPSA implementers particularly Research Stations should ensure that all the
activities involving use of pesticides are in line with the provisions of the Act.

The Fertilizer, Plant Protection and Plant Breeders’ Rights Bills
The Plant Breeders’ Rights Bill seeks to provide legal protection for crop varieties developed
and traded in the country. This is the bill that seeks to provide copyright protection to varieties
developed by the Malawian plant breeder and enable the earning of royalties from the
developed varieties. The Plant Protection Bill is a review of the Malawi Plant Protection Act
(1969) and seeks to align the plant protection system with international instruments Malawi has
signed since 1969. Both the Plant Breeders Rights and Plant Protection Bills are important
instruments for APPSA’s implementation and Malawi’s participation in the SADC Seed
Harmonization Program. The Fertilizer Bill seeks to replace an earlier act that was repealed to
in order to lift restrictions on fertilizer trade in Malawi.
The above stated documents are instrumental to the successful implementation of APPSA
hence all implementing partners should critically ensure that the provisions of the legislations
are not violated.

Departmental Procedural Guidelines
The Departmental Procedural Guidelines is a new initiative which seeks to improve the
operational efficiency of the institution through application of standard guidelines in all
operations of the department. The major guiding principle of the Guidelines is that procedures
must facilitate the attainment of the department’s goal and objectives as efficiently and
effectively as possible. These guidelines will strengthen the implementation of APPSA thereby
making it successful and sustainable. All Research Stations will be required to understand their
roles and responsibilities based on the guidelines.
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
Food Security Policy, 2006
The Food Security Policy was developed with a long term goal of significantly improving the
food security of the Malawi population. The policy incorporates cross-cutting issues, which
include HIV and AIDS, environment, gender equity and empowerment, and science and
technology. The need for this policy in APPSA implementation hinges on components 1 and 2,
which aim at improving productivity through technology generation, dissemination and
adoption.

Contract Farming Strategy, 2007
The strategy seeks to achieve economic growth and development in the agriculture sector.
Firstly, it seeks to cushion farmers’ weaknesses in the production, processing and marketing of
various agricultural commodities. Secondly, this strategy aims at enhancing forward and
backward market linkages as advocated in the country’s referral policy framework, the MGDS.
Lastly the strategy provides the need for the interested parties to transfer new technologies to
the farmers and hence enable them access lucrative markets with minimal risks.
The proposed APPSA will benefit quite a lot from this strategy since it will promote increased
technology transfer of new innovations developed from the proposed regional research centres.

Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, 2000
The MAFS developed this Policy in the year 2000, to mainly aim at accommodating different
changes such as market liberalization and de-linking of agricultural credit from extension
services. The policy focuses on challenges such as dwindling landholding sizes, declining soil
fertility and HIV and AIDS crisis. The strategies outlined in this policy will play an important role
in ensuring the success of the programme through the Agricultural Extension department as
one of the key departments within the MoAFS.

National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, 2000
The Strategy was a first attempt at documenting policies on land use and management. It was
developed under the International Scheme for Conservation and Rehabilitation of African Lands
(ISCRAL) to which Malawi is a signatory. It is consistent with recommendations made in the
NEAP. The policy addresses issues such as land capability, degradation, suitability, tenure,
conservation; soil erosion; water course systems and sustainable land use. Its overall policy
goal is to promote the efficient, diversified and sustainable use of land based resources both for
agriculture and other uses in order to avoid sectoral land use conflicts and ensure sustainable
socio-economic development. This is important for implementation of the APPSA to ensure that
the envisaged increase in agricultural productivity promotes land resources conservation in line
with the strategy.

Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan, 1995
The Agriculture Research Master Plan’s main purpose is to provide an appropriate framework
or strategy to make future research work more effective in achieving the national goal of
increasing agricultural production. It reflects the opinion of the Malawi scientists, the MAFS and
members of the Agricultural Research Council. This will ensure that research findings are
tailored towards different programmes within the MAFS in order to develop appropriate
technologies.

Seed Policy, 2003
This Policy was developed with the overall objective of increasing agricultural production and
diversification. It focuses on establishing, through appropriate policies and programmes, an
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
environment conducive to the development of a sustainable seed industry to support the
agricultural sector’s activities. Strategies outlined in this policy are of paramount importance
especially in APPSA’s implementation. These include:



Establishing smallholder seed enterprises to assist to develop the traditional seed sector
and organized seed production;
Encouraging extension programmes at village level and assisting seed production
schemes that produce quality seeds; and
Encouragement of inclusion of seed technology topics in the curricula of the University of
Malawi and the Natural Resources College to improve knowledge and skills of trainees.
4.2
Relevant World Bank Policies
All APPSA activities will also have to conform to existing World Bank Safeguard Policies in order that
the programme in Malawi is socially and environmentally acceptable as well as being sustainable.
These policies include the Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), and the
Pest Management (OP 4.09):
4.2.1 Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy 4.01)
The World Bank’s environmental assessment operational policy requires that all projects proposed for
Bank financing are screened for potential environmental and social impacts. The policy is triggered if a
project is likely to have adverse environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of influence.
According to OP 4.01 the Bank classifies projects into one of four categories, depending on the type,
location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental
impacts:
Category A:
A proposed project is classified as Category “A” if it is likely to have significant adverse
environmental and social impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts
may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. Environmental
Assessment (EA) for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive
environmental and social impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including
the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize,
mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental and social performance.
For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a safeguards document,
normally either a Framework (ESMF) whenever there is still an unclear definition of the project
intervention footprint; or when such a footprint of project intervention zone is made known, an
ESIA (or a suitably comprehensive or sectoral EA) that includes as necessary, other elements
such as environmental audits or hazard or risk assessments
Category B:
A proposed project is classified as Category “B” if it’s potential adverse environmental impacts on
human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands; forests, grasslands,
and other natural habitats—are less adverse than those of Category “A” projects. These impacts
are site-specific and easy to deal with; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most appropriate
cases, mitigatory measures can be readily designed. The scope of EIA for a category “B” project
may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of a category “A” EIA. Like Category A
EIA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts
and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for
adverse impacts and improve environmental and social performance.
Category C:
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A proposed project is classified as Category “C” if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse
environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EIA action is required for a Category “C”
project.
Category FI:
A proposed project is classified as Category “FI” if it involves investment of Bank funds through a
financial intermediary, in sub-projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts."
4.2.2 Natural Habitats (Operational Policy 4.04)
This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique
biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term
sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of
natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The
Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource
management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. Natural habitats are
land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural
habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include
areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native
species.
4.2.3 Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09)
The procurement of any pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the
nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users.
With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the
World Health Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to
Classification (Geneva: WHO 1994-95). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides
in Bank-financed projects:
(a)
They must have negligible adverse human health effects;
(b)
They must be shown to be effective against the target species;
(c)
They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment where the
methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed at minimizing damage to
natural enemies; and
(d)
Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.
At a minimum, pesticide production, use and management should comply with FAO’s Guidelines for
Packaging and Storage of Pesticides, Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides, and
Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide Containers on the Farm. The Bank does not finance
formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the
country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be
accessible to lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store,
and apply these products properly.
For the APPSA, a stand-alone Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) which was prepared for
ASWAp-SP has been updated to adapt and be adopted to guide project implementation with respect to
pesticides. The IPMP will be used in tandem with this ESIA.
Policies triggered by the APPSA are indicated in Table 4.1 and a brief description of the World Bank
Policies is given in Appendix 4
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Table 4.1: Summary of Safeguard Policies Triggered by the APPSA
Safeguard Policy
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Cultural Property (OP 4.11)
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)
Forests (OP/BP 4.36)
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Yes
[X]
[X]
[X]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
No
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[X]
[X]
[X]
[X]
[X]
[X]
[X]
32
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.1
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL
IMPACTS FOR THE PROJECT
Project Activities and the Impacted Environmental Components
The project activities to be implemented under the APPSA have been grouped into three components
as follows:



Component 1 for Technology Generation and Dissemination;
Component 2 for Center of Leadership Strengthening; and
Component 3 for Project Coordination and Facilitation.
Activities for these three APPSA project components will impact on the different environmental and
social components in different ways.
5.2
Determination of Potential Impacts
Potential environmental and social impacts for the APPSA were identified, considering the
environmental and social components that are likely to be affected by the APPSA activities. The
impacts were collectively identified through contributions and participation of the staff at agricultural
research stations, at various MoAFS and other key stakeholders, including the farmers.
The matrix given in Table 5.1 was used to confirm the impacts identified through the public
consultations. The “X” against the respective activities in the matrix denotes a positive or negative
impact. Determination of the impacts was done by the consultant and consultations with stakeholders
during the field investigations especially those at existing research stations and various government
ministries to be affected by the proposed program activities. Professional judgment and experience of
the consultant also played a major role in the identification of the impacts.
5.3
Determination of Mitigation Measures
Determination of mitigation measures was done by examining the environmental and social impacts
and identifying mechanisms to avoid and/or reduce the damage, the activities would cause on the
environment. Mitigation measures included prevention and control measures to fully or partially reduce
the impact or risk of the impact and remediation measures to repair or restore the environment after any
damage is done.
Significant potential impacts were predicted according to the project components. Mitigation measures
for the predicted impacts were developed through stakeholder involvement and professional judgment.
These mitigation measures were also determined and discussed with all the key stakeholders during
the consultations and field investigations.
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Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Groundwater resources
Groundwater quality
Air quality
Rural livelihoods
Future land use options
Local economy
National economy
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gender
Surface water quality
X
Aesthetic and amenity
values
Surface water resources
X
Fauna
Soils
X
Flora
Land Resources
PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES
COMPONENT 1: Technology Generation and
Dissemination
Breeding for resistance to pests and diseases of
economic importance
Breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses, e.g.
drought
Integrated Pest and Disease Control
Strengthening of seed production, supply and
delivery systems
Quality control of agricultural produce through
GMO detection and mycotoxin analysis
Germplasm collection, characterization and
conservation for future research
Soil fertility improvement and other soil and water
management options
Post harvest processing, marketing and value
addition
Development of labour saving technologies
Capacity building
SOCIAL
Ecosystems
ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL
COMPONENTS
Table 5.1: Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental Components
ENVIRONMENTAL
HIV and AIDS
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
34
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Aesthetic and amenity
values
Future land use options
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gender
X
HIV and AIDS
X
Rural livelihoods
Air quality
Fauna
Flora
Groundwater quality
Groundwater resources
Surface water quality
Surface water resources
Soils
SOCIAL
National economy
X
Land Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL
Local economy
PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES
Promotion of the Lead farmer approach that
promotes farmer to farmer extension to bridge the
gaps on interface between the extension service
providers and the farmers.
Promotion of participatory approaches in
research, extension and advisory services in the
interest of empowering the communities for
ownership and sustainability.
Mounting on farm demonstrations as one of the
innovation platforms for technology adoption
along the value chain
Organizing National and Regional Scientific
conferences for public, private, Civil Society
Organizations and Universities to share
information and best practices on topical issues
affecting technology generation and
dissemination
Organising field days by farmers, researchers,
universities, Civil Society organizations and
private sector to showcase some of the
successful innovations.
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Ecosystems
ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL
COMPONENTS
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
X
X
X
X
35
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Aesthetic and amenity
values
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gender
HIV and AIDS
Future land use options
X
Rural livelihoods
Air quality
Fauna
Flora
Groundwater quality
Groundwater resources
Surface water quality
Surface water resources
Soils
SOCIAL
National economy
X
Land Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL
Local economy
PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES
Strengthening Research and Extension in the
promotion of maize production through Farmer
field schools to tap on the farmers’ indigenous
knowledge in technology generation and
dissemination
Opening Farmer Business Schools to instil a
culture among farmers of taking farming as a
business
Publications or print media (newsletters, bulletins,
calendars, posters, fliers, extension circulars,
leaflets)
Production of training materials for extension
workers and Lead farmers
Exchange visits for farmers and staff (National
and International) tours
Displays to popularize the value addition
technologies in promoting the cottage industry
Campaigns using mobile vans, village meetings
Documenting and exchanging maize based
technology information through website
Organizing farmers into radio listening clubs and
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Ecosystems
ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL
COMPONENTS
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
36
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Aesthetic and amenity
values
Future land use options
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gender
X
Rural livelihoods
Air quality
Fauna
Flora
Groundwater quality
Groundwater resources
Surface water quality
Surface water resources
Soils
X
HIV and AIDS
X
X
SOCIAL
National economy
X
Land Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL
Local economy
PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES
linking them to the national, private and
community radio stations to promote the culture
of information sharing through radio
Promoting gender, HIV and AIDs responsive
programming for technology dissemination
COMPONENT 2: Center of Leadership
Strengthening
Capacity building for Regional Centres of
Leadership including infrastructure and
equipment investments
Capacity building and training for staff
Knowledge sharing and staff exchange
COMPONENT 3: Project Coordination and
Facilitation
Establishment of coordination units or teams
within existing structures in implementing
agencies
Planning and implementation of research and
training activities
Dissemination of information among the Program
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Ecosystems
ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL
COMPONENTS
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
37
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Gender
X
Aesthetic and amenity
values
X
HIV and AIDS
National economy
X
Future land use options
Rural livelihoods
Air quality
Fauna
SOCIAL
Flora
Groundwater quality
Groundwater resources
Surface water quality
Surface water resources
Soils
Land Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL
Local economy
PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES
countries
Allocation of resources to CCARDESA based on
an agreed upon work plan established during the
preparation process
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Ecosystems
ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL
COMPONENTS
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
X
38
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Table 5.2: Environmental Impacts
No. Impact
Source
and Enhancement/Mitigation
Description of Impact
Measure
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
1 Improved soil and water APPSA
will
promote  Conduct field
management
generation of efficient and
demonstrations on new
effective
conservation
technologies
agricultural practices and  Training farmers on proper
agroforestry technologies for
implementation of the maize
maize based farming systems
based technologies
in Malawi.
2 Improved soil fertility and APPSA program will focus on  Train farmers on
structure due to nitrogen maize-based
farming
appropriate application of
fixation
technologies
such
as
selective inter cropping to
conservation farming and
enhance nitrogen fixation
agroforestry that will enhance  Conduct awareness on the
soil fertility and structure by
importance of selective
making use of nitrogen-fixing
intercropping
trees – crop interactions.
3 Development of climate The research activities under  Promote research activities
resistant crop varieties
APPSA
will
promote
aimed at generating climate
development of drought
resistant crop varieties.
resistant crop varieties.
Negative Impacts
1 Degradation of surface and Excessive fertilizer and  Train workers and farmers
ground water quality
pesticide application may
on proper use of
result in accumulation of
agrochemicals
persistent pesticides in the
soil and the environment
(including, possibly, nearby
natural habitats, such as
forests and wetlands) and
may
continuously
and
cumulatively affect near-by
surface and ground water
quality and ultimately human
health.
2 Degradation of air quality Excessive
pesticide  Proper use and disposal of
from herbicide sprays
application may result in
chemical sprays
contamination and pollution
of the air and the
environment and ultimately
human health.
3 Contamination of soils by Increased agricultural use of  Promote the use of bio
agro-chemicals
chemicals such as herbicides
degradable chemicals,
and insecticides will have a
physical and biological
negative impact on the soils
control methods
and subsequently on the
quality of surface and ground
water resources, as well as
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
39
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
4 Loss of soil organisms and
non targeted insects due to
effects of pesticides and
chemicals
1
2
3
4
5
nearby natural habitats.
Increase in use of pesticides
could
eliminate
natural
predators of crop pests and
destroy soil organisms.
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Pre-test thoroughly all new
technologies for pests
control
to
minimise
disturbance on natural
predators
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Negative Impacts
Soil erosion
Land
clearing
during  Backfilling and compacting
construction
and
excavated areas
rehabilitation of infrastructure
immediately after excavation
at the regional centre of
to limit exposure of loose
leadership will loosen the
soils;
soils and expose them to  Planting grass and trees on
erosion agents such as water
excavated bare land during
and wind.
the first rainy season after
construction. Plantings
should be compatible /
consistent with nearby
natural habitats.
Solid waste generation from Rehabilitation
work
for  The contractor in
rehabilitation of existing housing structures, sanitary
coordination with research
infrastructures
facilities and offices at the
APPSA should make
research stations will result in
arrangements for proper
generation of rubble and
disposal of all rubble and
waste on the site.
solid wastes from the site.
Air Pollution
During construction and  Regular servicing of plant
rehabilitation works, air
and vehicles; and
pollution from construction  Spraying water to suppress
plant exhausts and dust from
dust on work areas.
earthworks is likely to occur
around the proposed project.
Noise and Vibrations
Movement
of
heavy  Using appropriate and well
construction machinery and
maintained noise mufflers
vehicles to and from the
on vehicles and machinery;
project sites will cause noise  limiting and restricting hours
and vibrations in the area.
of construction to normal
Loud noise is harmful to
working hours and
humans and animals and
scheduling noisy tasks for
may
cause
hearing
periods of low occupancy on
impairment.
the project surroundings;
 ensuring that vehicles and
equipment are regularly
maintained;
 providing protective gear to
workers as needed
Loss
of
indigenous Land preparation, top soil  Vegetation clearing should
vegetation/fauna
stripping and excavation
be limited only to areas
activities will result in loss of
required for construction;
indigenous vegetation and  vulnerable sites (e.g. forests
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
40
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
may impact fauna in the
project areas

reserves, wetlands) which
could lead to short- or longterm damage to the
ecosystem should be
avoided; and
awareness discussions
should be held with the
employees and the
contractor to limit land
clearing to construction
areas only and prohibit
hunting
Table 5.3: Social Impacts
No. Impact Description
1
2
3
4
Source and Description Enhancement/Mitigation
of Impacts
Measure
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
Increase
in
maize APPSA will enhance the  Provide farmers with
productivity
generation,
transfer
and
improved maize based
adoption of effective and
technology
efficient
maize
based  conduct awareness on the
technologies that will result in
advantages of using
increase in maize productivity
maize-based technologies
and yields.
to facilitate quick adoption
 Conduct field
demonstrations on new
maize-based technologies
Increase in production of Proposed maize breeding  Provide and sustain
improved maize and programs under APPSA will
adequate resources for
legume varieties
result in production of improved
generation and
maize varieties for adoption
dissemination of new and
and use by farmers in Malawi
improved technologies
and throughout the Regional  Conduct regular staff
Centre of Leadership
exchange programmes
 Maintain the production of
acceptable maize breeds
by local communities
Increase in farm incomes Development
of
new  Assist farmers in
for farmers using improved technologies will increase
bargaining for better price
technologies
value of farm produce hence
at market
attracting better prices at the  Train farmers on the
market.
appropriate use of maize
based technologies
Increase in performance This will result from staff  Provide regular and
and
sustainability
of training, recruitment of new
continuous training to
research and technical staff,
staff
exchange
enhance staff
support systems
programmes and streamlining
performance.
functions and responsibilities  Conduct regular staff
within the proposed APPSA
exchange programmes
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
41
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
program.
5 Increase in food security Development of efficient and
and nutrition
effective integration of maize
and legume based farming
technologies will result in the
increase in maize production
and yields of these crops at
household level. Increase in
household maize and legume
production will result in
increase
in
national
productivity. This will ensure
provision of adequate food for
most households thereby
achieving food security at
household and national levels.
Food Security is fundamental
in achieving economic growth
and development.
6 Reduced post harvest This will result from use of
losses
improved technologies for
storage of farm produces will
reduce the post harvest losses.
7 Reduced overall labour
8 Creation of employment
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security




Generation of efficient maize
based technologies such as
conservation farming will result
in reduction of overall labour in
agricultural activities.

APPSA capacity building
program
will
result
in
recruitment of new agricultural
experts and managerial staff to
fill
some
vacant
and
established posts in the
participating research stations.

Negative Impacts
1 Risks
of
gender The research activities could
inequalities
potentially marginalize the
participation of women.
2 Health and safety risks Increased agricultural use of
from chemical poisoning
chemicals such as pesticides
will pose a health hazard to
human beings (particularly the
farmers),
animals
and
vulnerable sites (e.g. forests
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report




Promote research activities
in agricultural
diversification
Conduct field
demonstrations on new
maize-based technologies
to improve yields
Advocate for the adoption
and use of improved
storage technologies
Conduct field
demonstrations on new
and sustainable
technologies
Advocate for the adoption
and use of sustainable
agricultural technologies
promoted by APPSA
Train farmers on the
appropriate use of labour
saving technologies
Employ and build capacity
through training of the
required number of
agricultural research
experts to fill the vacant
positions in participating
agricultural research
stations
Gender mainstreaming in
training and exchange
programmes
Provide
protective
equipment to workers
during field trials
Train workers and farmers
on safe use of pesticides,
42
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
reserves, wetlands).
3
1
2
3
4
5
including awareness of
sensitive ecosystems
Risks associated with
 Provide adequate training
weak capacity in dealing
to
plant
protection
with crop protection
department.
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
Improved institutional and Capacity building to staff in  Provide regular and
individual performance
participating
agricultural
continuous training to staff
research programmes will
in participating agricultural
enhance
individual
and
research programmes to
institutional performance and
enhance performance and
ensure sustainability of the
sustainability of the
research and technical support
research and technical
systems.
support systems
 Conduct regular staff
exchange programmes
Improved infrastructure in The existing infrastructure in  Conduct regular
the existing agricultural the
existing
agricultural
maintenance of
research stations
research stations will be
infrastructure in
improved and up-graded under
participating agricultural
the centre of leadership
research stations
strengthening.
Improved information flow Proposed targeted training and  Conduct regular staff
staff exchanges within the
exchange programmes
context of technology transfer  Maintain regular contacts
sub-projects will likely improve
and information sharing
information flow within the
between and among staff
regional centre of leadership
within the participating
establishment.
agricultural research
stations in Southern Africa
Improved
agricultural Increased
individual
and  Provide regular and
extension services
institutional
capacity
will
continuous training to staff
enhance the delivery of
in participating agricultural
agricultural extension services
research stations to
within the regional centre of
enhance delivery of
leadership.
adequate agricultural
extension services
 Conduct regular staff
exchange programmes
Improved
local
and Increased
agricultural  Advocate for the adoption
national economy
productivity is a precondition
and use of efficient and
for growth and development in
effective maize based
Malawi. APPSA program
technology
through technology generation  Train farmers on the
and dissemination will enhance
appropriate use of maize
maize productivity and yields
based technologies
with surplus production, for sell
either to ADMARC or private
traders to increase their
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
43
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
economic
base
thereby
contributing
to
the
improvement of the local and
national economy.
6 Improved socioeconomic Staff exchange programmes 
relationships
will
enhance
the
socioeconomic relationships 
between and among technical
and managerial staff and
farmers within the regional
centre of leadership.
7 Improved awareness of APPSA intensive awareness 
gender and HIV and AIDS campaigns for the farmers will
issues
mainstream
gender
and
HIV/AIDS issues and result in
improved
awareness
of
farmers on gender and 
HIV/AIDS. Currently, Lifuwu
Agricultural research station
has already put in place
interventions
targeted
at
reducing the impact of HIV and
AIDS. It is expected that other
participating research stations
will also put in place
interventions targeting the
reduction of HIV and AIDS
prevalence in the project area.
8 Creation of employment
APPSA capacity building 
program
will
result
in
recruitment of new technical
and agricultural experts and
managerial staff to fill some
vacant and established posts in
the participating research
stations
and
APPSA
secretariat.
9 Improved content and Improved agricultural extension 
accessibility of technology services will improve the
messages
delivery
of
agricultural
technology
dissemination
within the regional centre of
leadership.

Negative Impact
1 Increased work load for Scaling up of the existing 
already
insufficient agricultural research stations
extension staff
into regional centres of
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Conduct regular staff
exchange programmes
Maintain regular contacts
and information sharing by
staff and surrounding
farmers in the participating
agricultural research
stations in Southern Africa
Advocate to farmers for
adoption and use of
appropriate, well tested and
approved new maize
varieties
Conduct field
demonstrations on new and
improved maize varieties to
facilitate farmer adoption
and use
Employ and build capacity
through training the
required number of
technical and agricultural
research experts to fill the
vacant positions in
participating agricultural
research stations
Provide regular and
continuous training to staff
in participating agricultural
research stations to
enhance delivery of
adequate agricultural
extension services
Conduct regular staff
exchange programmes
Provide and train adequate
extension staff
44
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
2 Spread of Diseases
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
leadership will likely increase
amount of workload for the
existing
technical
and
managerial staff.
APPSA will result in an influx of 
skilled and unskilled workers,
professionals as well as the
general public in the project
area. Influx of these people
could lead to spreading of
infectious diseases including
HIV and AIDS in the project 
area.
Conducting regular health
awareness campaigns on
HIV and AIDS and STIs
among the work force and
the community in and
around the project area;
and
strengthening the capacity
of health workers in the
project area, to meet the
increasing demand for
health services.
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
Positive Impacts
1 Improved
program The
establishment
of  Provide regular training to
planning, coordination and coordination units or teams
management and staff of
facilitation
within existing structures in
APPSA within participating
implementing agencies to
agricultural research
manage APPSA will improve
stations for effective
program planning, coordination
planning, coordination and
and facilitation at national level.
facilitation of the program
2 Increasing
rates
of Improved agricultural extension  Advocate for the adoption
improved
technology services will improve the
and use of efficient and
transfer and adoption
delivery
of
agricultural
effective maize based
technology
dissemination
technology
within the regional centre of  Conduct field
leadership. This will contribute
demonstrations on new
to the increased rates of
and improved maize
improved technology transfer
varieties to facilitate farmer
and adoption by farmers.
adoption and use
3 Improved
local
and Efficient and effective targeting  Provide regular training to
national economy and of financial, human and
management and staff of
livelihoods
for
the technical resources within
APPSA within participating
communities
existing
structures
in
agricultural research
implementing agencies will
stations for effective
likely
increase
maize
management of the
productivity and yields and in
program
turn help to improve local and
national
economy
and
livelihoods for the communities.
5.4
Evaluation of Impacts
The potential positive and negative impacts were evaluated in line with the methodology used in the
EIA Sector Specific Guidelines for Malawi, in terms of the following attributes:
Magnitude: a measure of the general degree, extensiveness, or scale of impact;
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
45
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Significance: a measure of the importance of a particular impact on the environmental and/or social
component under consideration;
Probability of occurrence: an estimate of the probability of an impact occurring before mitigation is
applied and;
Duration the period of time over which an impact may occur, from once-off to continuous for the life of
the project.
The scoring scale used for evaluation of the impacts is shown in the matrix (Appendix 5.1). The four
rows permit evaluation in terms of the magnitude, significance, probability and duration of the impact.
The columns define the scoring scale. Each impact is assigned a score from 1 to 5 against each of the
four attributes. The scores for each impact are added to give a total score for the four attributes,
indicating the overall severity of the impact. An overall impact score of 25 would represent a highest
impact score while an overall score of 5 represents a lowest impact score. Negative impacts are
assigned a minus sign and positive impacts are given a plus sign in the impact scoring summary table
presented in Appendix 5.2. Also presented in this appendix are the total scores for each impact, which
are pointers for the project developer, to pay particular attention to. Impacts with a total score of more
than 10, in absolute terms, are considered highly positive or negative and hence require special
attention for enhancement or mitigation respectively. The APPSA project implementers will have to pay
particular attention to the impacts with high aggregate scores.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
46
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND
MONITORING PLAN
6.1
Environmental and Social Management Plan
The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to ensure that the identified
environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of the APPSA programme
activities are mitigated, controlled or eliminated throughout the project life. The EMP also provides
opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts. Among other things, the EMP gives details of
the mitigation measures to be implemented for the impacts and the responsible institutions to
implement the mitigation measures. It should be noted that in some cases, a single enhancement
measure will help enhance a number of positive impacts. The same scenario is also applicable to some
mitigation measures, which mitigate a number of negative impacts. Such measures have been referred
to throughout the EMP, and this is also reflected in the estimated cost of implementation.
It is to be appreciated however, that implementation of the EMP may be slightly modified to suit
changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation. The EMP should
therefore be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that the key potential
negative impacts are kept minimal or under control. In this regard, flexibility should be allowed to
optimize the implementation of the EMP for the best results in environmental management.
For the ESIA, the EMP mitigates and/or manages environmental and social impacts that were derived
from the field investigations, public consultations and professional judgment. This EMP will have to be
reviewed and updated from time to time to reflect the conditions at the time of project implementation.
Presented in Tables 6.1 and 6.2 is an EMP, which would easily fit in the implementation of the APPSA
in the different project locations throughout the country. The costs given in the table are only indicative
and actual costs will have to be determined for specific project activities and sites to reflect current
costs at the time of project implementation.
The environmental management and monitoring plan addresses impacts identified as potentially
resulting from APPSA. Therefore major environmental activities such as tree planting, study tours to
neighbouring countries would have to be implemented within the ministry’s programme of activities, in
coordination with the relevant line ministry and the Environmental Affairs Department. From Tables 6.1
and 6.2, the APPSA will allocate some funds for the implementation of the activities as indicated in the
tables. A summary of the cost for implementing the EMP is presented in Table 6.3.
Appendix 6.1 provides a separate Environmental and Social Management Plan for Chitedze Research
Station as a Regional Centre of Leadership.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
47
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Table 6.1
Environmental and Social Management Plan for Positive Impacts
No.
Environmental/Social
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Impacts
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)
 MoAFS
 30,000,000
1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
1 Improved maize productivity
 Provide farmers with improved maize based
technology
 Twice annually
 APPSA
 conduct awareness on the advantages of
using maize-based technologies to facilitate
quick adoption
 Conduct field demonstrations on new maizebased technologies
2 Improved soil and water
management
 As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above
3 Increase in production of
improved maize and
legume varieties
 Provide training to APPSA staff to enhance
and maintain maize and legume breeding
programmes
Twice annually
 APPSA
 Included in item
1 above
Twice annually
 APPSA
 5,000,000
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
 Included in item
1 above
 Training farmers on proper implementation of
the maize based technologies
 MoAFS
 Conduct regular staff exchange programmes
 Maintain the production of acceptable maize
and legume breeds by local communities
4 Improved soil fertility and
structure due to nitrogen
fixation
 Train farmers on appropriate application of
selective inter cropping to enhance nitrogen
fixation
 APPSA
 Conduct awareness on the importance of
selective intercropping
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
48
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)
5 Increase in farm incomes
for farmers using improved
technologies
 Assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at
market
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
 APPSA
 Included in item
1 above
6 Increase in performance
and sustainability of the
research and technical
support systems
 Provide regular and continuous training to
APPSA staff to enhance performance and
sustainability of the research and technical
support systems
 Twice annually
 APPSA
 5,000,000
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
 APPSA
 Included in item
1 above

MoAFS


APPSA
Included in item
1 above

MoAFS


APPSA
Included in item
1 above

MoAFS

3,000,000

APPSA
 As stated in bullet 2 of item 2 above
 As stated in bullet 3 of item 3 above
7 Increase in food security
and nutrition
 Promote research activities in agricultural
diversification
 As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above
8 Reduced post harvest
losses
 Advocate for the adoption and use of
sustainable maize based technologies

Twice Annually
 As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above
9 Reduced overall labour
 As stated in bullet 1 of item 8 above

Twice Annually
 As stated in bullet 3 of item 1 above
 As stated in bullet 2 of item 2 above
10 Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity through training the
required number of agricultural research
experts to fill the vacant positions in
participating agricultural research stations
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Annually
49
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
11 Development of climate
change resistant crop
varieties
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)
 Promote research activities aimed at
generating crop varieties resistant to climate
change


MoAFS

5,000,000

MoAFS


APPSA
Included in item
4 above

MoAFS

15,000,000

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA
Annually
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
1 Improved institutional and
individual capacity
 Provide regular and continuous training to staff
in participating agricultural research
programmes to enhance capacity and
sustainability of the research and technical
support systems

Twice Annually
 Conduct regular staff exchange programmes
2 Improved infrastructure in
the existing agricultural
research stations

3 Improved information flow
Conduct regular maintenance of infrastructure
in participating agricultural research stations


As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above


Maintain regular contacts and information
sharing between and among staff within the
participating agricultural research stations in
Southern Africa
4 Improved agricultural
extension services

As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above

As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above
5 Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity through training the
required number of agricultural research
experts to fill the vacant positions in
participating agricultural research stations
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Annually
Twice a year
Included in item 4
above

Twice a year

APPSA
Included in item 4
above

Annually

MoAFS


APPSA
1,000,000
50
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
6 Improved content and
accessibility of technology
messages
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)

As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above
Twice a year
APPSA

As stated in bullet 2 of item 1 above
Included in item 1
above
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
1 Improved program planning,
coordination and facilitation
 Provide regular training to management and
staff of APPSA within participating agricultural
research stations for effective planning,
coordination and facilitation of the program
 Twice a year
APPSA
5,000,000
2 Increasing rates of
improved technology
transfer and adoption
 Advocate for the adoption and use of efficient
and effective maize based technology
 Twice a year
APPSA
5,000,000
3 Improved local and national
economy and livelihoods for
the communities as a result
of efficient and effective
targeting of financial,
human and technical
resources.
 As stated in bullet 1 of item 1 above
 Twice a year
APPSA
Included in 1 above
 Conduct field demonstrations on new and
improved maize varieties to facilitate farmer
adoption
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
51
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Table 6.2
Item
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Environmental and Social Management Plan for Negative Impacts
Environmental and Social
Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Cost per Year (MK)
1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
 During the planning
phase
 APPSA
 N/A
Train workers and farmers on proper use of
agro-chemicals
 During field trials
 MoAFS
 N/A

Proper use and disposal of chemical sprays
 Quarterly
 APPSA
 N/A
4 Contamination of soils and
water by agro-chemicals

Promote the use of bio degradable chemicals,
physical and biological control methods
 Quarterly
 APPSA
 N/A
5 Health and safety risks from
chemical poisoning
 Provide protective clothing to workers during
field trials
 Quarterly
 APPSA
 1,000,000
6 Loss of soil organisms and
non targeted insects due to
effects of pesticides and
chemicals
 Pre-test thoroughly all technologies for pests
control to minimise disturbance on natural
predators
 Twice yearly
 APPSA
 N/A
7 Risks associated with weak
capacity in dealing with crop
protection
 Provide adequate training to crop protection
department
 Twice yearly
 APPSA
 5,000,000


1 Risks of gender inequalities
 Gender mainstreaming
exchange programmes
2 Degradation of surface and
ground water quality

3
Degradation of air quality
from herbicide sprays
in
training
and
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
1 Increased work load for
already insufficient
extension staff

Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Provide and train adequate extension staff

Twice a year
APPSA
3,000,000
52
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
2 Solid waste generation from
rehabilitation of existing
infrastructures

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
The contractor in coordination with APPSA
should make arrangements for proper disposal
of all rubble and solid wastes from the site.

Weekly

APPSA
Table 6.3
Summary of Management Costs For 1 Year
 Potential Impacts
 Enhancement / Mitigation Measures
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
 Improved maize productivity
 Provide farmers with improved maize based technology
 conduct awareness on the advantages of using maize-based
technologies to facilitate quick adoption
 Conduct field demonstrations on new maize-based
technologies
 Increase in production of improved maize and legume
 Provide training to APPSA staff to enhance and maintain
varieties
maize and legume breeding programmes
 Conduct regular staff exchange programmes
 Maintain the production of acceptable maize and legume
breeds by local communities
 Increase in performance and sustainability of the research
 Provide regular and continuous training to APPSA staff to
and technical support systems
enhance performance and sustainability of the research and
technical support systems
 Conduct regular staff exchange programmes
 Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity through training the required
number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant
positions in participating agricultural research stations
 Development of climate change resistant crop varieties
 Promote research activities aimed at generating crop
varieties resistant to climate change
Negative Impacts
 Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning
 Provide protective clothing to workers during field trials
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report

3,000,000
Costs (MK)
30,000,000
5,000,000
5,000,000
3,000,000
5,000,000
1,000,000
53
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)








Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Potential Impacts
 Enhancement / Mitigation Measures
Risks associated with weak capacity in dealing with crop  Provide adequate training to crop protection department
protection
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research  Conduct regular maintenance of infrastructure in participating
stations
agricultural research stations
Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity through training the required
number of agricultural research experts to fill the vacant
positions in participating agricultural research stations
Negative Impacts
Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff
 Provide and train adequate extension staff
Solid waste generation from rehabilitation of existing  The contractor in coordination with APPSA should make
infrastructures
arrangements for proper disposal of all rubble and solid
wastes from the site, including due attention to nearby natural
habitats.
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
Improved program planning, coordination and facilitation
 Provide regular training to management and staff of APPSA
within participating agricultural research stations for effective
planning, coordination and facilitation of the program
Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and  Advocate for the adoption and use of efficient and effective
adoption
maize based technology
 Conduct field demonstrations on new and improved maize
varieties to facilitate farmer adoption
TOTAL
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Costs (MK)
5,000,000
15,000,000
1,000,000
3,000,000
3,000,000
5,000,000
5,000,000
86,000,000
54
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
6.2
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
6.2.1
Monitoring
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
The environmental and social monitoring plan, presented in Tables 6.4 and 6.5, provides for monitoring
to check implementation of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed in the EMP for the
APPSA program (Tables 6.1 and 6.2). The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring plan is
to ensure that implementation of all activities under APPSA complies with provisions made in the
environmental management plan. The monitoring plan gives monitoring indicators, means of their
verification, frequency of monitoring and the stakeholders responsible for monitoring. The costs for
carrying out the monitoring activities include travel expense and allowances to get to the project site
and to monitor implementation of the EMP. The Management and Monitoring Plans form part of the
APPSA implementation documentation and these should be integrated in the APPSA monitoring and
evaluation framework.
The environmental monitoring plan helps to verify the magnitude, duration and scope of the predicted
impacts during and after implementing the mitigation measures. It also helps to detect any unforeseen
impacts at an early stage so that corrective measures can be taken, before significant damage takes
place on society or the environment. Hence monitoring implementation of the EMP requires dedication
and persistent follow up. It requires coordination with professionals from the various key stakeholders to
verify that all mitigation measures in the EMP are being implemented on time and as recommended.
The proposed APPSA will be implemented nation-wide. Therefore, monitoring will take place at the
district level in the respective areas and the following monitoring arrangements are proposed:
During project planning and implementation, designated members of the APPSA, Ministry of Agriculture
and Food Security, Agricultural Development Divisions, Pesticides Control Board and Environmental
Affairs Department, will be responsible for the monitoring of:
1. inclusion of environmental and social issues in the APPSA implementation plans as
required in the environmental management plan;
2. provisions for capacity building for the ESIA including for all the cross-cutting issues;
3. appropriate sequence and timely implementation of all ESIA activities as they relate to the
program activities;
4. the preparation of proper exit strategies before project phase out; and
5. sustainability of the ESIA and project activities after project phase out.
APPSA Secretariat shall also support the ADDs, District Agricultural Development Offices (DADOs) and
District Executive Committees (DECs) at all stages of the work including monitoring. The DECs will also
take part in all monitoring and evaluation activities.
6.2.2
Monitoring Indicators, Institutions and Costs
Costs for monitoring some of the recommended mitigation measures are not provided in Tables 6.4 and
6.5 as it is assumed that some of this work will be part of normal responsibility of the APPSA and
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS).
However, it is important to appreciate that the capacity of existing institutions may not be sufficient for
the additional demand created by the project. Hence additional resources from the program will be
required to fulfil some specific needs of the program. A summary of the costs for monitoring is
presented in Table 6.6.
A separate monitoring plan for Chitedze Research Station as a Regional Centre of Leadership is
presented in Appendix 6.2.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
55
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Table 6.4
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Positive Impacts
No. Environmental/So Proposed
Monitoring
Means of
cial Impacts
Enhancement
Indicator
Verification
Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
1 Improved maize
productivity
 Provide farmers
with improved
maize based
technology
 conduct
awareness on the
advantages of
using maizebased
technologies to
facilitate quick
adoption
2 Improved soil and
water management
 Percentage
increase in
maize
productivity
 Number
awareness
campaigns
conducted
 Inspection of
crop estimates
records
of
 Conduct field
demonstrations on
new maize-based
technologies
 Number of field
demonstrations
conducted
 Conduct field
demonstrations on
new technologies
on soil and water
Percentage
farmland under
recommendation
soil and water
management
technologies
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
 Twice annually
 APPSA
 Inspection of
records
 inspection of
records
 Activity reports
produced
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
 APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
56
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
3 Increase in
production of
improved maize
varieties
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
 Provide and
sustain adequate
resources for
generation and
dissemination of
new improved
technologies
 Number
of 
farmers
adopting
improved
technologies
Review SemiAnnual Reports
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 Twice annually
 APPSA
Included
in
APPSA budget
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
 Conduct regular
staff exchange
programmes
 Maintain the
production of
acceptable maize
breeds by local
communities
 Number
of
farmers using
improved
varieties
 Inspection
 Number
of
acceptable
maize breeds
adopted by local
communities
4
Improved soil
fertility and
structure due to
nitrogen fixation
 Train farmers in
appropriate
application of
selective inter
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
 Percentage of
farmland under
improved soil
fertility
 Inspection of
records
 APPSA
57
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
cropping to
enhance nitrogen
fixation
 Conduct
awareness on the
importance of
selective
intercropping
5
6
Increase in farm
incomes for farmers
using improved
technologies
Increase in
performance and
sustainability of the
research and
technical support
systems
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Monitoring
Indicator
 Number
awareness
campaigns
Means of
Verification
of
 Assist farmers in
bargaining for
better prices at the
market
 Number
of
farmers getting
better prices at
the market
 Train farmers on
the appropriate
use of maize
based
technologies
 % of farmers
trained in the
appropriate use
of maize based
technologies
 Provide regular
and continuous
training to APPSA
staff to enhance
performance and
sustainability of
 Number of staff
trained
under
APPSA
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 Monitoring
reports
produced
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
 Review training
and exchange
visits records
 Twice annually
 Inspection
records
of
 APPSA
 APPSA
Included
in
APPSA budget
58
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
7 Increase in food
security and
nutrition
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
the research and
technical support
systems
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 Conduct regular
staff
exchange
programmes
 Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
 Promote research
activities in
agricultural
diversification
 Number of
families with
food sufficiency
 Review
monitoring
reports
produced
 Twice annually
 MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
 Advocate for the
adoption and use
of improved
storage
technologies
 Percentage
decrease in post
harvest losses
 Inspection
records
of 
 Conduct field
demonstrations on
new and
 Number of field
demonstrations
conducted
 Inspection
records
of
 APPSA
 Conduct field
demonstrations on
new agricultural
technologies
8 Reduced post
harvest losses
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Twice Annually

MoAFS

APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
59
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
9 Reduced overall
labour
Proposed
Monitoring
Enhancement
Indicator
Measures
sustainable maizebased
technologies
 Advocate for the
adoption and use
of sustainable
agricultural
technologies
 Train farmers on
the appropriate
use of maize
based labour
saving
technologies
10 Creation of
employment
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
 Employ and build
capacity through
training the
required number
of agricultural
research experts
to fill the vacant
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
 Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted
Means of
Verification
of
Target/Goals/Date
 Review
of 
Annual Report
Twice Annually

Annually
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)

MoAFS

APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget

MoAFS

APPSA
 % of farmers
trained in the
appropriate use
of maize based
labour saving
technologies

Number of
agricultural
experts recruited
and trained
Review of
Annual
Turnover and
statistics on
vacancies

From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
60
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
11 Development of
climate change
resistant crop
varieties
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
positions in
participating
agricultural
research stations
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 Promote research
activities aimed at
generating climate
change resistant
crop varieties.




MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget

MoAFS

APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
Number of crop
varieties
resistant to
climate change
shocks
Production
records
Annually
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
1 Improved
institutional and
individual capacity
 Provide regular
and continuous
training to staff in
participating
agricultural
research
programmes to
enhance
performance and
sustainability of
the research and
technical support
systems
 % of APPSA
staff trained
 Conduct regular
 Number
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Review
of 
Training Report
and report on
exchange visits
Twice Annually
of
61
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
staff exchange
programmes
Monitoring
Indicator
2 Improved
infrastructure in the
existing agricultural
research stations

Conduct regular
maintenance of
infrastructure in
participating
agricultural
research stations

3 Improved
information flow

Conduct regular
staff exchange
programmes
4 Improved
agricultural
extension services

Maintain regular
contacts and
information sharing
between and
among staff within
the participating
agricultural
research stations
in Southern Africa

Provide regular
and continuous
training to staff in
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)

Physical
inspection


MoAFS


APPSA
 Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
 Inspection
records
of 

MoAFS

APPSA
 Number
of
farmers satisfied
with extension
 Review
of 
Semi-Annual
Report

APPSA

MoAFS
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
Number of
infrastructure in
good condition
Annually
Twice a year
Twice a year
Included in
APPSA
budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
62
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
5 Improved local and
national economy
6 Improved
socioeconomic
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
participating
agricultural
research stations
to enhance
delivery of
adequate
agricultural
extension services
Monitoring
Indicator

 Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
Conduct regular
staff exchange
programmes
Means of
Verification
Costs
(MK/Year)
APPSA budget
 Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted
 Train farmers on
the appropriate
use of maize
based
technologies
 % of farmers
trained

 Number
of
exchange visits
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Responsibility
for
Implementation
services
 Advocate for the
adoption and use
of efficient and
effective maize
based technology
Conduct regular
staff exchange
Target/Goals/Date
of
 Review
of
advocacy and
training reports
produced
 Twice annually
 Inspection
records
 Twice annually
of
 MoAFS
 APPSA
 MoAFS
 APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
63
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
relationships
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
programmes

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Monitoring
Indicator
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
organised and
conducted
Maintain regular
contacts and
information sharing
by staff and
surrounding
farmers in the
participating
agricultural
research stations
in Southern Africa
7 Improved
Mainstream gender
awareness of
and HIV/AIDS during
gender and HIV and dissemination activities
AIDS issues
Means of
Verification
 Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted
of
budgets and
APPSA budget
 Inspection
records
of 
Twice Annually

MoAFS

APPSA

Ministry of
Gender,
Children and
Social
Services

MoAFS

APPSA

Ministry of
Labour
 Number of field
demonstrations
conducted
8 Creation of
employment
 Employ and build
capacity through
training the
required number
of agricultural
research experts
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Number of
agricultural
experts recruited
and trained
Costs
(MK/Year)

Evaluation of
vacancy levels

Annually
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget

1,000,000
64
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
9 Improved content
and accessibility of
technology
messages
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
to fill the vacant
positions in
participating
agricultural
research stations
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date

Provide regular
and continuous
training to staff in
participating
agricultural
research stations
to enhance
delivery of
adequate
agricultural
extension services
 % of APPSA
staff trained
 Inspection
records
of Twice a year

Conduct regular
staff exchange
programmes
 Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
 Inspection
records
of
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
APPSA
Included in
APPSA budget
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
1 Improved program
planning,
coordination and
facilitation
 Provide regular
training to
management and
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
 % of APPSA
staff trained
 Review
of
training report
 Twice a year
APPSA
Included in
APPSA budget
65
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
2 Increasing rates of
improved
technology transfer
and adoption
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
staff of APPSA
within participating
agricultural
research stations
for effective
planning,
coordination and
facilitation of the
program
Monitoring
Indicator
 Advocate for the
adoption and use
of efficient and
effective maize
based technology
 Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted
 Conduct field
demonstrations on
new and improved
maize varieties to
facilitate farmer
adoption and use
3 Improved local and
national economy
and livelihoods for
the communities as
a result of efficient
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
 Provide regular
training to
management and
staff of APPSA
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
of
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Costs
(MK/Year)
 Review of semiannual reports
 Twice a year
 APPSA
Included in
MoAFS
recurrent
budget and
APPSA budget
 Inspection
records
 Twice a year
 MoAFS
 Number of field
demonstrations
conducted
 % of APPSA
staff trained
of
 APPSA
 MoAFS
Included in
MoAFS
recurrent
budget and
APPSA budget
66
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
No.
Environmental/So
cial Impacts
and effective
targeting of
financial, human
and technical
resources.
Proposed
Enhancement
Measures
within participating
agricultural
research stations
for effective
management of
the program
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Table 6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Negative Impacts
Ite Negative Impacts Proposed Mitigation
Monitoring Indicator Means of
m
Measures
Verification
1 Risks of gender
inequalities
2 Degradation of
surface and ground
water quality
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementation
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility
for
Implementatio
n
Cost per Year
(MK)
 APPSA
1,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
 Gender
 Number
of  Annual reports
 During
the
mainstreaming
in
women
planning phase
training and exchange
benefitting from
research
programmes
programs
 Proper use of
pesticides
and
agrochemicals
 Amount
of
chemicals and
pesticides in use
 Inspection of
water quality
records
 During field trials
 Ministry of
Gender,
Children
and Social
Services
 MoAFS
 APPSA
 EAD
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Costs
(MK/Year)
3,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
67
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
3 Degradation of air
quality from
herbicide sprays
 Proper use and
disposal of chemical
sprays
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
 Methods
of
chemical
use
and
disposal
adopted
and
implemented
 Inspection
records
of
 Quarterly
 EAD
 Ministry of
Water
Developme
nt
and
Irrigation
(MoWDI)
4 Contamination of
soils and water by
agro-chemicals
 Promote the use of
bio
degradable
chemicals,
physical
and biological control
methods
 Methods
for
application of bio
degradable
chemicals,
physical
and
biological control
 Physical
inspection
 Quarterly
5 Health and safety
risks from chemical
poisoning
 Provide protective
clothing to workers
during field trials
 Number
of
protective
clothing provided
 Physical
inspection
 Quarterly
6 Loss of soil
organisms and non
targeted insects
due to effects of
pesticides and
chemicals
 Pretest thoroughly
all new technologies
for pest control to
minimise disturbance
on natural predators
 Number of new
technologies
pretested
 Review
of
Annual Report
 Annually
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
 APPSA
 APPSA
 EAD
 APPSA
 Ministry of
Health
 APPSA
3,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
3,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA )
3,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA )
1,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA)
68
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
1
Increased work
load for already
insufficient
extension staff
2 Waste generation
from rehabilitation
of existing
infrastructures
 Train
adequate
extension staff
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

 The

contractor
in
coordination
with
APPSA 
should make
arrangements
for
proper
disposal of all
rubble and solid
wastes from the
site.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
% of extension staff
 Review of
 Twice a year
training report
trained
Number of facilities
rehabilitated

Site inspection

Site inspection

Weekly

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA

MoAFS
5,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
5,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA)
Areas affected by
dumping
69
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Table 6.6
Summary of Monitoring Costs for 1 Year
Potential Impacts
Enhancement / Mitigation
Monitoring Indicator
Means of Verification
Measures
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
 Creation of employment  Employ and build capacity
 Number of new
 Evaluation of vacancy
through training the required
agricultural experts
levels
number of agricultural research
recruited
experts to fill the vacant
positions in participating
agricultural research stations
Negative Impacts
Risks of gender inequalities
 Gender mainstreaming in  Number of women  Review of percentage
training
and
exchange
benefitting
from
of women incorporated
programmes
research programs
during planning phase
Degradation of surface and
ground water quality

Construct contour bunds, ridges
and plant vertiver grass to trap
silt and enhance ground water
recharge
Proper use and disposal of
chemical sprays


Degradation of air quality
from herbicide sprays

Contamination of soils and
water by agro-chemicals

Promote the use of bio
degradable chemicals, physical
and biological control methods

Health and safety risks from
chemical poisoning
Loss of soil organisms and

Provide protective clothing to
workers during field trials
Pretest thoroughly all new


Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report


Costs (MK)
1,000,000
1,000,000
Contour bunds, ridges
constructed in fields
Vertiver grass planted

Physical inspection
3,000,000
Methods of chemical
use and disposal
adopted
and
implemented
Methods for application
of bio degradable
chemicals,
physical
and biological control
Number of protective
clothing provided
Number
of
new

Inspection of records
3,000,000

Physical inspection
3,000,000

Physical inspection
3,000,000

Review
1,000,000
of
Annual
70
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Potential Impacts
Enhancement / Mitigation
Monitoring Indicator
Means of Verification
Measures
non targeted insects due to
technologies for pest control to
technologies pretested
Report
effects of pesticides and
minimise disturbance on natural
chemicals
predators
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
Creation of employment
 Employ and build capacity
 Number of new
 Evaluation of vacancy
through training the required
agricultural experts
levels
number of agricultural research
recruited
experts to fill the vacant
positions in participating
agricultural research stations
Negative Impacts
Increased work load for
 Train adequate extension staff
 % of extension staff
 Review of training
already insufficient extension
report
trained
staff
Waste generation from
rehabilitation of existing
infrastructures

The contractor in coordination
with APPSA should make
arrangements for proper
disposal of all rubble and solid
wastes from the site.
TOTAL
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report


Number of facilities
rehabilitated
Areas affected by
dumping


Site inspection
Site inspection
Costs (MK)
1,000,000
5,000,000
5,000,000
26,000,000
71
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING
7.1
National Coordination and Implementation Arrangements
The MoAFS will be the lead ministry for the program, but other implementing and interested ministries
will participate in making key decisions on the program. DARS will have the principal responsibility for
delivery of the program.
The program will be delivered through existing organizational structures of the public administration in
Malawi supported by public private partnerships (PPPs). This will help ensure sustainability and
contribute to building capacity. It is nonetheless recognized that there are new management and
coordination demands to be accommodated in a program-based approach. The core of the first phase
of the programme is a capacity development programme for the region aimed at:

Building strong national capacity in improving maize/legume farming systems in all participating
countries, and

Establishing a strong partnership and collaborative base upon which an effective agricultural
innovation system for a maize-based farming system can be developed across the region and
within the participating countries.
The programme management and priority setting will be undertaken by senior advisory board
(equivalent of the board of directors in a company or parastatal) comprising experienced individuals
engaged in the agricultural industries from both the public and private sector and chaired by the
Director (DARS). A major feature would be a small grants fund through which enterprising researchers
could build linkages to, and collaboration with, important stakeholders. This model is used successfully
both by RUFORUM and by the Tanzania NARS with its Zonal Agricultural Research and Development
Funds (ZARDEFs). Simultaneously, the Msc training would be launched with field work linked to
programmes and activities identified by the board such as the Strengthening Capacity in Agricultural
Research for Development in Africa (SCARDA) Project funded by DFID. Table 7.1 summarises roles of
key partners during APPSA implementation.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
72
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Table 7.1:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Key Partners and their Roles during APPSA Implementation
Partner
Seed companies
Pesticide companies
Manufacturing companies
Illovo Sugar Company
NGOs, farmer groups, associations and
individual farmers








Agricultural commodity traders

Farmers, fertilizer companies

International Agricultural Research Centers
Government Departments


Key Role (s)
Seed certification services;
Hybrid variety testing before release
Testing of company products before release
Proto-type development and testing
Support to quarantine services at Bvumbwe
Research Station
Multiplication of basic and certified seed for OPV
crops using breeder seed from DARS;
Testing and verification of potential technologies;
Production of horticultural planting materials
using tertiary nurseries
Using phyto-sanitary certificates and import
permits issued by DARS
Using soil and plant analytical services provided
by DARS
Collaborative research activities
Collaborative and consultative activities
7.2
Centre of Leadership Implementation Arrangements
The Program will be delivered through existing organizational structures of the public service supported
by public private partnerships. This will help to ensure sustainability and contribute to building capacity.
The CoL is within DARS and DARS has an already established reporting and working arrangement
within MoAFS that will not change. It is nonetheless recognized that there are new management and
coordination demands to be accommodated with the introduction of the CoL. The CoL Project will be
integrated will be integrated in the ASWAp management and this will imply that:


The ASWAp Executive Management Committee will oversee APPSA execution from policy and
strategic perspective by providing direction and ensuring inter-ministerial coordination on
research and extension services; and reviewing and validating the Project’s annual work plan
budget.
The CoL Steering Committee, to be chaired by the DARS with DAES as his deputy, will review
and approve the CoL annual work plans and budgets before submission to the ASWAp
Executive Management Committee. It is expected that the Steering Committee will ensure that
APPSA investments are coordinated with other MoAFS investments and similar projects.
Three organs of the CoL will be established, and these will include:
(i)
The CoL Steering Committee (chaired by Director DARS) with representatives from
relevant agricultural departments, stakeholder Ministries, representatives of private
companies, the University (Bunda), farmers associations) which will act as a board of
directors for the CoL Project. Its composition should not exceed 12 people, and perhaps
all drawn from member institutions of the ASWAp Technology Development and
Dissemination Technical Working Group (TWG);
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
73
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
(ii)
(iii)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
the CoL Secretariat which will be led by the CRS Station Manager and key Secretariat
staff, which provides overall coordination of the program, while overseeing monitoring and
evaluation, and information and communication functions; and;
the existing ASWAP Executive Committees which will be given an extended mandate as
the supreme oversight agency of APPSA.
Figure 7.1 below presents a flow chart of the Centre of Leadership implementation Framework at
National Level.
ASWAp Executive
Management Committee
CoL Steering Committee
(Chair: DARS, Dep: DAES)
APPSA Regional Steering
Committee,
CCARDESSA
CoL Secretariat
(CARS Station Manager and
Support Team)
Satellite CoL Research
Stations/Sites
Fig. 7.1:
District Extension Offices
CoL National Level Implementation Framework
7.3
Capacity Building Requirements
7.3.1
Current Capacity Within Research Program and Assessment of Gaps
DARS has a relatively large stock of physical infrastructure to facilitate carrying out of agricultural
research services. Major infrastructure items include laboratories, offices, vehicles, machinery,
institutional housing, farm workshops and irrigation infrastructure. This infrastructure is located at all
agricultural research stations. Most of the Department’s infrastructure was built in the eighties with
donor assistance, particularly the World Bank and DFID in the eighties. Consequently it needs either
minor/major renovations or replacement. Table 7.2 provides a summary of the current state of the
National Agriculture Research Stations (NARS) physical infrastructure.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
74
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Table 7.2:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
NARS Physical Infrastructure Current State
Infrastructure
Seed Certification Laboratories
Number
1 and 3 satellites
Status
Good
Entomology Laboratories
Plant Pathology Laboratories
Irrigation Laboratory
Soil and Plant Analytical Labs
Insectory
Mycotoxin laboratory
Plant Quarantine Facilities
Border Post Inspection Units
Gene Bank
Biotechnology laboratory
6
4
1
2
2
1
2
3
1 ex-situ and 3 in-situ
1 identified to be
renovated
2 with 1 uncompleted
10
1 and 3 satellites
4 research stations
2731 ha
Over 40
Over 20
Good
Good
Needs rehabilitation
Need re-equipping
Needs rehabilitation
Good
Good and 1 needs maintenance
Need to be increased
Good
1 Needs rehabilitation and additional
equipment
1 needs completion
Need rehabilitation
Need equipping
Need rehabilitation
Tissue Culture Laboratories
Farm Workshops
Libraries
Irrigation facilities
Land
Vehicles
Tractors and accessories
Most need major maintenance/replacement
8 need maintenance/replacement
Apart from technology generation and dissemination, DARS also provides regulatory and specialist
services to ensure quality control of agricultural inputs, crop protection, conservation of plant genetic
resources and facilitation of international trade.
The Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) has a vibrant International Seed Testing
Association (ISTA) accredited laboratory based at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station. This
laboratory is assisted by 3 satellite laboratories based at other research stations. The seed certification
unit is mandated to ensure that high quality seed of improved varieties of crops are available to farming
community. The specific objectives for the unit are to:
 Ensure that farmers are planting high quality seed;
 Develop appropriate seed certification standards;
 Conduct field inspections and laboratory seed testing;
 Conduct research in seed science and technology;
 Provide advisory services and train farmers; and
 Monitor all players in the seed industry.
DARS issues phyto-sanitary certificates and import permits for agricultural produce, thus facilitating
cross-border trade, while minimizing influx of alien pests and diseases.
The current status of human capacity indicates that there are professionals in all the disciplines that
would enable the program to effectively take off as shown in Tables 7.3 and 7.4. The programme
benefits immensely from the collaboration with International Research Institutes such as the CGIAR
centres, Seed Traders Association (STAM), seed companies e.g. Seed Co Malawi, Monsanto, Pannar,
The University and many other public and private institutions interested in Research and Development.
The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAES) plays a key role in technology transfer together with
NGO’s. The Agricultural Sector Wide Approach Support Project (ASWAp-SP) has complemented
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
75
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
efforts by the CGIAR centres and other private organizations, in acquiring research equipment. Despite
these efforts, more equipment is required to beef up what is available as well as replacing obsolete
equipment for effective delivery of the program objectives. In addition, the programme would need to do
a focused capacity development activity at a minimum. The identification of training needs will be
through training and capacity needs analysis to be conducted at the onset and during the
implementation of the Program.
Table 7.3: DARS Scientific, Technical and Administrative Human Capacity
Category
Scientific (B.Sc. to Ph.D.)
Technical (J.C. to Diploma)
Administrative
Total
Table 7.4:
Establishment
134
859
505
1,498
Filled
59
624
349
1,032
Vacant
75
235
156
466
% Vacant
55.9
27.4
31.0
31.1
Numbers and Academic Qualifications of DARS Scientific Personnel
Area of Speciality
Crop Breeding
Agronomy
Soil Science
Irrigation
Plant Pathology
Entomology
Nematology
Agric. Economics
Animal Science
Agric. Engineering
Seed Science
Plant
Genetic
Conservation
Biometry
GIS
Total
Number of Ph.D’s
In Post
Training
4
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
Resources
0
0
1
0
13
0
1
7
Number of M.Sc.’s
In Post
On Training
4
2
5
3
1
2
2
0
5
0
2
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
25
1
1
13
7.4
Environmental and Social Safeguards Management
Overall responsibility for complying with World Bank safeguards policies in general and with the EMP
and PMP in particular will be with DARS and its Director. To coordinate training activities and monitor
the implementation of the EMP and PMP, DARS will recruit an environment and social safeguards
specialist. This technical assistance has been budgeted in APPSA costs for the duration of the Project.
As the overall coordinator of agricultural investments, projects and programs within MoAFS, the
Department of Agricultural Planning Services (DAPS) will supervise DARS safeguards compliance and
will provide guidance and additional technical assistance based on MoAFS experience with other Bankfunded projects.
7.4.1
Proposed Environmental and Social Training and Awareness Programmes
The general objective of the training and awareness programmes is to:
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
76
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)






Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Sensitize the various stakeholders on the linkages between environment and social impacts
and agricultural productivity;
Demonstrate the role of the various players in implementation and monitoring of the ESMP;
Conduct sensitization meetings on the implementation and management of the mitigation
measures and on different roles in achieving environmental sustainability;
Ensure staff are able to supervise implementation of their components in the ESMP;
Ensure participants are able to analyze the potential environmental and social impacts, and
prescribe mitigation options as well as supervise the implementation of ESMPs;
Strengthen local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support to the farmers.
The stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization, and in-depth training as
follows:
 Awareness-raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of
environmental and social issues;
 Sensitization for participants who need to be familiar with the ESMP and to monitor its
implementation; and
 In-depth training for participants who will need to understand the potential adverse
environmental and social impacts and who will at times supervise implementation of mitigation
measures and report to relevant authorities.
In addition to the above training, it is recommended that study tours to other research stations and
countries which have successfully implemented similar programmes be undertaken by representatives
of key stakeholders to learn how environmental management of such a program is handled and to draw
lessons that can be applied in their own situation.
7.4.2
Environmental and Social Management Training for APPSA
The overall objective of the APPSA is to strengthen and scale up regional cooperation in generation of
technology, training and dissemination programs, which will lead to increased food security at
household and national level and increased agricultural led economic growth while ensuring sustainable
management of natural resources. In order to achieve the objectives of the program, successful
implementation of the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations in the ESIA is
paramount. It is important therefore to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who have a key role
in implementation of the EMP are provided with the appropriate training and awareness. Among other
things, the training for the ESIA will sensitise and clarify the roles of the stakeholders on the
requirements of the ESIA.
7.4.3 Proposed Approach in Executing the Environmental and Social Management Training
The stakeholders have different training needs for awareness, sensitization and training in the
implementation of the EMP. It is therefore recommended that the trainings be tailor made to suit the
different target groups.
The training could best be facilitated by a consultant in collaboration with relevant government
departments to train trainers selected from the key participating institutions. These institutions would
include those that have experience in the successful implementation of EMPs and those that have
specialized relevant knowledge (i.e. Environmental Affairs Department, relevant departments in the
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Ministry of Gender,
Children and Social Services and the Pesticides Control Board). Each key stakeholder government
department would provide training in its area of competence, with the overall facilitation and
coordination done by an experienced consultant. It is imperative that frontline staff be trained as soon
as possible to ensure effective implementation of EMPs. Table 7.5 provides costs for conducting
sensitization meetings and capacity building trainings for the programme.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
77
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Table 7.5 Estimated costs for sensitization meetings and trainings
Responsible
Item
Description
Institution
Orienting and training staff on envisaged
1
impacts in preparation for APPSA
MoAFS / EAD
implementation
Advocacy and awareness meetings on
2
impacts of increased agro-chemical
MoAFS/PCB/EAD
availability and application/ accumulation
Field exchanges and demonstrations on
new technologies due to increasing rates of
3
MoAFS
improved technology generation,
dissemination, transfer and adoption
HIV/AIDS trainings (as prescribed under
4
NAC
GoM projects and programs)
Total
CHAPTER EIGHT:
8.1
Costs (MK) per year
5,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
3,000,000
25,000,000
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The ESIA for the APPSA demonstrates that the project will have both positive and negative impacts but
the assessment indicates that the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts.
The APPSA program component 1 will generate most of the positive and negative environmental and
social impacts’ while fewer negative environmental and social impacts will be generated from
components 1 and 3. The identified key positive environmental impacts include:
 improved soil and water resources management;
 improved soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation; and
 development of climate change resistant crops.
The identified positive social impacts include:
 increase in maize productivity,
 increase in farm incomes for farmers using improved technologies;
 increase in food security and nutrition;
 improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural research stations;
 reduced post-harvest losses;
 improved agricultural extension services; and
 Improved agricultural extension services.
The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative environmental impacts:
 degradation of surface and ground water quality due to chemical handling and application by
agro dealers and smallholder farmers respectively;
 contamination of soils and water by agro-chemicals;
 loss of soil organisms and non-targeted insects due to effects of chemicals and pesticides;
 Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing infrastructures;
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
78
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
The ESIA has also identified the following key potential negative social impacts:
 health and safety risks from chemical poisoning;
 Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff; and
 Risks of gender inequalities.
The following measures are proposed to enhance the positive impacts and to mitigate the adverse
ones:
 provide and sustain adequate resources for generation and dissemination of new technologies;
 provide training and awareness on the new and improved technologies;
 conduct field demonstrations on new and improved technologies;
 advocate for the adoption and use of efficient and effective farming technology;
 promote research activities aimed at generating crop varieties resistant to climate shocks;
 gender mainstreaming in training and exchange programmes;
 proper use and disposal of chemical sprays;
 promote the use of bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods;
 proper disposal of wastes from rehabilitation works;
 assist farmers in bargaining for better prices at market; and
 plan for adequate levels of staffing and adequate resources to be available at all times.
To facilitate implementation of the environmental and social management measures within the APPSA,
environmental and social management plans have been prepared. The plans provide an outline for
environmental and social management measures to be undertaken, a schedule for implementation and
responsible institutions to implement the measures. In addition, monitoring plans have been prepared
to facilitate monitoring of the EMP. The monitoring plan gives the parameters to be monitored and the
frequency of monitoring.
8.2
Recommendations
The negative impacts identified are mostly of low magnitude and can easily be mitigated. The ESIA has
environmental and social management and monitoring plans which if well implemented, will result in the
overall sustainability of agricultural productivity and contribute towards sustainable development. It is
recommended therefore that the environmental management and mitigation measures proposed in this
report are adhered to.
In addition to implementation of the EMP, the following recommendations are proposed:

The Department of Agricultural Planning Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Security will oversee the implementation of the ESIA. It will do this in coordination with the
Environmental Affairs Department and will provide guidance to DARS based on experience
with other projects and programmes;

District and local community structures should be adequately trained to supervise
implementation of the EMP. The project should take advantage of the District Environmental
Sub-Committee led by the Environmental District Officer and should provide the necessary
resources and equipment to enable them monitor implementation of the EMP at district and
area levels;

Key stakeholders should be made aware of the project, the ESIA and its EMP and their role in
its successful implementation. They should also be sensitized on the linkages between the
program and the environmental and social impacts; and the need to mitigate the impacts to
ensure sustainability of the APPSA program; and the program should put in place an effective
monitoring and evaluation and feedback mechanism on implementation of the EMP;
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
79
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Capacity building training programs should be provided to key departments such as Agriculture
Research Services, Pesticides Control Board, Crop Protection and Agriculture Extension
Services which will be critical in monitoring the adverse impacts of the proposed project
activities discussed in this report;

The proposed participating research stations should be equipped with modern equipment to
ensure effective implementation of the proposed program;

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that recommendations made in the updated IPMP are
adhered to in order to avoid or minimize risks and impacts associated with use of pesticides,
herbicides and chemicals; and

The Ministry of Agriculture should ensure that participation of women farmers, youth and other
vulnerable groups is encouraged during planning and implementation of the program
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
REFERENCES


































Government of Malawi ( 1987) ,Crop Production Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (1995) Malawi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Master Plan, Ministry of
Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2003), Seed Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2006) Land Resources Conservation Strategic Plan 2007-2011, Ministry of Agriculture
and Food Security
Government of Malawi (1965), Ministry of Land, Land Act.
Government of Malawi (1969) Water Resources Act, Ministry of Water Development,
Government of Malawi (1994) National Environmental Action Plan. Volume 1, Department of Research and
Environment Affairs.
Government of Malawi (1995) Constitution of the Republic Of Malawi, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional
Affairs
Government of Malawi (1996) Environmental Management Act, Number 23, Department of Environmental
Affairs
Government of Malawi (2004 and 2002) The National State of Environment Report, Department of
Environmental Affairs.
Government of Malawi (1996) Forestry Policy, Forestry Department
Government of Malawi (1996), National Environmental Policy Ministry of Research and Environmental Affairs
Government of Malawi (1997), Forestry Act, Forestry Department
Government of Malawi (2000) Pesticides Act , Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2000) Agriculture Extension in the New Millennium Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and
Food Security
Government of Malawi (2000) National Irrigation Policy and Development Strategy, Department of Irrigation
Government of Malawi (2000) National Land Resources Management Policy and Strategy, Ministry of
Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2001) National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Security
Government of Malawi (2002), Environmental Affairs Department, State of Environment Report. Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment Affairs
Government of Malawi (2002) National Land Policy, Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning and Surveys
Government of Malawi (1965), the Land Act (1965)
Government of Malawi (1998), Customary Land Utilisation Study (1998). Special Land Tenure Study: The
Ndunda Land Registration Component; Lilongwe Land Development Programme.
Government of Malawi (2003) HIV/AIDS in the Agriculture Sector Policy and Strategy 2003-2008; Ministry of
Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2004), Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. National Statistical Office
Government of Malawi (2004), National Water Policy Ministry of Water Development
Government of Malawi (2005) New Era Agricultural Policy: A Strategic Agenda for Addressing Economic
Development and Food Security in Malawi, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2005) Strategic Plan for pesticides Control Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Security
Government of Malawi (2005) Integrated Household Survey, National Statistical Office.
Government of Malawi (2006) Food Security Policy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2006) Lilongwe District Socio Economic Profile, Ministry of Local Government and
Rural Development
Government of Malawi (2006) Malawi Growth and Development Strategy. Ministry Of Finance and Economic
Planning.
Government of Malawi (2007) Contract Farming Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Government of Malawi (2007) National Fertiliser Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
World Bank (2012). Shire River Basin Project Program (Phase I) Project APL in Support of the First Phase of the
Shire River Basin Management Program. Report No. 69041-MW
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED
Table 1 A: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED FROM DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS
NAME
DESIGNATION
INSTITUTION
DATE CONSULTED
Mr. Chilanga
Deputy
Director
of
Bvumbwe Agricultural
Agricultural
Research
12/10/2012
Research Station
Services
Mr. Chipojola
Research Scientist
Kasinthula Agricultural
12/10/2012
Research Station
Officer-in-Charge and
Lifuwu Research Station
Dr. T. Mazengera National Research
21/09/2012
Coordinator
Mr. Imani
Rice Researcher
Lifuwu Research Station
21/09/2012
Agriculture Extension
Lifuwu Research Station
Mr. A. Ngoma
21/09/2012
Development Officer
Mr. E. Paulo
Rice Lead Farmer
Salima
21/09/2012
Mrs. K. Nyachirwa Rice Lead Farmer
Salima
21/09/2012
Mr. Chanika
Officer-in-Charge
Mbawa Research Station
26/09/2012
Mr. C.Mwale
Maize Breeder
Chitedze Research Station 27/09/2012
Mr. Mazuma
Plant Pathologist
Chitedze Research Station 27/09/2012
Mr. A.
Chitedze Research Station
Farm Manager
27/09/2012
Chimphamba
APPSA Project Laison
Ministry of Agriculture and
Mr. S. Kazombo
09/10/2012
Officer
Food Security
Mr. J. Masangwa
Station Manager
Chitala Research Station
16/10/2012
Deputy ASWAp
Ministry of Agriculture and
Mr. R. Musopole
23/10/2012
Coordinator
Food Security
Table 1B: FINDINGS FROM CONSULTATIONS WITH THE GENERAL PUBLIC
DESIGNATION /
ISSUE RAISED
HOW IT HAS / WILL BE
NAME
LOCATION
ADDRESSED
Extension workers do not DAES, which is one of the
regularly visit farmers and key implementers of APPSA
Farmer
/
Dausi
should consider frequently will focus on ensuring that
Chakhwima Village
Yotamu
visiting the farmers to provide modern technologies are
- Lilongwe
knowledge
on
modern accessed
by
farmers
technologies.
through extension workers.
Extension workers do not visit DAES, which is one of the
farmers and should consider key implementers of APPSA
Farmer / Zindotsala visiting the farmers to provide will
ensure
sufficient
Lorent John
Village – Lilongwe knowledge
on
modern numbers of properly trained
technologies.
extension workers are
available for APPSA.
Working with other farmers in Extension workers under
Mr.
N. Farmer / Chinamba farmer clubs has been very DAES will continue to work
Thombozi
Village – Lilongwe important in accessing new with farmer clubs during
agricultural technology.
APPSA implementation.
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Extension workers have been APPSA aims at improving
Farmer Chinamba helpful
in
providing knowledge dissemination
Village – Lilongwe knowledge.
and will improve on the
existing strategies.
She has not benefitted much Extension workers should
from new technologies.
ensure incorporating all
Maria
Farmer / Mphanje
people groups (young and
Kachigwada Village – Lilongwe
old, male and female) in
their programmes.
Extension workers have been APPSA will build on the
key to her success in farming. lessons learnt from previous
Mrs. Delifa Farmer / Kandama
projects to ensure that
Daliason
Village – Lilongwe
farmers benefit from the
new technologies.
Mrs.
Lokisina
Doke
Anne White
Chrissy
Chilipo
Davie
Pondani
Hilda Elias
Tobias
Mashapi
Dorrica
Mbewe
Mr. Chuma
Mr.
Kausiwa
Wyson
Mbewe
Farmer /

Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo

Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo

Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Farmer /
Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
Most of the farmer clubs 
that were formed through
facilitation of the research
station are currently
dormant
since
the
extension workers do not
make follow up on the
clubs progress and do
not actively involve the
clubs in most research
dissemination activities.
There
is
active
participation
and
involvement of women
from the surrounding
communities in activities
of the clubs.
The
surrounding
communities complained
that productivity in their
farmlands and gardens is
decreasing and the
research station takes
time to release soil test
results to diagnose the
soil problems leading to
loss of soil fertility.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Chapter five of the ESIA
highlights
key
impacts
identified during consultations
with local communities.
APPSA through DARS and
DAES will endeavour to
strengthen
technology
dissemination process in
order to reach out to the
farming communities
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Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Farmer /

Kwenengwe Village
- Thyolo
The research station is a
source of casual labour to
Richard
some of the surrounding
Pemba
local communities. The
station is also a source of
new crop varieties to the
surrounding communities.
FINDINGS FROM CONSULTATIONS IN RESEARCH STATIONS
SITE /
CHAPTER OR SECTION WHERE
RESEARCH
FINDINGS
THESE ISSUES HAVE BEEN
STATION
INCLUDED IN THE REPORT
 Some of the key impacts  The key impacts have been
highlighted include, increased
included in chapter five of this
knowledge from capacity building
report,
while
the
training
and exchange visits to be
requirements
have
been
conducted, improved crop and
incorporated in the ESMP (Chapter
livestock production from increased
six)
research activities;
Mbawa Research
 The station has an establishment of
Station
81 but current has a vacancy of 15
officers with critical need for
scientists. Of the 8 scientific posts
required, only 3 are filled [2 in
livestock and 1 in crops];
 There is need to support short-term
trainings;
 Key environmental and social  Chapter five of the ESIA highlights
impacts highlighted at Lifuwu
key impacts identified during
include; development of labour
consultation. Chapter six provides
Lifuwu Research
saving technologies, development
some of the training requirements to
Station
of high yielding varieties, improved
the staff as enhancement or
socioeconomic status of farmers,
mitigation measures.
and increased knowledge to staff.
 The proposed program will  Incorporated in Chapter five under
significantly contribute to the
impacts, particularly the positive
development of the Agricultural
impacts because the issue of
sector;
encroachment in on a small scale.
 The station intends to plant trees
along the boundary in order to
clearly indicate the boarders to the
Chitedze
surrounding communities;
Research Station  Efforts are already underway to
clearly demarcate the boundary
around the station to curb any
potential encroachment from the
surrounding communities. APPSA
activities will not be implemented
within or close to areas, which are
vulnerable to encroachment.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
84
Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa (APPSA)


Chitala Research
Station

The total area of land for the station 
is 485 Hectares. Currently, the
station is facing challenges from
households from Guwende village,
who constantly threatening to
encroach research land.
The station is in the process of
demarcating the boundary by
planting trees along the boundary.
In addition, the management of the
station is working hand in hand with
different Government institutions in
to sensitize the surrounding villages
that the station land is government
land and any attempts to encroach
the land is an offence against the
law.
APPSA activities will greatly
contribute to the effectiveness of
the activities and objectives of the
station, there by contributing to
Agricultural Development in Malawi.
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
The main issue incorporated in the
report is on the benefits of the
proposed APPSA. The issue of
potential encroachment is currently
being sorted planting trees along
the boundary of the station and
sensitizing communities around the
research station.
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
APPENDIX 2
LOCATION FOR PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRES
Appendix 2.1 Topographical Map for Chitedze Research Station
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Appendix 2.2 Topographical Map for Lifuwu Research Station
106
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Appendix 2.3 Topographical Map for Chitala Research Station
107
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Appendix 2.4 Topographical Map for Bvumbwe Research Station
108
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Appendix 2.5 Topographical Map for Kasinthula Research Station
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Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
APPENDIX 3: CHECKLIST FOR DEMONSTRATION FIELDS
The Department of Agricultural Research will provide the following input when using a farmer’s field for
demonstration. The list of the departments input will depend on the type of demonstration being
conducted:
DEESCRIPTION (TYPE,
QUANTITY etc)
NO INPUT
CHECK
(Tick)
OBLIGATION OF THE GOVERNMENT (REPRESENTED BY DARS, DAES, OR OTHER
DEPARTMENTS)
1
Provide Seed
2
Fertilizer
3
Extension advice
4
5
OBLIGATION OF THE FARMER (REPRESENTED BY HOUSEHOLD HEAD)
1
Land (Field or a portion of the field)
2
Labour (taking care of the field based on the
extension advice received)
3
4
The use of a piece of land for demonstration is on a mutual agreement basis by both the farmer and the
Government. The farmer here by acknowledges to have given consent to the Government to use his
land for demonstration purposes and for a specified period of time e.g. 2011/2012 growing season.
Signed by: NAME______________________
Signature________________________
(REPRESENTING FARMER OR OWNER OF PIECE OF LAND)
Signed by: Name________________________________ Signature__________________________
DESIGNATION:_____________________________________________________________________
(REPRESENTING DARS OR ANY GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT)
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APPENDIX 4
SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
The objective of this policy is to ensure
that
Bank-financed
projects
are
environmentally sound and sustainable,
and that decision-making is improved
through appropriate analysis of actions
and of their likely environmental impacts.
OP/BP 4.01
This policy is triggered if a project is likely
Environmental
to have potential (adverse) environmental
Assessment
risks and impacts on its area of influence.
OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural
environment (air, water and land); human
health and safety; physical cultural
resources; and trans-boundary and global
environment concerns.
OP/BP 4.04
Natural
Habitats
OP/BP 4.36
Forests
This policy recognizes that the
conservation of natural habitats is
essential to safeguard their unique
biodiversity and to maintain environmental
services and products for human society
and
for
long-term
sustainable
development. The Bank therefore
supports the protection, management, and
restoration of natural habitats in its project
financing, as well as policy dialogue and
economic and sector work. The Bank
supports, and expects borrowers to apply,
a precautionary approach to natural
resource management to ensure
opportunities
for
environmentally
sustainable development. Natural habitats
are land and water areas where most of
the original native plant and animal
species are still present. Natural habitats
comprise many types of terrestrial,
freshwater,
coastal,
and
marine
ecosystems. They include areas lightly
modified by human activities, but retaining
their ecological functions and most native
species.
The objective of this policy is to assist
borrowers to harness the potential of
forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner, integrate forests effectively into
sustainable economic development and
protect the vital local and global
The policy is triggered as a result of: I)
proposed research activities under 1
which include breeding, germplasm,
farm management and processing; and
II) capacity building for RCLs under
component 2 which would include
infrastructure
and
equipment
investments. At this stage the program
is considering assessing ESMFs for
agricultural projects currently being
implemented in the three participating
countries for identification of gaps,
adjustments, greater capacity building
that would be needed in order to adopt
these ESMFs for the APPSA. The
project is expected to be an EA
category B.
The policy is triggered. While the
program in Malawi would not involve
significant conversion of natural habitats
through its direct or indirect activities, it
may have some environmental impacts
on forest reserves and/or wetlands near
the research areas. The program may
encourage the expansion of agricultural
production through the adoption of
improved technologies, however the
scale of this indirect impact is not known
and would be to improve productivity of
existing agricultural practices and hence
would not be expected to result in
widespread intensification.
The policy is not triggered as program
activities do not have any direct impacts
on health and quality of forests; people
who depend on forests; nor is there an
aim to change the management,
protection, or utilization of forests. The
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Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
OP 4.09 Pest
Management
OP/BP 4.11
Physical
Cultural
Resources
environmental services and values of
forests. Where forest restoration and
plantation development are necessary to
meet these objectives, the Bank assists
borrowers with forest restoration activities
that maintain or enhance biodiversity and
ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists
borrowers with the establishment of
environmentally appropriate, socially
beneficial and economically viable forest
plantations to help meet growing demands
for forest goods and services.
The objective of this policy is to (i)
promote the use of biological or
environmental control and reduce reliance
on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii)
strengthen the capacity of the country’s
regulatory framework and institutions to
promote and support safe, effective and
environmentally sound pest management.
More specifically, the policy aims to (a)
Ascertain that pest management activities
in Bank-financed operations are based on
integrated approaches and seek to reduce
reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides
(Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in
agricultural projects and Integrated Vector
Management (IVM) in public health
projects. (b) Ensure that health and
environmental hazards associated with
pest management, especially the use of
pesticides are minimized and can be
properly managed by the user. (c) As
necessary, support policy reform and
institutional capacity development to (i)
enhance implementation of IPM-based
pest management and (ii) regulate and
monitor the distribution and use of
pesticides.
The objective of this policy is to assist
countries to avoid or mitigate adverse
impacts of development projects on
physical cultural resources. For purposes
of this policy, “physical cultural resources”
are defined as movable or immovable
objects, sites, structures, groups of
structures, natural features and
landscapes that have archaeological,
paleontological, historical, architectural,
religious, aesthetic, or other cultural
physical area where the program would
be implemented- research centres or
stations, and farmer fields where new
technologies would be tested adoptedare not known to include any natural
forest areas.
The program would not supply any
pesticides or agrochemicals to the RCLs
or farmers. However, it is expected that
improved agricultural technology and
capacity for RCLs would result in
increased pesticides and agrochemical
use among farmers reached by the
program. Depending on the decision
taken on current Pest Management
Plans currently being used in each of
the participating countries, these would
be adopted for the program, or new
ones would be prepared.
An Integrated Pest Management Plan
has been updated for the ASWAp-SP to
be adopted for APPSA activities.
This policy applies to all projects
requiring a Category A or B
Environmental Assessment under OP
4.01, project located in, or in the vicinity
of, recognized cultural heritage sites,
and projects designed to support the
management or conservation of
physical cultural resources.
The policy is not triggered as program
activities will not include the expansion
of
technology
generation
and
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
significance. Physical cultural resources
may be located in urban or rural settings,
and may be above ground, underground,
or underwater. The cultural interest may
be at the local, provincial or national level,
or within the international community.
OP/BP 4.10
Indigenous
Peoples
OP/BP 4.12
Involuntary
Resettlement
The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure
that the development process fosters full
respect for the dignity, human rights, and
cultural uniqueness of indigenous
peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects
during the development process are
avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that
these are minimized, mitigated or
compensated; and (iii) ensure that
indigenous peoples receive culturally
appropriate and gender and inter-gene
rationally inclusive social and economic
benefits.
The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid
or minimize involuntary resettlement
where feasible, exploring all viable
alternative project designs; (ii) assist
displaced persons in improving their
former living standards, income earning
capacity, and production levels, or at least
in restoring them; (iii) encourage
community participation in planning and
implementing resettlement; and (iv)
provide assistance to affected people
regardless of the legality of land tenure.
dissemination activities on research
stations or on farm demonstration plots
that include physical cultural resources.
Most research stations centers/stations
were established in colonial era and
have long established boundaries that
are not known to include such
resources. Technology dissemination
activities would take place with
participation and consent of farmers and
would not target any physical cultural
resources
The policy is triggered when the project
affects the indigenous peoples (with
characteristics described in OP 4.10
para 4) in the project area.
The policy is not triggered as it is not
expected that indigenous peoples will
be affected.
Project activities that could negatively
impact on indigenous peoples will not
be funded
This policy covers not only physical
relocation, but any loss of land or other
assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss
of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to
assets; (iii) loss of income sources or
means of livelihood, whether or not the
affected people must move to another
location.
The policy is not triggered as program
activities be implemented on existing
research land and no additional land will
be acquired for the project activities.
Field investigations conducted revealed
that all research stations being targeted
for APPSA activities have adequate
land. No farmer encroachment was
observed during the field visit for the
research land that will be used for
APPSA activities. Further to that,
APPSA activities will not extend beyond
research land. Participation of farmers
for on farm demonstrations and trials
will be on voluntary basis and checklist
will be used to get consent of farmers to
participate in the program
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OP/BP 4.37
Safety of
Dams
OP 7.50
Projects in
International
Waters
OP 7.60
Projects in
Disputed
Areas
The objectives of this policy are as
follows: For new dams, to ensure that
experienced and competent professionals
design and supervise construction; the
borrower adopts and implements dam
safety measures for the dam and
associated works. For existing dams, to
ensure that any dam that can influence
the performance of the project is
identified, a dam safety assessment is
carried out, and necessary additional dam
safety measures and remedial work are
implemented.
The objective of this policy is to ensure
that Bank-financed projects affecting
international waterways would not affect:
(i) relations between the Bank and its
borrowers and between states (whether
members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the
efficient utilization and protection of
international waterways.
This policy is triggered when the Bank
finances: (i) a project involving
construction of a large dam (15 m or
higher) or a high hazard dam; and (ii) a
project which is dependent on an
existing dam
This policy will not be triggered because
the project will not fund construction of
dams. APPSA activities will use existing
ponds and water retention tanks will be
used for the trials.
This policy is triggered if (a) any river,
canal, lake or similar body of water that
forms a boundary between, or any river
or body of surface water that flows
through two or more states, whether
Bank members or not; (b) any tributary
or other body of surface water that is a
component of any waterway described
The policy applies to the following types of under (a); and (c) any bay, gulf strait, or
projects: (a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood channel bounded by two or more states,
or if within one state recognized as a
control, navigation, drainage, water and
necessary channel of communication
sewerage, industrial and similar projects
between the open sea and other states,
that involve the use or potential pollution
and any river flowing into such waters.
of international waterways; and (b)
The policy is not triggered as the project
Detailed design and engineering studies
of projects under (a) above, include those would not invest in large scale irrigation
works that would adversely affect the
carried out by the Bank as executing
quality or quantity of water flow within
agency or in any other capacity.
the shared waterways. Small scale
irrigation within the context of
technology demonstration or research
could be financed by the program but
would be within the context of research
facilities and would not exceed more
than a few hectares per station/center.
The objective of this policy is to ensure
The policy is not triggered as the area
that projects in disputed areas are dealt
where the program will be implemented
with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so
is not known to include any disputed
as not to affect relations between the
area
Bank and its member countries; (b) so as
not to affect relations between the
borrower and neighbouring countries; and
(c) so as not to prejudice the position of
either the Bank or the countries
concerned.
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APPENDIX 5.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION AND SCORING METHOD
Impact: Creation of Employment
Score
1
2
3
Magnitude or
Extent
Impact will occur only on site.
Significance
Low. A small change that is
hardly detectable
Probability of
occurrence
Possible. The impact may occur,
but it is not probable, provided
recommendations/ mitigatory
measures are followed, and
management is effective.
Short term, during the planning
and design phase only.
Duration
TOTAL
SCORE
Impact will occur
on site and
beyond.
Moderate. The
impact that is
measurable, but
does not alter
processes
Medium term,
during early
operations.
Impact will occur at
district level
High. Many people or
organisms lost or
affected. Major
disruption of
settlements,
ecosystems or
processes.
Probable. The impact
is very likely to occur.
4
Impact will occur at
district level and
beyond.
Very high. A
community, process or
area is completely
disrupted or
destroyed. Loss of all
affected organisms.
Long term, for the
entire operational
phase.
5
Impacts will occur at
regional level.
Score
1 to 5
3
Unknown. Insufficient
information is
available to determine
impacts – apply
cautionary principle.
1
Definite. Unavoidable.
5
Very long term, for the
entire operational
phase and after
closure.
1
10
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APPENDIX 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SCORES
Magnitude/Extent Significance
No. Impact
Probability of Occurrence
Duration
Total Score
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
1 Improved maize yields
2 Improved land resources use and management
3 Increase in production of improved maize and
legume varieties
4 Improved soil fertility and structure due to nitrogen
fixation
5 Improvement on the national economy through
surplus production of maize and legumes
6 Increase in performance and sustainability of the
research and technical support systems
7 Increase in food security
8 Preservation of water resources
9 Reduced overall labour
10 Creation of employment
1 Fear of Loss of jobs
2 Marginalisation of women in training and up-grading
opportunities
3 Degradation of surface and ground water
4 Degradation of air quality from herbicide sprays
5 Contamination of soils by agro-chemicals
6 Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning
5 Potential for introduction of invasive species
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
16
16
16
5
4
3
4
16
5
4
3
4
16
5
4
3
4
16
4
2
2
4
5
1
3
5
4
4
2
4
18
8
9
18
3
3
3
3
1
1
12
12
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
10
10
10
10
9
5
1
2
5
Negative Impacts
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
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6 Potential for introduction of pests
3
2
9
1
2
5
5
4
4
18
18
5
3
3
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
18
15
14
17
17
3
3
2
2
9
9
3
2
9
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
9
9
9
10
5
4
18
5
4
17
5
4
18
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
2
2
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
Improved institutional and individual capacity
5
4
Improved infrastructure in the existing agricultural
5
4
research stations
Improved information flow
5
4
Improved agricultural extension services
5
3
Improved socioeconomic relationships
5
2
Creation of employment
5
3
Improved content and accessibility of technology
5
3
messages
Negative Impact
Soil erosion
2
2
Increased work load for already insufficient
2
3
extension staff
Waste generation from rehabilitation of existing
2
2
infrastructures
Air pollution
2
2
Noise and vibrations
2
2
Loss of indigenous vegetation
2
2
Spread of diseases
2
3
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
Positive Impacts
Improved program planning, coordination and
5
4
facilitation
Increasing rates of improved technology transfer
5
3
and adoption
Improved local and national economy and
5
4
livelihoods for the communities
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APPENDIX 6.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP
(Chitedze Research Station)
No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station
MoAFS

10,000,000

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station
MoAFS

Included in item
1 above

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

6,000,000

APPSA
1 Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
1 Improved maize
productivity
2 Improved soil and water
management
3 Increase in production of
improved maize and
legume varieties

Provide farmers with improved maize
based technology

conduct awareness on the advantages of
using new maize-based technologies to
facilitate quick adoption

Conduct field demonstrations on new
maize-based technologies

Conduct field demonstrations to farmers
on new soil and water management
technologies

Training farmers on proper
implementation of the soil and water
management technologies

Provide training to staff to enhance and
maintain maize and legume breeding
programmes

Conduct regular staff exchange
programmes

Twice annually
Twice annually
Twice annually
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
4 Improved soil fertility and
structure due to nitrogen
fixation
5 Increase in farm
incomes for farmers
using improved
technologies
6 Increase in performance
and sustainability of the
research and technical
support systems
7 Increase in food security
Proposed Enhancement Measures

Maintain the production of acceptable
maize and legume breeds by local
communities

Train farmers on appropriate application
of selective inter cropping to enhance
nitrogen fixation

Conduct awareness on the importance of
selective intercropping

Assist farmers in bargaining for better
prices at market

Train farmers on the appropriate
implementation of new and improved
farming technologies

Provide regular and continuous training
to APPSA staff to enhance performance
and sustainability of the research and
technical support systems

Conduct regular
programmes

Promote research activities in agricultural
diversification

Conduct field demonstrations on new
maize-based technologies to improve
yields
staff
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)


Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

Included in item
1 above

MoAFS

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station
MoAFS

Included in item
1 above

APPSA

Twice annually
Twice annually

Twice annually

APPSA

4,000,000

Twice annually

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

Included in item
1 above

MoAFS
exchange
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
8 Reduced post harvest
losses
9 Reduced overall labour
10 Creation of employment
11 Development of climate
change resistant crop
varieties
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
 APPSA

Advocate for the adoption and use of
improved storage technologies


Chitedze Agricultural 
Research Station

Advocate for the adoption and use of
sustainable maize storage and use

MoAFS

APPSA

Chitedze Agricultural 
Research Station

MoAFS

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA

Chitedze Agricultural 
Research Station

MoAFS

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

APPSA

Advocate for the adoption and use of
sustainable maize based technologies

Conduct field demonstrations on new and
sustainable maize-based technologies


Train farmers on the appropriate use of
maize based labour saving technologies

Employ and build capacity through
training the required number of
agricultural research experts to fill the
vacant positions

Promote research activities aimed at
generating crop varieties resistant to
climate change


Twice Annually
Twice Annually
Annually
Annually
Costs (MK/Year)

Included in item 1
above
Included in item 1
above
1,000,000
10,000,000
Negative Impacts
1 Risks of gender
inequalities

Gender mainstreaming in training and
exchange programmes

During the planning
phase
N/A
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
2 Degradation of surface
and ground water quality
3
Degradation of air
quality from herbicide
sprays
4 Contamination of soils
and water by agrochemicals
5 Health and safety risks
from chemical poisoning
6 Loss of soil organisms
and non targeted insects
due to effects of
pesticides and
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)



Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

N/A

PCB

MoAFS

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

N/A

PCB

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

N/A

PCB

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station

1,000,000

APPSA

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station


APPSA
N/A (cost will be
included in
research
projects)




Train workers and farmers on proper use
of agro-chemicals
Proper use and disposal of chemical
sprays
Promote the use of bio degradable
chemicals, physical and biological control
methods
Provide protective gear (including
clothing and equipment) to workers
during field trials
Pre-test thoroughly all technologies for
pests control to minimise disturbance on
natural predators




During field trials
Quarterly
Quarterly
Quarterly
Twice yearly
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
chemicals
7 Risks associated with
weak capacity in dealing
with crop protection
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)



Chitedze
Agricultural
Research Station


APPSA

Chitedze Agricultural 
Research Station
MoAFS

APPSA

Chitedze Agricultural 
Research Station

MoAFS

APPSA

Chitedze Agricultural Included in item 3 of
Component 1
Research Station

MoAFS

APPSA
Provide adequate training
Twice yearly
2,000,000
Component 2: Centre of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
1 Improved institutional
and individual capacity
2 Improved infrastructure
3 Improved information
flow

Provide regular and continuous training
to staff to enhance capacity and
sustainability of the research and
technical support systems

Conduct regular staff exchange
programmes

Conduct regular maintenance of
infrastructure

Conduct regular staff exchange
programmes

Maintain regular contacts and information
sharing among staff within the
participating agricultural research stations
in Southern Africa



Twice Annually
Annually
Twice a year
Included in item3
of Component 1
10,000,000
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
4 Improved agricultural
extension services
5 Creation of employment
6 Improved content and
accessibility of
technology messages
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for
Implementation



Chitedze Agricultural Included in item 3 of
Component 1
Research Station

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA
Provide regular and continuous training to
staff to enhance delivery of adequate
agricultural extension services
Twice a year

Conduct regular staff exchange
programmes

Employ the required number of
agricultural research experts to fill the
vacant positions


Provide regular and continuous training to
staff to enhance delivery of adequate
agricultural extension services
Twice a year

Conduct regular staff exchange
programmes
Annually
Costs (MK/Year)

1,000,000
APPSA
Included in item3 of
Component 1

Included in item3 of
Component 1

5,000,000

APPSA

Consultant


APPSA
N/A (Included in
Construction
plans)
Negative Impacts
1 Increased work load for
already insufficient
extension staff

2 Solid waste generation
from construction of new
infrastructure and
rehabilitation of existing
infrastructures

Recruit and train adequate extension staff
The contractor in coordination with
APPSA should make arrangements for
proper disposal of all rubble and solid
wastes from the site.


Twice a year
Weekly
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Proposed Enhancement Measures
Target/Goals/Date
1 Improved program
planning, coordination
and facilitation

Provide regular training to management
and staff for effective planning,
coordination and facilitation of the
program

Twice a year
2 Increasing rates of
improved technology
transfer and adoption

Advocate for the adoption and use of
efficient and effective maize based
technology

Twice a year

Conduct field demonstrations on new and
improved maize varieties to facilitate
farmer adoption
3 Improved local and
national economy and
livelihoods for the
communities as a result
of efficient and effective
targeting of financial,
human and technical
resources.

Provide regular training to management
and staff for effective management of the
program

Twice a year
Responsibility for
Implementation
Costs (MK/Year)
APPSA
4,000,000

Chitedze
Agricultural
Research
Station
2,000,000

APPSA
APPSA
Included in 1 above
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APPENDIX 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED REGIONAL CENTRE OF LEADERSHIP
(Chitedze Research Station)
No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
Component 1: Technology Generation and Dissemination
Positive Impacts
1 Improved maize
productivity



2 Improved soil and water
management


Provide farmers with
improved maize
based technology
conduct awareness
on the advantages of
using maize-based
technologies to
facilitate quick
adoption
Conduct field
demonstrations on
new maize-based
technologies
Conduct field
demonstrations on
new technologies
Training farmers on
proper


Percentage
increase in
maize
productivity
technologies

Number
awareness
campaigns
conducted

Number of field
demonstrations
conducted

Number of field
demonstrations
conducted

of
% of farmers
Inspection
of crop
estimates
records

Inspection
of records

Reports
produced

Activity
reports
produced


Twice annually
Twice annually

MoAFS

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA
From
recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA
budget
From
recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA
budget
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
3 Increase in production
of improved maize
varieties
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
implementation of the
maize based
technologies
Monitoring
Means of
Indicator
Verification
trained
in  Review of
proper
training
implementation
reports
of the maize
based
technology
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)

Provide and sustain
adequate resources
for generation and
dissemination of new
improved
technologies

Number
of
farmers
adopting
improved
technologies

Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes

Maintain the
production of
acceptable maize
breeds by local
communities
Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted

Number
of
acceptable
maize breeds
adopted
by
local
communities

Percentage of
farmers

4
Improved soil fertility
and structure due to

Train farmers in
appropriate

Review
SemiAnnual
Reports

Twice annually

APPSA
Included
APPSA
budget

Inspection
of records

Twice annually

MoAFS
From
recurrent
127
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No.
5
6
Environmental/Social
Impacts
nitrogen fixation
Increase in farm
incomes for farmers
using improved
technologies
Increase in performance
and sustainability of the
research and technical
support systems
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
application of
selective inter
cropping to enhance
nitrogen fixation
Monitoring
Indicator
adopting
improved soil
fertility

Conduct awareness
on the importance of
selective
intercropping

Number
awareness
campaigns

Assist farmers in
bargaining for better
prices at the market

Number
of
farmers getting
better prices at
the market

Train farmers on the
appropriate use of
maize based
technologies

Provide regular and
continuous training to
staff to enhance
performance and
sustainability of the
systems

Conduct regular staff
Means of
Verification
% of farmers
trained in the
appropriate
use of maize
based
technologies

Number of staff
trained under
APPSA

Number
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
MoAFS
 APPSA
budgets and
APPSA
budget

MoAFS

APPSA

APPSA

Inspection
of records

Monitoring
reports
produced

Review
training and
exchange
visits
records

of

Target/Goals/Date

Twice annually
Twice annually
From
recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA
budget
Included
in
APPSA budget
of
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
7
Increase in food security
and nutrition
8 Reduced post harvest
losses
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
exchange
programmes
Monitoring
Means of
Indicator
Verification
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)


Review
monitoring
reports
produced


MoAFS

APPSA
Inspection
of records


MoAFS

APPSA

MoAFS

APPSA

Conduct field
demonstrations on
new agricultural
technologies

Advocate for the
adoption and use of
improved storage
technologies

9 Reduced overall labour
Promote research
activities in
agricultural
diversification

Conduct field
demonstrations on
new and sustainable
maize-based
technologies
Advocate for the
adoption and use of
sustainable
agricultural

Number of
families with
food sufficiency

Percentage
decrease
in
post harvest
losses


Number of field
demonstrations
conducted

Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted
of

Inspection
of records

Review
Annual
Report
of 
Twice annually
Twice Annually
Twice Annually
From
recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA
budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
10 Creation of employment
11 Development of climate
change adaptation crop
varieties
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
technologies
Monitoring
Indicator

Train farmers on the
appropriate use of
maize based labour
saving technologies


Employ and build

capacity through
training the required
number of agricultural
research experts to
fill the vacant
positions

Promote research
activities aimed at
generating climate
change adaptation
crop varieties.

Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
Number of
agricultural
experts
recruited and
trained

Review of
Annual
Turnover
and
statistics on
vacancies


MoAFS

APPSA
Number of crop
varieties
adaptable to
climate change
shocks

Production
records

Annually

MoAFS
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget

During
planning
phase

APPSA

Ministry
Gender,
1,000,000 (to
be
funded
from APPSA
program)
% of farmers
trained in the
appropriate
use of maize
based labour
saving
technologies
Annually
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
Negative Impacts
1 Risks of gender
inequalities

Gender
mainstreaming
training
exchange

in
and
Number
of
women
benefitting from
research

Review of
percentage
of women
incorporate
the
of
130
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
programmes
Monitoring
Indicator
programs
Means of
Target/Goals/Date
Verification
d
during
planning
phase
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
Children and
Social
Services
2 Degradation of surface
and ground water
quality

Proper use of
pesticides and
agroechemicals



MoAFS

APPSA

EAD
3 Degradation of air
quality from herbicide
sprays

Proper use and
disposal of chemical
sprays


APPSA

PCB

EAD

Ministry
of
Water
Development
and Irrigation
(MoWDI)

APPSA

PCB

EAD

APPSA

EAD
4 Contamination of soils
and water by agrochemicals

5 Health and safety risks
from chemical poisoning

Promote the use of
bio degradable
chemicals, physical
and biological control
methods

Provide
gear

protective
(including
Water quality
parameters
Methods
of
chemical use
and disposal
adopted and
implemented

Methods
for
application of
bio degradable
chemicals,
physical and
biological
control

Number
of
protective gear

Physical
inspection
Inspection
of records
Physical
inspection
Physical
inspection




During
trials
Quarterly
Quarterly
Quarterly
field
3,500,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
1,500,000 (to
be
funded
from APPSA
program)
1,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA )
1,000,000 (to
be
funded
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
6 Loss of soil organisms
and non targeted
insects due to effects of
pesticides and
chemicals
Proposed Enhancement Monitoring
Means of
Measures
Indicator
Verification
clothing
and
(including
equipment)
to
clothing and
workers during field
equipment)
trials
provided

Pretest thoroughly all
new technologies for
pest
control
to
minimise disturbance
on natural predators

Number of new
technologies
pretested

Review
Annual
Report
Target/Goals/Date
of

Annually
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
from APPSA )
 PCB

Ministry
Health

APPSA
1,000,000 (to
be
funded
from APPSA)

MoAFS

APPSA
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget

MoAFS

of
Component 2: Center of Leadership Strengthening
Positive Impacts
1 Improved institutional
and individual capacity
2 Improved infrastructure
in the existing

Provide regular and
continuous training to
staff to enhance
performance and
sustainability of the
research and
technical support
systems

Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes

Conduct regular
maintenance of

% of APPSA
staff trained

Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted

Good
Infrastructure in


Review of 
Training
Report and
report on
exchange
visits
Physical
inspection

Twice Annually
Annually
Included in
APPSA
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
agricultural research
stations
3 Improved information
flow
4 Improved agricultural
extension services
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
infrastructure

Provide protective
gear to workers as
necessary

Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes

Maintain regular
contacts and
information sharing
between and among
staff within the
participating
agricultural research
stations in Southern
Africa

Provide regular and
continuous training to
staff to enhance
delivery of adequate
agricultural extension
services

Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes
Monitoring
Indicator
place
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
budget
 APPSA

Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted



MoAFS

APPSA
Number
of
farmers
satisfied with
extension
services


APPSA

MoAFS


Number
Inspection
of records
Review
SemiAnnual
Report
of 
Twice a year
Twice a year
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
of
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
5 Improved local and
national economy
6 Improved
socioeconomic
relationships
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
Monitoring
Means of
Indicator
Verification
exchange visits
organised and
conducted
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)


Review of
advocacy
and training
reports
produced


MoAFS

APPSA
Inspection
of records


MoAFS

APPSA
Inspection
of records


MoAFS

APPSA

Ministry of
Gender,
Children and


7 Improved awareness of
gender and HIV and
AIDS issues
Advocate for the
adoption and use of
efficient and effective
high yielding varieties
Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes
of


% of farmers
trained

Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted

Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted

Maintain regular
contacts and
information sharing by
staff and surrounding
farmers
Mainstream gender and
HIV/AIDS during
dissemination activities
Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted

of
Twice annually
Twice annually
Twice Annually
From
recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA
budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
From recurrent
MoAFS
budgets and
APPSA budget
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
8 Creation of employment
9 Improved content and
accessibility of
technology messages
Proposed Enhancement
Measures

Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)
Social
Services
Number of
agricultural
experts
recruited and
trained

Evaluation
of vacancy
levels


MoAFS

APPSA

Ministry of
Labour

% of APPSA
staff trained

Inspection
of records
Twice a year
APPSA
Included in
APPSA budget

Number
of
exchange visits
organised and
conducted


APPSA

MoAFS
1,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA
program)
Employ and build

capacity through
training the required
number of agricultural
research experts to
fill the vacant
positions

Provide regular and
continuous training to
staff to enhance
delivery of adequate
agricultural extension
services

Conduct regular staff
exchange
programmes
Annually

500,000
Negative Impacts
1
Increased work load for
already insufficient
extension staff

Train adequate
extension staff

% of extension
staff trained

Review of
training
report
Twice a year
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
2 Waste generation from

construction of new and
rehabilitation of existing
infrastructures
The contractor in
coordination with
APPSA should make
arrangements for
proper disposal of all
rubble and solid
wastes from the site.
Monitoring
Indicator
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)




APPSA

Consultant

MoAFS

Number of
facilities
rehabilitated

Areas affected
by dumping
Site
inspection
Weekly
Site
inspection
1,000,000 (to
be funded from
APPSA)
Component 3: Project Coordination and Facilitation
1
Improved program
planning, coordination
and facilitation

Provide regular
training to
management and
staff for effective
planning,
coordination and
facilitation of the
program

% of APPSA
staff trained

Review
training
report
of

Twice a year
2
Increasing rates of
improved technology
transfer and adoption

Advocate for the
adoption and use of
efficient and effective
maize based
technology

Number
advocacy
meetings
conducted

Review of
semi-annual
reports

Twice a year

Conduct field
demonstrations on
new and improved
maize varieties to

of
APPSA

APPSA

MoAFS
Included in
APPSA budget
Included in
MoAFS
recurrent
budget and
APPSA budget
Number of field
demonstrations
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No.
Environmental/Social
Impacts
3
Improved local and
national economy and
livelihoods for the
communities as a result
of efficient and effective
targeting of financial,
human and technical
resources.
Proposed Enhancement
Measures
facilitate farmer
adoption and use
Monitoring
Indicator
conducted
Means of
Verification
Target/Goals/Date
Responsibility for Costs
Implementation
(MK/Year)





APPSA

MoAFS
Provide regular
training to
management and
staff of APPSA within
participating
agricultural research
stations for effective
management of the
program
% of APPSA
staff trained
Inspection
of records
Twice a year
Included in
MoAFS
recurrent
budget and
APPSA budget
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
APPENDIX 7:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CONSULTANT CV
Position: Environmental, Natural Resources Management and Social Expert
Name of Firm: Water Waste and Environment Consultants
Name of Staff: Robert Matengula
Date of Birth: 18 March 1982
Nationality: Malawian
6. Education:
Institution
[ Date from - Date to ]
University of Houston-Clear
Lake, Texas, USA 20072009
University of MalawiChancellor, Malawi. 20012005
Volda University College,
Norway. 2006
Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained:
MSc in Environmental Management
BA majoring in Geography
Resources Management
and
Natural
Diploma in Social and Development Studies
7. Language skills: (1 - excellent; 5 - basic)
Language
English
Chichewa
French
8
Reading
1
1
4
Speaking
1
1
4
Writing
1
1
5
Membership of Professional Associations:
 Registered with Texas Association for Environmental Professionals 2007.
 Registered with International Association for Impact Assessment 2008.
9. Other Training:
 Training in Project Management (USA, 2009)
 Health and Safety Training (USA, 2009)
 Training in International Management & Consulting (USA, Taiwan, 2008)
10. Countries of Work Experience:
United States of America, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Cote d’Ivoire, India, Norway, Liberia.
11.
Employment Record
11.1 2010 to date Consultant, Water Waste and Environment Consultants
Carrying out various consultancy works in:
o Environmental Impact Assessment;
o Health and Social Impact Assessment;
o Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF);
o Resettlement Policy Framework;
o Resettlement Action Plans and
o Environment Management.
138
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
Main responsibilities:
o Providing programmes management leadership in the monitoring of the progress
of on-going projects and activities to ensure adherence to set standards,
specifications and agreed implementation schedules
o Conducting environmental, social and health impact assessment as well as
environmental audit for water supply scheme, irrigation schemes, sanitation
facilities;
o Promoting vulnerable groups such as women participation in environmental and
livelihoods programs in rural and urban communities;
o Training local communities on environmental management, food security, poverty
alleviation and sustainable development;
o Providing capacity building in environmental and energy management
programmes in schools and communities;
o Preparing environmental management system for audited facilities;
o Facilitating designing and implementing research work: baseline surveys,
operational research, mid-term evaluations, impact assessments/evaluations as a
tool for program learning and strategic growth and development.
o Developing Technical and budgetary proposals: I am responsible for writing
proposals in response to call for consultancy services.
o Monitoring and Evaluation: Development of logical frameworks for various
projects
o Designing Research: I am required to develop research methodologies (both
qualitative and quantitative) for various studies
o Assisting in documentation of project activities and technical reports
o Capacity Building: Preparing and Conducting Training workshops
Details of consultancy works carried out are given in Section 13
11.2 2009 to 20010 Environmental Consultant, AECOM Corporation
Main job task was:
Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment for Shell and Chevron Projects).
Duties and responsibilities included:
o provided guidance, technical expertise and resources necessary to properly design
and execute project;
o Planned, Implemented and monitored the progress and results of programs and
projects to ensure compliance with World Bank, USAID, IFC, UNEP, DfID, IDA,
EU, MCC & UNDP impact assessment guidelines;
o identified impact assessment tools and methodologies such as checklists,
matrices, carrying capacity and cost-benefit analysis for various projects;
o developed Environmental Management Plans for projects undergoing EIAs.
o collected pertinent information on biological resources, socio-economic indicators
and other environmental indicators.
o reviewed of environmental and social management covenants of project finance
lenders for a major project;
o conducted health, social, environment and community impact screenings for
exploration and production;
o participated in screening and scooping activities for potential environmental
impacts for irrigation waterway project in Nebraska;
139
Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for Agricultural Productivity Program Southern Africa
(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
o managed financial components of projects including establishing and tracking
budgets;
o conducted project monitoring workshops, gap and needs assessment,
benchmarking and recommended best practices for rural and urban development
for developing countries;
o organised and led workshops to assess and evaluate potential environmental,
social and health impacts for proposed projects.
o conducted environmental due diligence audit for gasoline filling stations, fuel
depots and offshore floating storage ship.
11.3 2004 to 2009. Junior Consultant, Acorn International LLC
Duties included:
 Evaluated baseline documents for various projects and programmes to determine the
adequacy of collected information relevant to potential social, health and
environmental impacts;
 Identified impact assessment tools and methodologies such as checklists, matrices,
carrying capacity and cost-benefit analysis for various projects;
 Compiled and analyzed data and interpreted correlations between proposed projects
and environmental, social and health effects for various projects on area of influence;
 Developed grievance mechanism for projects being implemented in sensitive areas
and rural communities;
 Participated in developing framework for capacity building to ensure effective
implementation of projects:
11.4 2008-2008
Consultant, Jong Shyn Shipping Company, Taiwan
Specific Duties included:
 Developed a marketing strategy for Jong Shyn using SWOT analysis;
 Developed a comprehensive environmental policy for Jong Shyn to meet international
standard requirements;
 Researched sources of inefficiency in production and management processes and
evaluated their impacts on business and develop methods of control;
11.5 2002-2004
Project Manager, RECAPO
Duties included:
 Research in Environmental Management and Natural Resources Management;
 Assisting in community mobilisation during project initiation stage;
 Evaluating project proposals for the RECAPO.
12. Record of Key Consultancies
No
1
Dates
January
2012
2012-July
Employer and
location of
assignment
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
World Bank and
Government of
Malawi
Position held and activities
performed
Expert
and
preparation
of
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment, Resettlement Policy
Framework, and Resettlement
Action Plans for Agriculture Sector
Wide Approach-Support Project
(ASWAp-SP)
Input
Days
180
Client References
ASWAp Coordinator,
Ministry
of
Agriculture, Irrigation
and
Water
Development
140
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
No
Dates
Employer and
location of
assignment
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
World Bank and
Government of
Malawi
2
November 2011- June
2012
3
October 2011- May
2012
Matex
International
Consultants
4
September
January 2012
5
July
2012
6
March to July 2011
7
February 2011-present
8
February 2011-present
9
December
January 2011
10
September2010November 2011
11
July 20102011
12
July 2010 –November
Sogreah
Consultants for
Blantyre Water
Board
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Northern Region
Water Board
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
European Union
and Government
of Malawi
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Limphasa Sugar
Corporation
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Limphasa Sugar
Corporation
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Ministry
of
Natural
Resources,
Energy
and
Environment
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Northern Region
Water
Board
(NRWB)
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Northern Region
Water
Board
(NRWB)
Water Waste &
2011-
2011-January
2010-
March
Position held and activities
performed
Input
Days
Client References
Expert
and
preparation
of
Environmental
and
Social
Management
Framework,
Resettlement Policy Framework,
and Process Framework for Shire
River Basin Management Project
(SRBMP)
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment
Consultant
for
Mtalimanja
Sugar
Irrigation
Estates
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment Consultant for New
Water Sources for Blantyre and
Surrounding Areas
Social
Impact
Assessment
Consultant for Mzimba New Water
Intake Weir and Associated Water
Transmission Pipelines
180
Project Coordinator,
Shire River Basin
Management Project
120
Managing
Director,
Mtalimanja
Sugar
Corporation
30
Project
Manager,
Blantyre Water Board
90
Project
Manager,
Northern
Region
Water Board
Environmental and Social Impact
Consultant for Resettlement Policy
Framework for Transport Sector in
Malawi
60
Project
Manager,
Ministry of Transport
and
Public
Infrastructure
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment for Limphasa Sugar
Irrigation Plantations
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment for Limphasa Sugar
Processing Factory
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental Assessment for
Mining Growth and Governance
Support Project
30
Project
Manager,
Limphasa
Sugar
Corporation (Mr. Paul
Nazombe)
30
Project
Manager,
Limphasa
Sugar
Corporation (Mr. Paul
Nazombe)
30
Project Coordinator,
(
Mr.
KafatiaEnvironmental
Specialist from Water
Waste & Environment
Consultants
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental Audit for Karonga
Water Supply Scheme.
45
Project Coordinator,
(Mr.
B.
MtawaliNorthern
Region
Water Board (NRWB)
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant, Preparing Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) for Proposed
New Dam on Mzimba River
60
Environmental
60
Project
Coordinator
(Mr. Kent KafatiaTeam Leader from
Water
Waste
&
Environment
Consultants
Project
Coordinator
and
Social
141
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(APPSA)-Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security
No
Dates
2010
13
July 2010- November
2010
14
January –March 2010
15
October-December
2009
16
July-September 2009
17
January-May 2009
18
Employer and
location of
assignment
Environment
Consultants for
Northern Region
Water
Board
(NRWB)
Water Waste &
Environment
Consultants for
Northern Region
Water
Board
(NRWB)
AECOM
Corporation,
Texas, USA (for
Shell
Oil
Company)
AECOM
Corporation (for
Shell Oil
Company) Texas
, USA
Position held and activities
performed
Input
Days
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment for Proposed New
Dam on Mzimba River
Client References
(Mr. Kent KafatiaTeam Leader from
Water
Waste
&
Environment
Consultants
Project
Coordinator
(Mr. Kent KafatiaTeam Leader from
Water
Waste
&
Environment
Consultants
Senior Vice President
for Petroleum Sector
(Mr. Mike Clark P.E.)
Environmental
and
Social
Consultant,
Conducting
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment for Proposed New
Dam on Lambilambi River
60
Environmental Impact Assessment
for Stones Offshore Project
55
Environmental Screening and
Scoping
for
STX
onshore
petroleum project in South Texas.
85
The Director of Oil &
Gas
Impact
Assessment ( Mrs.
Vivian Giannotti)
AECOM
Corporation (for
Chevron Oil
Company),
Chihuahua,
Mexico
Acorn
International
LLC (for BHP
Billiton)
Environmental Audit for 10 fuel
depots and 18 gasoline stations.
180
The Project Manager,
Mr. Ivan Galindo
Preparation of Environmental and
Social Management for offshore
project in India
40
Senior
Manager
Sanders
January-May 2009
Acorn
International
LLC (Chevron
Oil Company)

Environmental Audit for two
gas stations in Panhandle
Texas
15
The
Operations
Manager Chevron Oil
Company
19
January-March 2009
Environmental Impact Assessment
for Fuerte Offshore Drilling in
Columbia.
70
Mr. Scott Sanders,
BHP Billiton, Texas
USA.
20
January-September
2008
Acorn
International
LLC (BHP
Billiton)
Jong Shyn
Shipbuilding.
Environmental Management Plans
and Marketing Strategy for Jade
Yachts-a subsidiary of Jong Shyn
90
21
June2004 -July 2008
Acorn
International
LLC (World
Bank)
Social
and
Health
Impact
Assessments for Kisumu Irrigation
Scheme in Kenya
10
Memphis
Han-The
Chief
Executive
Officer, Jade Yachts,
Taiwan
Programme Manager,
Kisumu
Irrigation
Project, Kenya
Programme
Mr. Scott
142