BIODIESEL :
AN ALTERNATE FUEL
Dr. J. P. Nath
Baripada
What are Biofuels ?
• Renewable fuels from bio sources
• Include
–
–
–
–
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Bio-hydrogen
Biogases
WHY BIOFUELS?
•
SUSTAINABILITY
•
POLLUTION THREAT
•
REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
•
REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT
•
SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE
•
SECURITY OF SUPPLY
FIRST USE OF PEANUT OIL IN
1895 BY DR RUDOLF DIESEL
•
• “The use of vegetable
oils for engine fuels
may seem insignificant
today. But such oils
may become in course
of time as important as
petroleum and the coal
tar products of the
present time."
(1858 – 1913)
1912
WORLD EXPERIENCE ON
BIODIESEL
BIODIESEL IN EUROPE
•Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial scale in EU
since 1992, largely in response to positive signals from the EU
institutions.
•In 2001, it is estimated that some twenty plants produced
around 1 million tonnes, mainly in
•Austria,
•Belgium,
•France,
•Germany,
•Italy,
•Sweden.
Total biodiesel production in 2000 (mt)
France
Germany
Italy
Austria
Belgium
Total
328,000
246,000
78,000
27,600
20,000
700,600
The German biodiesel sector
saw the biggest production
increase of the five countries in
2000. Its growth rate was 31%
with total production of
246,000mt compared with
171,000mt in 1999.
EU TARGETS FOR BIOFUEL
Biofuel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Ethanol
Ethanol
Year
2003
2010
2000
2007
2003
2010
Market
2.3MMT
8.3MMT
504 M$
2.4 B$
8.3 MMT
9.7MMT
Biodiesel growth : 25%/ Year
Germany/Austria-no tax, UK 20% lower tax
Other Countries 0-10% of diesel Tax
US Lead – A Senate Report
Analyze the agricultural sector and macroeconomic impacts of
the Hagel-Johnson renewable energy bill (S.1006)
Requires a minimum percentage of motor vehicle fuel sold in the
U.S. must be renewable fuel.
0.8% in 2002 to 5% by 2012 ( NOW MAY BE 8% )
Renewable fuels are biodiesel, ethanol or other fuel produced
from biomass and biogas.
JMU-07/01
Mil gal
Biodiesel Production
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2001
2003
2005
2007
Soybeans
2009
2011
Other Oils
2013
2015
What US people pay for in a gallon of diesel
(Dec, 2002)
Retail Price: $1.29 / gallon
Retail Price Rs.16.85 / L
BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS
DIESEL CNG
LNG
METHANOL
ETHANOL BIODIESEL
___________________________________________________________________________
Vehicle cost
10
5
5
5
5
10
Infrastructure
10
2
5
5
5
10
Safety
7
4
3
1
3
8
Operating range 10
5
10
10
10
10
Operating cost
10
5
7
5
5
7
Reliability
10
7
5
3
3
10
Customer
acceptance
5
8
8
8
9
8
Funding
assistance
1
10
2
0
2
2
Training cost
10
5
5
5
5
10
Fuel availability
10
10
5
5
5
6
Fuel quality
9
5
10
8
8
9
Fuel price
stability
6
8
8
6
6
6
TOTAL
98
74
73
61
66
96
__
WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
Biodiesel is vegetable oil processed to
resemble Diesel Fuel
• High Cetane
• High lubricity
• Comparable BTU content
• Readily mixes with diesel
•Ready to use in diesel run engines
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Environment friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
No engine modification
Increase in engine life
Biodegradable and non-toxic
Easy to handle and store
BIODIESEL
•
Made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol
•
Most of the oils, edible & non-edible are suitable
•
Selection of feed stock based on
* Availability
* Price
* Policy
France,Germany & Italy currently the leaders
•
RAW MATERIALS
•
Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)
•
Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)
•
Soybean oil (USA & Brazil)
•
Palm oil (Malaysia)
•
Linseed, olive oils (Spain)
•
Cottonseed oil (Greece)
•
Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha (Nicaragua &
South Americas), Guang-Pi (China)
BASIC REACTION
CH2COOR’
|
CHCOOR”
3 ROH
|
CH2COOR”’
60 Kg
Oil
6.78 Kg
Alcohol
CH2OH
Catalyst
CH2OH
R'COOR
+
R''COOR
+
R'''COOR
6.5 Kg
Glycerin
58 Kg
Biodiesel
|
CHOH
|
0.60Kg
NaOH
BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
PROPERTIES
UNIT
DIN 51606 (1997)
ASTM (2001)6751
Density
g/cm3
0.875-0.90
--
Carbon Residue
(100%)
% mass
Max 0.05
Max 0.050
Ash Content
% mass
Max 0.02
Max 0.020
Total Sulfur
% mass
Max 0.01
Max 0.05
Cetane No.
--
Min 49
Min 40
Min 110
Min 100
Flash Point
0C
Copper Corrosion
degree
1
No. 3b max
Viscosity, 40 0C
mm2/s (cSt)
3.5-5.0
1.9-6.0
Neutralization Value
mg
Max 0.5
Max 0.8
Free Glycerin
% mass
Max 0.02
Max 0.02
Total Glycerin
% mass
Max 0.25
Max 0.24
CFPP
Summer (0C)
Max 0.0
--
Winter (0C)
Max -15
--
BIODIESEL PROCESS AT
IOC (R&D )
• Base catalyzed transesterification of oil
RAW MATERIALS USED
*Rice Bran oil
*Sunflower oil
*Mohuva oil
*Rapeseed oil
*Japtropha oil
* Karanjia oil
SCALE: 100g to 60kg batch
IOC R&D BIODIESEL
PILOT-PLANT
BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biodiesel has high cetane
In built Oxygen content
Burns fully
Has no Sulphur
No Aromatics
Complete CO2 cycle
Emissions Reductions
B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum
diesel:
– Carbon monoxide -20%
– Unburned hydrocarbons -30%
– Particulate matter -22%
– Sulfates -20%
– NPAH -50%
– Mutagenicity -20%
Environmental Concerns
Emissions by combustion engine (100B)
Emission
CO
HC
PM
SOOT
PAH
CO2
NOX
S
Reduction (%)
67
30
68
50
85
100
+/-2--6
80-100
PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned
Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere
Refining
Use in Cars and Trucks
Exploration
BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
No fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming
Renewable CO2
Use in Cars and Trucks
Oil Crops
Biodiesel Production
BUS POWERED ALTERNATIVE FUELS
WIDE ACCEPTANCE
•
By diesel vehicle industry
Audi
BMW
Deutz
Iseki
Massey-Ferguson
Puegot
Renault
Skoda
Steyr
Volvo
Case
John Deere
Mercedes-Benz
Same
Valmet
Claas
Kubota
Nissan
Seat
Volkswagen
•
By the fuel trade; e.g, ELF, Texaco, Shell, Total
•
By the end-user – bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry enterprises,railroad,
boat owners
•
A total of 128 production sites (capacity 500-120,000 tons/annum)
LUBRICITY-Major Benefit
LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROPE & THE US
EXXON STUDY
B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAR
FILM FORMING ABILITY – 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL)
EPA RULE (JAN. 2001) TO BRING DOWN SULFUR CONTENT IN DIESEL
FROM 500 ppm TO 15 ppm BY 2006
“LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS
ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS”;
FUEL CONSUMPTION
• Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen
• Brake-specific fuel consumption figures
– Petrodiesel
0.43 lb/HP-hr
– B20
0.44 “
– B100
0.50
“
BIODIESEL IS REALITY NOW
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Large number of surveys done
Variety of feed stocks tested
Transesterification developed on commercial scale
Biodiesel specs. By ASTM & others
About 40 million mile testing
Approval by auto OEM’s
Tax structure in place in several countries
Future projections firmed up
Legalisations in place in many countries
•
•
•
INDIA HAS TROPICAL ADVANTAGE
ENORMOUS WASTE LANDS & CHEAP FARM LABOUR
BIODIESEL IN INDIA CAN BE SUCCESS STORY
US RAILROAD BIODIESEL







Sierra Railroad in California, oldest company
First to use biodiesel as fuel
1500 locos to be converted
Need 30 million gallon of Biofuels/Year
3.5 lac acres of land farm
3000 additional jobs
Shall meet EPA norms for 2006
RAIL ROAD TEST PROGRAM ON
BIODIESEL (1999)
 4000 HP (2984 KW) gas turbine powered
passenger
locomotive
 Several Biofuels tested (REE, SME, etc.)
 Turbine maintenance cost compared
 Energy content, compatibilities, emission, cost compared
to diesel
 Emission data studies
 Cost/Km/Unit energy (power) calculated
 Biodiesel holds future in railroad applications
 Remarkable reduction in emission ; Report at www.nrbp.org
BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY
•
An increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425 million to our oil
import bill
•
Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an
enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs
•
The US dept of Energy estimates that each $billion of trade deficit costs
the US 27,000 jobs
•
Developing a strong market for biodiesel would have tremendous
economic benefits
•
Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have
transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable
THE INDIAN SCENE
•
Annual growth rate ~6% compared to world average of 2%
•
Oil pool deficit & Subsidies Rs 16,000 crores , Rs 18,440 crores (1996-97)
•
Current per capita usage of petroleum is absymmaly low (0.1 ton/year)
against 4.0 in Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia
•
Even Malaysia’s figure would be beyond our paying capacity
•
Our domestic production would meet only 33% of demand at the end of
10th plan and only 27% by 2010-11
•
INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE
CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?
•
India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 16% of the human
population and 17% of the cattle population
•
India is one of the largest importers of edible oil
•
Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?
•
A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found before we can think of
biodiesel
JATROPHA MAY BE THE ANSWER?
•
•
According to the Economic Survey (1995-96), Govt of India, of the
cultivable land area about 100-150 million hectares are classified as waste
or degraded land
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type of
soil
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Needs minimal inputs or management
Has no insect ,pests& not browsed by cattle or sheep
Can survive long periods of drought
Propagation is easy
Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years
25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction
The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein, N:P:K ratio
2.7:1.2:1)
Jatropha Plantation
Study by Agro-Forestry Federation – Maharashtra (1991)
•
•
•
•
Jatropha is a hardy plant.
Well adopted to arid, semi-arid conditions.
Low fertility and moisture demand.
Grow on stony, shallow or even calcareous
soil.
• Propagated through seed or cuttings.
• Tolerate to scanty to heavy rainfall.
Jatropha Plantation
• 5-6Kg seed / hectare, 2500 plants / hectare
• EXPECTED YIELDS
Year after planting
Expected yield per ha.
Rainfed Crop (Kg.)
Expected yield per ha.
Irrigated Crop (Kg.)
1st
--
250
2nd
250
1000
3rd
1000
2500
4th
2000
5000
5th
3000
8000
6th & onwards
4000
12000
BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA
•
IF
– 10 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT UNDER
JATROPHA CULTIVATION
– Can yield 15 million tons of seed (@1.5 Tons / Hectare )
– 4.0 million tons of oil
– An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one tenth requirement of
diesel in the country
– Enormous employment generation potential in rural areas
• If only 1 person/family is employed per 5 hectares for jatropha cultivation,
additional 2 million new jobs
• 200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to crush the seeds
– 11 Million tons of excellent organic manure
– 0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol
Effect on Rural Economy
• Seed price Rs. 4/Kg.
• Seed yield 3000Kg / hectare.
• 5 hectare plantation / family.
• 60,000 Rs / year income.
Additionally :
• Waste lands converted to productive national assets.
• Creation of jobs in downstream processing.
• GAINFUL employment in rural sector.
• Contribution to national energy pool.
INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of Biodiesel
Planning Commission has set up committees on ;
Product development
Engine studies
Legal regulations
Plantations
Specifications
Marketing
Environmental issues
REPORT PRESENTED
WHY BIODIESEL IMPORTANT FOR
RAILWAYS
• Indian Rail has very large available
land
• Bodiesel will help Railways to :
– * Improve upon emission norms
– * Eventually reduce diesel cost
* Contribute to Environment
protection
BIODIESEL-INDIAN RAILWAYS
ACTIONS TAKEN
•
•
•
•
•
Presentations given to
RDSO
Railway Board
Hon’able MR
Task force Setup
Indianoil as partner in development – testing –
supply
PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE