AP PSYCHOLOGY
DAY 2
SEATING
REWIND
DISCLOSURE
CLASSROOM INTRODUCTION
CCN INSTRUCTIONS
2011 EXAM
WHAT ARE COLOR-CODED NOTES
(CCN)?
CCN A note-taking strategy that
helps you carefully encode
everything you read for better
retention.
*COOL! I USED CCN
IN MY AP BIOLOGY
CLASS!
CCN
• RED QUESTIONS
• GREEN TERMS
• BLUE DEFINITIONS
• PERSONAL REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OR EXAMPLES
• MINI FRQ’S
AP PSYCHOLOGY
DAY 3
NAME ASSIGNMENTS/DISCLOSURE FORMS
REWIND
2011 EXAM
MC TEST TIPS
PROLOGUE – PSYCHOLOGY’S ROOTS
TAKING NOTES
IN CLASS
NOTE-TAKING TIPS:
1.
WE DON’T COVER EVERYTHING IN THE BOOK IN CLASS. BUT YOU
ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR KNOWING ALL OF IT.
2.
NOTES SUPPLEMENT THE BOOK. SOMETIMES THE BOOK DOES
NOT COVER EVERYTHING NECESSARY FOR THE AP EXAM. BOTH
NOTES AND BOOK ARE ESSENTIAL.
3.
ENGAGE! TRY TO MAKE PERSONAL CONNECTIONS AND ASK
QUESTIONS, WHEN NECESSARY. ADD TO YOUR CCN WHENEVER
POSSIBLE
4.
WE WILL STICK TO OUR READING/NOTES SCHEDULE. IF TIME IS SHORT,
WE WILL MOVE ON ANYWAY. READ AND DO CCN!!
SOME COMMON SYMBOLS
*USE THESE FOR IN-CLASS NOTES AND
CCN
• WHAT ARE SOME HELPFUL NOTE-TAKING SYMBOLS TO USE IN THIS
CLASS?
PSYCHOLOGY:
BEHAVIOR:
BEH
MENTAL PROCESSES: M.P.
PHYSICAL:
AT:
BEFORE: B/F
AND:
&
MALE:
FEMALE:
AFTER: A/F
WITH:
W/
BECAUSE: B/C
PROLOGUE:
PSYCHOLOGY’S ROOTS
DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY
THE SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOR (WHAT WE
DO) AND MENTAL PROCESSES
(SENSATIONS, PERCEPTIONS, DREAMS,
THOUGHTS, BELIEFS, AND FEELINGS)
 PSYCHE – SOUL
 LOGOS – THE STUDY OF
PROLOGUE:
PSYCHOLOGY’S ROOTS
PRESCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
 ARE WE CONTROLLED BY NATURAL
ELEMENTS OR SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS?
 RELIGION VS. SCIENCE
 NATURE VS. NURTURE
 PHILOSOPHY VS. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
 RELIGION/SUPERNATURAL
 HIPPOCRATES/NATURAL
PROLOGUE:
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
• JOHN LOCKE (ARISTOTLE PHILOSOPHIZED ABOUT THIS EARLY ON)
EMPIRICIST; BELIEVED THAT KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED SOLELY
THROUGH LIFE EXPERIENCES. TABULA RASA: BLANK TABLET
CLAIMED EACH OF US IS BORN A BLANK SLATE ON WHICH ARE
WRITTEN THE LIFE EXPERIENCES WE ACQUIRE THROUGH OUR SENSES.
(PLATO AND HIPPOCRATES BELIEVED JUST THE OPPOSITE)
PROLOGUE:
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
RENE DESCARTES
RATIONALIST; INSISTED WE SHOULD DOUBT EVERYTHING THAT IS NOT
PROVED BY OUR OWN REASONING. TRUE KNOWLEDGE COMES
THROUGH CORRECT REASONING AND IT IS INBORN.
“I THINK, THEREFORE I AM.”
• RENE DESCARTES WALKS INTO A BAR.
• THE BARTENDER SAYS, “WOULD YOU LIKE A BEER?”
• DESCARTES REPLIES, “I THINK NOT,” AND PROMPTLY DISAPPEARS.
PROLOGUE:
PSYCHOLOGY’S ROOTS
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS BORN
EMPIRICISM
 KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM EXPERIENCE
VIA THE SENSES
 SCIENCE FLOURISHES THROUGH
OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt is referred to as the
“father of psychology” because
in 1879 he started the first
laboratory in psychology for
studying humans.
He broke into parts the elements of
feelings and thought to find the very
“atoms” of the mind.
Taught his subjects to use a procedure called “introspection” he
introduced scientific procedure to study feelings.
E. B. Titchener (1867–1927)
William James
James is considered to be one of
the founders of American
psychology.
In 1890, he published Principles of
Psychology. The book was 1400
pages long, two volumes in length
and it took him 12 years to write.
Unlike Wundt, he did not want to break behavior
into parts; instead, he never wanted to lose sight of
the individual as a whole. His goal was to uncover
the “functions” of the mind …FUNCTIONALISM
OTHER PIONEERS
• E. BRADFORD TITCHENER (1867–1927)
• WUNDT’S STUDENT, PROFESSOR AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY
• G. STANLEY HALL (1844-1924)
• WUNDT’S STUDENT, BROUGHT LAB TO USA AT JOHN’S
HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
• SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939)
• AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN THAT FOCUSED ON ILLNESS
• PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF MENTAL DISORDERS
• JOHN B. WATSON (1878–1958)
• PSYCHOLOGISTS SHOULD STUDY OVERT BEHAVIOR
• ADAPTED PAVLOVIAN LEARNING THEORY TO HUMANS
• B. F. SKINNER (1904–1990)
• AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AT HARVARD
• STUDIED LEARNING AND EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT
• BEHAVIORISM
FIELD RESEARCH
• BASIC RESEARCH – PURPOSE IS TO EXPAND THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
• EX. WHAT PART(S) OF THE BRAIN ARE USED FOR LEARNING?
• APPLIED RESEARCH – PURPOSE IS TO FIND REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS
FOR BASIC RESEARCH FINDINGS
• EX. BASED ON HOW THE BRAIN “LEARNS”, HOW CAN TEACHERS BEST
TEACH AND STUDENTS BEST LEARN?
PROLOGUE:
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHIATRY
 A BRANCH OF MEDICINE DEALING
WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 PRACTICED BY PHYSICIANS WHO
SOMETIMES USE MEDICAL (FOR
EXAMPLE, DRUG) TREATMENTS AS
WELL AS PSYCHOTHERAPY
 REQUIRES AN M.D. LICENSE
 CAN PRESCRIBE MEDICATIONS
PSYCHOLOGISTS
• A FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT MAY INCLUDE
A WIDE RANGE OF EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUNDS
•
PHD
•
PSYD
•
MASTERS (CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK,
PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING, ETC.)
• CLINICIANS MAY CONDUCT RESEARCH, TREAT
PATIENTS, BOTH
• CANNOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATION
MAJOR MODERN SUBFIELDS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
• READ THROUGH LIST/DESCRIPTIONS
• HI-LITE/ANNOTATE
• REFLECT
• WHICH FIELD WOULD YOU LIKE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT? WHY?
• APPENDIX A IN TEXT
FIELD VS. PERSPECTIVE
*HANDOUT
FIELD – A CAREER/JOB RELATED (IN THIS CASE) TO PSYCHOLOGY.
PERSPECTIVE – THE LENS
THROUGH WHICH YOU VIEW YOUR JOB/CAREER/HUMANS
PROLOGUE: CONTEMPORARY
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY’S PERSPECTIVES
A. BIOLOGICAL/NEUROSCIENCE
PERSPECTIVE
• STUDY THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND
NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT ORGANIZE AND CONTROL
BEHAVIOR
• FOCUS MAY BE AT VARIOUS LEVELS
• INDIVIDUAL NEURONS
• AREAS OF THE BRAIN
• SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS LIKE EATING, EMOTION, OR LEARNING
• INTEREST IN BEHAVIOR DISTINGUISHES BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY FROM MANY OTHER BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
B. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
• INFLUENCED BY DARWIN AND THE EMPHASIS ON INNATE, ADAPTIVE
BEHAVIOR PATTERNS
• APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIOR AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species was
published in 1859. His theory
was that humans and animals
had evolved and changed. His
theory inspired scientists to
study animals in order to
understand human behavior.
PROLOGUE:
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
Charles Darwin
NATURAL SELECTION
 PRINCIPLE THAT
THOSE INHERITED
TRAIT VARIATIONS
CONTRIBUTING TO
SURVIVAL WILL MOST
LIKELY BE PASSED ON
TO SUCCEEDING
GENERATIONS
C. BEHAVIOR-GENETICS PERSPECTIVE
• INFLUENCED BY NATURE VS. NURTURE DEBATE
• HOW DO OUR GENES INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR (NATURE) AND HOW DOES
OUR ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE OUR MENTAL AND INTERNAL PROCESSES
(NURTURE)?
John B. Watson
Watson studied the impact of
learning on people. This led to
the school of behaviorism.
He believed that careful and
structured parenting could
eliminate psychological
problems.
Watson later wrote a book applying scientific
methods to raising children.
The Behavioral Approach
People such as B. F. Skinner
(pictured to the left) and John B.
Watson are called behaviorists.
This approach emphasizes that behavior is
primarily the result of learning and not due to a
person’s thoughts and unconscious processes.
D. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
• VIEW OF BEHAVIOR BASED ON
EXPERIENCE OR LEARNING
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• OPERANT CONDITIONING
E. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
• HOW IS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED,
ORGANIZED, REMEMBERED, AND USED
TO GUIDE BEHAVIOR?
• INFLUENCES INCLUDE
• WORTHEIMER, KOHLER, KOFFKA – GESTALT
• FIND THE “WHOLE PATTERN” OF OUR PERCEPTIONS
• PIAGET – STUDIED INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
• CHOMSKY – STUDIED LANGUAGE
• CYBERNETICS – SCIENCE OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
F. The Sociocultural (Crosscultural) Approach
This approach looks at the impact that society,
culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on
personality.
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
• THE STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
AMONG PEOPLE LIVING IN DIFFERENT
CULTURAL GROUPS
• HOW ARE PEOPLE’S THOUGHTS, FEELINGS AND
BEHAVIOR INFLUENCED BY THEIR CULTURE?
• WHAT ARE THE COMMON ELEMENTS ACROSS
CULTURE? ARE THESE INNATE?
Sigmund Freud
Freud developed the first
comprehensive theory of
human development and
behavior, especially how the
personality develops.
He believed that childhood memories and
thoughts influenced the behavior of people when
they became adults.
G. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
• VIEW OF BEHAVIOR BASED ON EXPERIENCE TREATING PATIENTS
• PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH (SIGMUND FREUD)
• BOTH A METHOD OF TREATMENT AND A THEORY OF THE MIND
• BEHAVIOR REFLECTS COMBINATIONS OF CONSCIOUS AND
UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES
• DRIVES AND URGES WITHIN THE UNCONSCIOUS COMPONENT
OF MIND INFLUENCE THOUGHT AND BEHAVIOR
• EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES SHAPE UNCONSCIOUS
MOTIVATIONS
H. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
•
DEVELOPED BY ABRAHAM
MASLOW &
CARL ROGERS
•
•
•
BEHAVIOR REFLECTS INNATE
‘ACTUALIZATION’
FOCUS ON CONSCIOUS
FORCES AND SELF
PERCEPTION
MORE POSITIVE VIEW OF
BASIC FORCES THAN
FREUD’S
The
Humanistic
Approach
Carl Rogers is the best
known of the humanists.
This approach emphasizes that people have free will,
self-concepts and are basically good. Humanists believe
that every person can fulfill his or her potential.
FREE RESPONSES IN AP PSYCH
• FR TIP SHEET
• ANDREA YATES ASSIGNMENT –
“MOTHERHOOD AND MURDER”
• EVALUATION SHEET/RUBRIC
T D A A!
REVIEW
PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY HOW BEHAVIOR AND
MENTAL PROCESSES ALLOW ORGANISMS TO ADAPT TO
THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
PERSPECTIVE/APPROACH
Evolutionary perspective
Founder
Charles Darwin
Psychology should emphasize people’s unique
potential for psychological growth
School/Approach
Founders
Humanistic
Maslow and Rogers
Psychology should only study observable behavior?
School/Approach
Behaviorism
Founder
Watson/Skinner
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
EMILIO IS ANXIOUS BECAUSE OF
A HORMONAL IMBALANCE. ONCE THE DOCTORS PRESCRIBE THE RIGHT
MEDICINE, HE FEELS “NORMAL” AGAIN.
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
SAMANTHA WON’T ACKNOWLEDGE THAT SHE HAS AN ADDICTION.
SHE’D RATHER LIE TO HERSELF THAN ADMIT THE TRUTH. EVEN THOUGH
SHE WANTS TO QUIT, SHE KEEPS GOING BACK TO THE SAME OLD
HABITS. EACH TIME SHE FINDS HERSELF GIVING IN TO HER URGES AND
USING, SHE FINDS A WAY TO “FORGET” IT EVER HAPPENED SO SHE
DOESN’T FEEL GUILTY.
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
BETTY IS A NAUGHTY CHILD BECAUSE HER PARENTS NEVER GIVE HER
CONSEQUENCES AND THEY ALWAYS GIVE IN TO HER DEMANDS. SHE
OFTEN THROWS TANTRUMS AND ACTS OUT AT THE GROCERY STORE
BECAUSE SHE KNOWS THEY WILL BUY HER TREATS TO KEEP HER QUIET.
THEY ARE TRAINING HER TO HAVE A “NAUGHTY” PERSONALITY.
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
BOB IS DEPRESSED BECAUSE HE KEEPS THINKING SELF-DEFEATING
THOUGHTS. HE NEVER LOOKS AT THE BRIGHT SIDE OF THINGS. ONCE
HE GETS INTO A NEGATIVE MOOD, HIS THOUGHTS SPIRAL HIM DOWN
EMOTIONALLY INTO A STATE OF DEPRESSION.
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
PHILLIP WOULD LIKE TO BE ON THE VARSITY TEAM BEFORE HE
GRADUATES. HE SETS A GOAL TO WORKS EVERY DAY THROUGHOUT
THE OFF SEASON TO GET BETTER. HOWEVER, HIS PARENTS DIDN’T
THINK IT IS WORTH HIS TIME. THEY MAKE HIM GET A SUMMER JOB.
WHEN TRYOUTS ARRIVE, HE IS NOT SELECTED FOR THE TEAM. HE FEELS
DEFEATED AND HIS SELF-ESTEEM SUFFERS, CAUSING HIM TO PERFORM
POORLY IN SCHOOL.
WHICH PERSPECTIVE?
ROGER SPENT HIS ENTIRE CHILDHOOD IN A ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD.
HE LEARNED THAT FIGHTING IS PART OF LIFE. WHEN HE MOVED TO A
NEW NEIGHBORHOOD HIS JUNIOR YEAR, HIS PARENTS WERE
EMBARRASSED BY THE NUMBER OF TIMES HE GOT SUSPENDED FOR
FIGHTING. IF ONLY THE ADMINISTRATION KNEW WHERE HE’S REALLY
COMING FROM….
MNEMONIC DEVICE
• THE “HANDY” MODEL FOR REMEMBERING HOW EACH PERSPECTIVE APPROACHES THE STUDY OF
MENTAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR:
• NEUROSCIENCE
• COGNITIVE
• SOCIOCULTURAL
• PSYCHODYNAMIC/PSYCHOANALYTIC
• BEHAVIORAL
• HUMANISTIC
• EVOLUTIONARY
• BEHAVIOR-GENETICS