The Saigon CTT
Semester 1
CHAPTER 7
Le Chi Trung
The Saigon CTT
Content
• Token-ring.
• FDDI LAN.
• Ethernet and IEEE 802.3.
• Layer 2 devices and effects on data flow.
The Saigon CTT
Schedule
Lesson
Lab
Date
No
20-Aug
22-Aug
24-Aug
27-Aug
Name
Est time
No
Name
Est Time
Chapter 6 Online Exam
7.1
The basics of token ring
0:30:00
7.2
The basics of FDDI
0:30:00
7.3
The details of Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
1:00:00
7.4
Layer 2 devices
0:30:00
7.5
Effects of layer 2 devices on data flow
0:30:00
7.6
Basic of Ethernet 10Base-T troubleshooting
Chapter 7 Online Exam
7.6.2
Network discovery
0:30:00
7.6.3
Network discovery
0:30:00
7.6.4
Protocol inspector Frame Stats
1:00:00
The Saigon CTT
BASIC OF TOKEN-RING
The Saigon CTT
Variants
IBM developed the first
Token Ring network in
the 1970s. It is still
IBM's primary LAN
technology, and is
second only to Ethernet
(IEEE 802.3) in terms of
LAN implementation.
The Saigon CTT
Ring topology
The Saigon CTT
Data passing
• When a station has information to
transmit, it seizes the token and sends
data frame to the next station.
• When frame reaches the destination
station, the data is copied for processing.
• Frame continues to circle the ring until it
returns to the sending station.
• Sending station removes the frame from
the ring, verifies receipt, and releases the
token.
The Saigon CTT
Token-Ring frame format
The Saigon CTT
Start delimiter and End delimiter
• Start delimiter.
– Alert for the arrival of a token.
– Includes an identification symbol.
– Violates encoding system to differentiate
from other frame fields.
• End Delimiter
– Completes the token or data/command
frame.
– Contains damage indicator.
– Last of logical sequence.
The Saigon CTT
Access control
P P P T M R R R
• P: Priority bits
• T: Token bit
• M: Monitor bit
• R: Reservation bits
The Saigon CTT
Priority and reservation bits
• B'000' Normal User Priority
• B'001' Normal User Priority
• B'010' Normal User Priority
• B'011' Normal User priority
• B'100' Bridge/Router
• B'101' Reserved IBM
• B'110' Reserved IBM
• B'111' Station Management
The Saigon CTT
Priority management
• Using the priority field and the reservation
field.
• Stations with a higher priority can reserve
the token for the next network pass.
• Stations that raise a token's priority level
must reinstate the previous priority after
their transmission has been completed.
The Saigon CTT
Frame control
• Only present in data/command frames.
• Indicates whether frame contains data
or control information.
• If control, this byte specifies type of
control information.
The Saigon CTT
Destination and Source addresses
•
•
•
•
Universal Address.
Local Administered Address.
Broadcast Address (D).
Functional Address (0x0C0000 00XXXX) (D).
The Saigon CTT
Data
• Length limited by the maximum time a
station may hold the token.
The Saigon CTT
Frame checksum
• Frame Check Sequence.
• Source fills field with calculated
value dependent on frame contents.
• Destination recalculates to check
data integrity.
• Frame is discarded if damaged.
The Saigon CTT
Frame status
• Address recognized / frame copied indicator.
The Saigon CTT
Management mechanisms
• Active Monitor
– One station acts as centralized source of
timing information for other stations.
– Removes continuously circulating frames by
set monitor bit to 1.
– Start a token, when token have been lost.
• Beaconing
– Detects and repairs network faults.
– Initiates auto-reconfiguration.
The Saigon CTT
Encoding: Differential Manchester
The Saigon CTT
Physical topology
• Physical topology : Star.
• Logical topology : Ring.
• IBM Token Ring network
stations are connected to
MSAU (Multi-Station
Access Unit).
• Many MSAU can be wired
together to form one large
ring.
The Saigon CTT
Multi-MSAU
The Saigon CTT
Physical connection
The Saigon CTT
Review
• Operation of Token-Ring.
• Token-Ring frame structure.
• Encoding and topology.
BASIC OF FDDI
The Saigon CTT
The Saigon CTT
Characteristics
• Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
• FDDI is popular as a campus backbone
technology.
100 Mbps
Token passing
Dual-ring
Fiber Optic Cable
Total fiber length of 200Km
Station distances up to 2Km
The Saigon CTT
FDDI dual-ring (PR and SR)
The Saigon CTT
FDDI Media
• Fiber Optic
– Single-mode, Laser (< 40Km)
– Multi-mode, LED (< 2Km)
– Multi-mode low cost, LED (< 500m)
• Twisted Pair Copper
– UTP, STP (< 100m) - CDDI
The Saigon CTT
Fiber-optic modes
The Saigon CTT
FDDI Connections
• Class A: connect
directly with PR – SR.
– DAC: Dual Attachment
Concentrator
– DAS: Dual Attachment
Station
• Class B: connect via
FDDI concentrator.
– SAS: Single
Attachment Station
The Saigon CTT
Attachments
The Saigon CTT
FDDI standard: ANSI X3T9.5
The Saigon CTT
Physical Layer Medium (PMD)
• Physical Medium Dependent:
How a station physically connect to a FDDI ring?
• Defines the characteristics of the
transmission medium:
– Fiber optic link
– Power levels
– Bit error rates
– Optical components
– Connectors
The Saigon CTT
Physical Layer Protocol (PHY)
• PHysical laYer protocol:
How the signals are transmitted around the FDDI ring?
• Part of the physical layer that are media
independent.
• Defines data encoding/decoding
procedures:
– Framing
– Clocking requirements
– Other functions (Link state…)
The Saigon CTT
Media Access Control (MAC)
• Media Access Control:
How the physical medium is accessed on FDDI ring?
• Construction, transmission, receiving,
and removal of frames and tokens.
• Defines how the medium is accessed:
– Frame format
– Token handling
– Addressing
– Error recovery mechanisms
The Saigon CTT
Station Management (SMT)
• Defines the FDDI station configuration,
enables stations to work together within
the ring :
– Ring configuration
– Initialization
– Station insertion and removal
– Fault isolation and recovery
– Scheduling
– Collection of statistics
The Saigon CTT
Types of traffic
• Synchronous traffic can consume a
portion of the 100 Mbps total bandwidth
of an FDDI network, while asynchronous
traffic can consume the rest.
• Synchronous Mode:
– Allocated parts of the bandwidth to one or
more workstations.
– Predictable response time.
• Asynchronous Mode:
– Priority scheme.
The Saigon CTT
FDDI frame format
The Saigon CTT
Preamble, Start and End delimiter
• Preamble.
– Prepares for the upcoming frame
• Start delimiter.
– Alert for the arrival of a token.
– Differentiate from other frame fields.
• End Delimiter
– Completes the frame.
– Contains damage indicator.
The Saigon CTT
Frame control
• The size of the address fields
• Other control information
• Asynchronous or Synchronous data
The Saigon CTT
Source and destination addresses
•
•
•
•
Addresses are 6 bytes
Unicast
Multicast (D)
Broadcast (D)
The Saigon CTT
Data
• Control information, or
information destined for
an upper-layer protocol
The Saigon CTT
FCS
• Cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
• For error control
The Saigon CTT
Frame status
• Allows the source station to
determine if an error occurred
and if the frame was recognized
and copied by a receiving station
The Saigon CTT
Operation mechanisms
• Connection Establishment
– Station connect to neighbors to form the ring.
– Negotiate the length of the link.
• Ring Initialization
– Station claim the right to generate a token.
• Steady-state Operation
– Token passing
• Ring Maintenance
– Detects and repairs token or network faults.
The Saigon CTT
Encoding: 4B/5B
The Saigon CTT
FDDI topology
The Saigon CTT
Review
• Operation of FDDI.
• FDDI frame structure.
• Encoding and topology.
The Saigon CTT
ETHERNET AND IEEE 802.3
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet introduction
• Ethernet is the most widely used local
area network (LAN) technology.
• Ethernet was designed to carry data at
high speeds for very limited distances.
• Ethernet is well suited to applications
where a local communication medium
must carry sporadic, occasionally heavy
traffic at high peak data rates.
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet history
• 1960s, the University of Hawaii.
• 1970s, Xerox developed the first system.
• 1980, IEEE released 802.3 specification.
• 1980s, Digital, Intel and Xerox jointly
developed and released an Ethernet
specification (v2.0), Compatible with 802.3
• Today, the term Ethernet is often used to
refer to Ethernet specifications, including
IEEE 802.3.
The Saigon CTT
Datalink and Physical layers
The Saigon CTT
Comparing Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
• Specify similar technologies.
• Broadcast network.
• Using CSMA/CD algorithm.
• Hardware implementation.
• Differences:
– Ethernet provides services corresponding to
physical and datalink layer.
– IEEE 802.3 specifies the physical layer and
the channel-access portion of the data link
layer but does not define a LLC protocol.
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet family: 1000Base-SX-LX
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet family: 1000Base-T
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet family: 100Base-TX
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet family: 10Base-T
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet family
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet frame format
The Saigon CTT
Preamble
• Note that a frame is
Ethernet or IEEE 802.3.
The Saigon CTT
Start of frame delimiter (SOF)
• The IEEE 802.3: synchronize the
frame-reception portions of all
stations on the LAN.
• Be explicitly specified in Ethernet.
The Saigon CTT
Source and destination addresses
•
•
•
•
MAC addresses.
Unicast.
Multicast (D)
Broadcast (D)
The Saigon CTT
Type (Ethernet)
• Specifies the upper-layer protocol
to receive the data after Ethernet
processing is completed
The Saigon CTT
Length (IEEE 802.3)
• The length indicates the number of
bytes of data that follows this field
The Saigon CTT
Data (Ethernet)
• the data contained in the frame is
sent to an upper-layer protocol
The Saigon CTT
Data (IEEE 802.3)
• Data send to LLC layer, including
LLC header and upper-layer data
The Saigon CTT
Frame check sequence (FCS)
• This sequence contains a 4 byte CRC
value that is created by the sender
and is recalculated by the receiver to
check for damaged frames
The Saigon CTT
Media Access Control (MAC)
• Shared-media broadcast technology.
• Ethernet’s MAC performs three functions:
1. transmitting and receiving data packets
2. decoding data packets and checking them
for valid addresses before passing them to
the upper layers of the OSI model
3. detecting errors within data packets or on
the network
The Saigon CTT
Broadcast technology
The Saigon CTT
Broadcast address
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
The Saigon CTT
CSMA/CD
• When a station wishes to transmit, it checks the
network to determine whether another station is
transmitting.
• If network is free, the station proceeds with the
transmission.
• While sending, the station monitors the network
to ensure that no other station is transmitting.
• If a transmitting node recognizes a collision, it
transmits a jam signal so that all other nodes
recognize collision.
• All transmitting nodes then stop sending for a
backoff time (randomly 0 .. 2n - 1 of 51.2ms).
The Saigon CTT
CSMA/CD (cont.)
The Saigon CTT
CSMA/CD Algorithm
The Saigon CTT
Encoding: Manchester T+/-
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet star topology
The Saigon CTT
Ethernet star topology (cont.)
The Saigon CTT
TIA/EIA-568-A HC Standard
The Saigon CTT
TIA/EIA-568-A: Distance limit
The Saigon CTT
Review
• Ethernet differences from IEEE 802.3.
• Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 frame structure.
• Encoding and topology.
The Saigon CTT
LAYER 2 DEVICES
AND
EFFECTS ON DATAFLOW
The Saigon CTT
Layer 2 Devices
• NIC (Network Interface Card)
– Connect your computer with network.
– Provide MAC addresses to each connection.
– Implement CSMA/CD algorithm.
• Bridge
– Forward or filter frame by MAC address.
• Switch
– Multi-port bridge.
The Saigon CTT
NIC
The Saigon CTT
NIC (cont.)
• Provides ports for network connection.
• When selecting a network card, consider:
1. Type of network:
•
•
•
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
2. Type of media
•
•
•
Twisted-pair
Coaxial
Fiber-optic
3. Type of system bus
•
•
PCI
ISA
The Saigon CTT
NIC: Layer 2 functions
• Logical link control (LLC): communicates
with upper layers in the computer
• Naming: provides a unique MAC address
identifier
• Framing: part of the encapsulation
process, packaging the bits for transport
• Media Access Control (MAC): provides
structured access to shared access media
• Signaling: creates signals and interface
with the media
The Saigon CTT
Bridge
• Connects network segments.
• Make intelligent decisions about whether
to pass signals on to the next segment.
• Improve network performance by
eliminating unnecessary traffic and
minimizing the chances of collisions.
• Divides traffic into segments and filters
traffic based on MAC address.
• Often pass frames b/w networks operating
under different Layer 2 protocols.
The Saigon CTT
Bridge (cont.)
The Saigon CTT
Bridge (cont.): Filter
The Saigon CTT
Bridge (cont.): Forward
The Saigon CTT
LAN Switch
• Switches connect LAN segments.
• LAN switches are considered multi-port
bridges with no collision domain.
• Use a MAC table to determine the segment
on which a frame needs to be transmitted.
• Switches often replace shared hubs and
work with existing cable infrastructures.
• Higher speeds than bridges.
• Support new functionality, such as VLAN.
The Saigon CTT
LAN Switch (cont.)
The Saigon CTT
LAN Switch: MAC table
The Saigon CTT
LAN Switch: Micro-segmentation
The Saigon CTT
Benefits of LAN Switch
• No collision domain, because of microsegmentation.
• Low latency levels and a high rate of
speed for frame forwarding
• Increases the bandwidth available on a
network
• Is performed in hardware instead of in
software, it is significantly faster.
• BUT: All hosts connected to the switch are
still in the same broadcast domain.
The Saigon CTT
LAN Segmentation
The Saigon CTT
Why segment LANs?
• Isolate traffic between segments.
• Achieve more bandwidth per user by
creating smaller collision domains.
• LANs are segmented by devices like
bridges, switches, and routers.
• Extend the effective length of a LAN,
permitting the attachment of distant
stations.
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with bridges
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with bridges (cont.)
• Bridges increase the latency (delay) in a
network by 10-30%.
• A bridge is considered a store-andforward device because it must receive
the entire frame and compute the cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) before
forwarding can take place.
• The time it takes to perform these tasks
can slow network transmissions, thus
causing delay.
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with switches
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with switches (cont.)
• Allows a LAN topology to work faster and
more efficiently.
• Uses bandwidth so efficiently, the
available bandwidth can reach to 100%.
• Ease bandwidth shortages and network
bottlenecks (such as client-server).
• A computer connected directly to an
Ethernet switch is its own collision
domain and accesses the full 10Mbps.
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with routers
The Saigon CTT
Segmentation with routers (cont.)
• Routers operates at the network layer
• Routers bases all of its forwarding
decisions on the Layer 3 protocol
address.
• Routers ability to make exact
determinations of where to send the data
packet.
• Router operate with a higher rate of
latency.
The Saigon CTT
Teaching topology
The Saigon CTT
Review
• Functions of layer 2 devices.
• How the layer 2 devices effect to
dataflow.
The Saigon CTT
Basic 10BaseT troubleshooting
The Saigon CTT