Body Systems
Learning Expectations
1.1 Distinguish between anatomy and
physiology.
1.2 Investigate the structure of the major
body systems and relate the functions.
1.3 Investigate the major body cavities and
the subdivisions of each cavity.
1.4 Apply correct anatomical terminology of
body parts and regions.
Overview
ANATOMY – study of the parts of the body
PHYSIOLOGY – function of the body
ANATOMICAL POSITION – standing erect
with feet parallel and the arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward.
HOMEOSTASISpp. 2, 11
Many Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical level- Atoms combine to form
molecules
2. Cellular level- reflect their particular functions
in the body
3. Tissue level- Consist of groups of similar cells
(epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural)
4. Organ level- two or more tissue types making
an organ with complex function
5. Organ system level- group of organs that
cooperate to accomplish a common purpose
(example: cardiovascular system with heart
and blood vessels)
Organ Systems Overview
ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to
perform a specific, related function
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Worksheet
Handout #1and 2
Alert! Test Friday
Analyze anatomical position.
Activity: Assume the anatomical position.
– comment on how that position differs from
the “usual” standing position
– explain why knowing this position is important
to precisely identify anatomical terms and
physiological processes.
Anatomic Terminology
Position and Directional Terms
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ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – front or in front of
POSTERIOR or DORSAL – back or in back of
CRANIAL – refers to the head of the body
CAUDAL – means tail end
SUPERIOR – upper or above something
INFERIOR – lower or below something
MEDIAL – toward the middle
LATERAL – toward the side of the body
PROXIMAL – toward the point of attachment to the body or the trunk
of the body
• DISTAL – away from the point of attachment to the body
• SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) – near the surface or outside the body
• DEEP (INTERNAL) – inside the body
Body Planes and Sections
PLANES – imaginary anatomical dividing planes
SECTION – cut made through the body in the direction of a
certain plane
1. SAGITTAL PLANE – divides the body into right and left
parts
2. CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE – vertical cut at
right angles to saggital plane, divides the body
into anterior and posterior portions
3. TRANSVERSE PLANE – cross-section, a
horizontal cut that divides the body into upper
and lower parts
Three Major Planes
When a section or cut is made through
the body wall or an organ, it is made
along an imaginary line called a plane.
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What kind of section would have to
be made to cut the brain into right
and left parts?
What kind of section would have to
be made to divide the body (or an
organ) into anterior and posterior
parts?
What is a cut made along a
horizontal plane, dividing the body
into superior and inferior parts?
Cavities of the Body
• DORSAL CAVITY – contains brain and spinal
cord – the brain is in the CRANIAL CAVITY and
the spinal cord is in the SPINAL CAVITY.
• ANTERIOR or VENTRAL CAVITY contains the
THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES
• The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart
• ABDOMINAL CAVITY contains stomach,
intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
• PELVIC CAVITY contains urinary bladder and
reproductive organs
Alert! Study the “Body Cavity”
quiz on Wednesday
Body Cavities
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Label the diagram
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Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Activity
Body Systems Worksheet #3 and #4