Honors History
10/29/12
Obama’s Acceptance Speech
 Achievements that are discovered:
 The killing of Osama Bin Laden, Obama justified his death by the fact that he
killed many Americans.
 Saving the Auto Industry- He took the huge risk to save all those American
Jobs
 Ended the War in Iraq
 Promised to Pull out troops from Afghanistan by 2014- still ongoing
 Repealed don’t ask don’t tell.
 Cut the reliance on foreign oil.
 Health Care Law (Obama Care)
 Increased Education Opportunities.
Personal Characteristics of Obama
 VP Biden’s Comments
 Brace and makes tough decisions
 Resolute
 Committed to America
 Caring and Compassionate
 Obama’s Speech
 “Thank You” to show appreciation
 Telling the truth
 Acknowledged Mistakes
 Plans for the Future
 Raise taxes on people making 250,000 dollars annually in the interests of
“fairness”-not increase taxes on the middle class (less than 250,000
annually).
 Create more American Job
 He wants green energy
 Take out troops from Afghanistan by 2014
 Use domestic oil sources
 Export more products/outsource fewer jobs.
 Improve Education
 Require cars with higher MPG.
 Promises to protect Medicare and Social Security.
 Criticism of Romney/Republicans
 Obama said that Republicans want to control women’s healthcare choices
(abortion).
 Romney did not want to save the auto industry
 Romney is lacking in specific plans
 Romney claims that Russia is our main threat/enemy
 Diplomatic Issues
 Romney wants to tax the middle class and give tax breaks to the rich.
1
Honors History
10/29/12
9/11
 The terrorists disapproved of all American beliefs and wanted Americans to
convert to Islam. They wanted Americans to pull out of Iraq. That is why they
attacked the world trade center. They got the opposite result. They were also
against individual freedom.
Aim: How did Rome decline?
 Rome was originally a Republic and then became a democracy. At one point
they ruled a large amount of land. They had a huge empire. It included
Europe, parts of the Middle East, and Parts of North Africa.
 The Roman Empire was very large.
 Augustus was emperor during the Pax Romana (Peace).
 There was trade and prosperity in this large Empire.
 The Roman Government was very developed.














After a while the Roman Empire started to decline due to some long
developing problems:
They had a growing gap between the rich and the poor.
They began to raise taxes.
People who had jobs were required to pay heavy taxes making them want to
leave.
All these issues created decline in cities.
People fled to large estates called latifundias, where they served as slaves
and in return the owner provided protection for his slaves.
In addition, the Government of the Roman Empire could no longer guarantee
the safety of the citizens.
The government’s decline in tax revenue also caused them to cut on security
and infrastructure.
Along with all these issues, a plague was killing many roman citizens.
They were also having civil wars with Barbarians in the Roman Empire.
Diocletian, an emperor, wanted to reform the Roman Empire. His solution
was to basically freeze everything as it is.
He retained location, social status, revenue, prices, etc.
He had limited success.
After Reform, things still began to worsen and population declined. Due to
this, taxes were increased even though the government could no longer even
provide it’s basic services such as protection, upsetting many romans.
Political Issues
 Diocletian decided to split the empire to make it easier to handle. He took the
east side having it be richer. He didn’t actually split the empire but rather
added another emperor (co-emperor) to rule the Western Roman Empire
(284 C.E.)
2
Honors History


10/29/12
Constantine tries to bring the Roman Empire back together. He was located
in the Eastern Empire. He built Byzantium (Constantinople) as his new
capital. He renamed the Eastern Roman Empire as the Byzantine Empire.
They revive the empire for around another 100 years.
The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine kept the Roman Empire together
for another century.



Gradually the Western Roman Empire weakened.
They had Barbarian invasions and no system of choosing an emperor.
To choose emperor, candidates would build armies and fight over power.

By 476 C.E. the Western Roman Empire is considered “done”- that area was
no longer under one government.
The last Roman Emperor had died. The time is considered the “Middle Ages.”
The eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire is thriving in the meantime.


Aim: How did the Byzantine Empire continue the Roman Empire?
 After the Western Roman Empire fell, the eastern part of the Roman Empire
became known as the Byzantine Empire.
 Constantinople: It was the capital and a major trade center. The emperor
lived in splendor that was no longer a reality in the west. They held horse
and chariot races in the hippodrome.
 Justinian- He wanted to reunite the empire. He spent a fortune trying to do it. He
is emperor during the 1st half of the 6th century. He failed. He did conquer a lot of
territory in the west, but because he wasted too much money and lives gaining the
land, he weakened the empire and failed to unite it. His conquests were only
temporary. He also built a great church, the Hagia Sophia. His biggest
achievement was his system of laws. His code of laws was called the Justinian
Code. It was also called Corpus Juris Civilis. These old Roman laws, which were
systematized for uniting the empire was used by the Catholic Church and the
Western European Kings.
 Absolute ruler- “The emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body in
the authority of his rank. He is similar to G-d who rules all.”
 Bureaucracy
 Money comes form taxes, trade, and industry pays for the army claimed
Religious Authority.
 Emperor is Christ’s co-ruler on earth.
 He chose the Patriarch (head of the Greek Orthodox Chruch) changed the
language in the government and army from Latin to Greek (Reorienting
Empire).
 Theodora is Justinian’s wife- one tough lady.
 Encouraged Justinian to stand and fight for his throne- successful. She was
known as a feminist. More property and other rights for women. Helped
people recover after an earthquake Antioch.
 Set up hospitals for the poor.
3
Honors History



10/29/12
Encouraged and helped her church.
Historiography- the study of historians and interpretations of history.
Procopius- Historian to Justinians.
 Belisarius Wrote 3 histrories
 Wars- Justinian is a big hero.
 Buildings- Justinian and Theodora are wonderful.
 Secret History – trashed Theodora, Justinian, Belisarius
 Pov- Point of View
 Look the pov.


Empire after JustinianUps and Downs- sort of a buffer for West Europe. More money than the west.
They have a money economy. They have a strong central government. Still
based on peasants.







Eastern Orthodox
Emperor appoints the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Rejected- the pope’s claim to control all Christians.
They have different customs.
Some orthodox priests may get married.
They use Greek for Church services, not Latin.
Chief Holiday is Easter rather Christmas.

In 1054, they was a Schism (split) between the Catholics and the Greek
Orthodox church.
The main difference between the belief systems is the pope’s authority.








Decline of the Byzantine Empire.
Local Lords get more control over their territories, weakening the emperor.
Seljuk Turks attack and conquer land—leading to crusades
The 4th Crusade attacked and plundered Constantinople.
Western rulers controlled Constantinople for 50 years.
Byzantine lost a lot of trade to the venetians. The Ottomans conquered
Constantinople in 1453.
THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE WAS IN 1453






They changed the city’s name to Istanbul
They changed the Hagra Sophia into a Mosque.
Byzantine Heritage- They preserved Roman and Greek classics/manuscripts.
They blended the Roman and Greek ideas.
Their Art and Architecture styles were from the Greeks and Romans.
Mosaics
4
Honors History
10/29/12



Icons- pictures of holy “icons”
Histories- Procopius- secret history complementary history
Anna- wrote a history of her father Alexus, an emperor.



Russia
Aim: Why was Russia influenced by many traditions?
Geography- It is extremely large. It is spread over 2 continents with the Ural
Mountains dividing European Russia from Asiatic Russia.
3 climate zones (From north to south)
1. Forests and fur bearing animals
2. Farm regions
3. Southern Steppe (grassland).
Good for pasture and a “highway” for nomads.






















2 of the major RiversDnieper River and Volga River (These Rivers generally flow north to south.
This causes contact with Byzantium).
Kievan Rus- Russia at the time when Kiev is center.
Slavs- people who settled in Southern Russia during Roman times.
The Romans took the Slavs as slaves. The Slavs being technologically behind
were vulnerable to the Romans.
The Vikings/Varangians show up in Russia.
They used the rivers to trade, but also to collect tribute from the Slavs.
The Varangians traded with Constantinople and settled down and were
gradually absorbed into local culture.
Kiev was the center for local trade.
Christianity- Missionaries from Constantinople brought Greek Orthodoxy to
Russia. They came knowingly that the Russians were not Christians and
came to convert them.
The Greek Monks named Cyril and Methodius changed the Greek alphabet to
include Russian letters. It was called the Cyrillic Alphabet. It was done to
Translate the Bible into Slavic language.
A princess named Olga converted first to Christianity in Russia.
She was part of the royal family.
Vladmir, her great grandson, really began the spread of Christianity in
Russia.
After he married the sister of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II, he spreads
Christianity.
After the spread of Christianity, the use of Cyrillic becomes popular and it
creates a class of educated priests.
The Russians also copied and adapted Byzantine Art, Architecture, Music
and even the Byzantine concept that the emperor picks and rules the
patriarch.
5
Honors History


10/29/12
Yaroslavl the Wise- ‘Golden age’ of Kiev- 1019-1054. He gives his people a
written law code. He translated more Greek works. He purposely distanced
himself from Byzantine influence- he married his sister to the ruler of Poland
and his daughters to rules of Norway, Hungary, and France.
Kievan Rus eventually declines. The Byzantine Empire declined, and they
stopped baying. Russian goods hurting Russian trade. Rival families fought
for control.


Mongols
Their Neighbors the Mongols took advantage of the Russians situation. They
are on the march their group is called Golden Horde, which was led by Bata
Khan. They burned Kiev and a lot of other cities and they killed many people.

After the conquest the Mongols took tribute, but let the Russian princes rule.
Even thought the Mongols converted to Islam, they tolerated the Russian
Orthodox Church.
The Russian Orthodox Church becomes more powerful after Mongol
conquest and they associated being Russian orthodox with Russian Identity.
Peace over Asia led to/encouraged trade form China to Eastern Europe.
(turned the Russians to Eastward direction).
Cultural Changes
Men become more dominant.
Upper class women become secluded.
The Prince is an absolute ruler with no interference from the church, rich
merchants, and nobles.
For centuries Russia became cut off from western contacts.














Moscow becomes a center of trade. Especially Muscovy (a city within
Moscow).
The Princes of Moscow had Advantages.
They are the tribute collectors for the Mongols, giving them power over
other Russian princes.
Location- River trade routes.
The Seat of the Russian Orthodox Patriarch was in Muscovy. It gave Moscow
more prestige.
Once the Mongols weakened, the Moscow princes led a revolt against them.

Ivan III (A Prince of Moscow)- controls most of northern Russia and the
Slavic areas. He gets byzantine influence back into Russia by marrying the
niece of the last Byzantine emperor. He calls himself a Czar (Caesar). This
marriage led to his copying Byzantine customs like the court ritual.
Ivan III to limit the power of Boyars (important nobles).

“The Czar is like all men but with Authority like G-d.”
6
Honors History
10/29/12

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV)- He also limited the power of the boyars
(important nobles).




Russia is first becoming feudal (as feudalism is disappearing in the west).
He gave land to nobles for military service.
He tied the serfs to the land.
Ivan IV distrusted everyone. He created a secret police organization called
Oprichniki.
They are secret agents. If they suspect anyone being disloyal they killed the
whole town.
Ivan the Terrible being as untrusted as he was, suspected everyone.
Out of Rage and Paranoia, he killed his own son.







The Time of Troubles- (1604-1613)The time when there was no czar, no one in charge.
They hated it very much, so they had a meeting with the Zemsky Sobor
(clergy, nobles, and representatives of the townspeople).
They chose a new czar by the name of Michael Romanov.




Michael Romanov became a complete ruler.
Romanov Dynasty- ruled Russia until the Russian Revoltion (1917).
They continued the tradition of absolute rule throughout 3 centuries.
It is called absolutism.

Eastern Europe- It has a very big mix of different people. Different varieties
of Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes), Asians (Huns,
Khazars, Magyars), Vikings, Germanic people, and Jews.
The Jews came from Western Europe to Poland which welcomed them.






Aim: What did the world look like in 1050?
Byzantine Empire is flourishing.
Russia was under the control of Kiev.
Muslim World- Stretches across Spain, North Africa, India, the Middle East,
and Parts of the Byzantine Empire. They were widespread and thriving.
There is trade within the Muslim world, and with China, India, and others. It
causes a lot of cultural diffusion and new technologies.

India- has large cities, contains Hindu and Buddhist culture, a lot of wealth
and strong with math.

China- They have a strong central government. China has many new
technologies- such as gunpowder, paper, porcelain, printing, and paper
money.
7
Honors History
10/29/12

Africa- Soninke developed- Ghana along with West and North/South Africa
had Gold and Salt trade.

Americas- In the time of the Mayans, who built large cities in Central
America and Peru. They also had large temples Peru (Incas).






Aim: How did the Crusades impact Europe?
-Before the CrusadesWestern Europe was relatively primitive compared to the rest of Europe.
The society was feuda, but they were starting to recover/”improve”.
Increased food from 3-field system, and the use of the horse collar.
The growth of towns and trade had started. The catholic church had
reformed and become stronger.



The Start of the Crusade
The Crusades were officially for recapturing Jerusalem, the “Holy Land.”
In the 600s, the Arabs conquered Jerusalem. They allowed the Christians to
visit and trade with Jerusalem. Hundreds of Years later the Seljuk Turks took
over and no longer allowed the Christians to trade and visit Jerusalem. That
is why the Christians didn’t seek to conquer Jerusalem hundreds of years
earlier.

Alexis Comenius asked the pope and other to help him defend his capital
against the Seljuk Turks. The pope agrees for the simple cause to bring the 2
churches back together. (Catholic and Eastern Orthodox).
By helping the Byzantine Empire, the Pope also acquires more papial power.
(There was a belief that Jesus will be coming a second time very soon. They
wanted to conquer Jerusalem to prepare it for Jesus’s arrival).
In 1095, the Pope hosts a meeting in Clermont, France. He calls for an armed
pilgrimage to liberate Jerusalem, which basically meant prepare for battle.
This will become the First Crusade. People are ready and responded
strongly. They said that “G-d” wills it.
Spring of 1096- First CrusadeThere were many reasons for individuals to join the crusades:
1. To acquire land (second sons)
2. To get forgiveness of huge sins such as murder. Many different kinds of
people would join the crusade to get forgiveness for their serious sins.
3. They wanted to control/liberate and pray at Jerusalem
4. They believed that G-d was on their sides, and expected victory and riches,










The Crusade Itself
Their main route was to travel up the Rhine River and then across Hungary
and Bulgaria to Constantinople.
8
Honors History










10/29/12
Along the route the crusaders massacred the Jews (the crusader was to “kill
the unbelievers”).
Although there were people who tried to save the Jews, most were
unsuccessful.
2 of the people who urged crusaders to kill Jews were Godfrey of Bouillon
and Emiche of Leiningen.
Bishop Johann of Speyer seriously tried to protect the Jews, and he saved
most of them and punished those who killed the few Jews that never made it
to safety.
Some Jews were forcibly baptized. They were allowed to go back to Judaism
later. (Usually the forcibly baptized were forced to remain Christian).
After killing Christians and Jews, along the way the Crusaders eventually
reached Constantinople.
Where they were quickly put on to ships and sent to fight the Muslims (since
Constantine didn’t want them in his city).
The Christians won and conquered Jerusalem.
Crusade Kingdoms were established in parts of the Middle East.
The Crusader set up a Latin kingdom called Jerusalem (which was larger
than Israel but included it).

The Muslims regretted Christian rule and reconquered the “County of
Edessa.” The Christians decide to have another Crusade in 1146 to maintain
control of their Kingdoms. (The Muslims conquered it 1145).

After Massacring more Jews, the crusaders lost to the Muslims. The Jews join
the Muslim army to prevent more massacring of Jews and to keep Jerusalem.

The Muslims continued attacking the Crusader states and had a huge victory
at Hattin (due to their control of the water supply.) They retook Jerusalem—
The Christians in turn start a third Crusade (1189-1192). The Christians
were defeated once again.
This is followed by other failing Crusades.
Some never even got to Jerusalem, but attacked Christian cities, even
Constantinople.





In the 4th Crusade, the western Christians took over Constantinople from the
Byzantines—which in turn created bad feelings between the Eastern and
Western Christians.
The Childrens’ Crusade- The reason the other crusades failed was due to
“sins”. The children were “pure”, so they though they could win. The kids
couldn’t cross the Mediterranean Sea, so they asked Ship Captains to use
their boats. Instead of arriving in Israel, they were taken to North Africa to
be sold as slaves.
The Crusader era lasts about 200 years and ends with complete Muslim
Victory, leaving crusaders with no Crusader states left.
9
Honors History
10/29/12
Test #2
 Results of the Crusades
 Renewed trade and contact with the East (Byzantine, and Israel).
 This led to an increase of trade and growth of towns.
 A rediscovery of Greek Learning (wrath for this in the Renaissance).
 A increase of Hatred/hostility between Byzantium and the West.
 After the 4th Crusade (Average life span of Crusader 2 years):
 Temporary increase in papal (pope) prestige
 Increase in power of kings
 Encourage a money economy instead of barter (nobles needed money for
the crusade, they accepted money instead of traditional obligations from
serfs—weakening serfdom.
 Wider World New—more interest in other lands—Marco Polo.
 Lesson for Muslims- keep fight to eventually defeat any invader.
 (today-applies to Israel).
 Crusading spirit continued in Spain where Christians continued to fight
Muslims until they had complete control of Spain (Reconquista). Masscres of
Jews in every crusade—Loss of Jewish Life.













Aim: What were the cultural achievements of the High Middle Ages?
Universities- needed educated people for the church, medicine, and
government,
Rediscovery of Ancient Greek manuscripts/works from contact with
Muslims and Byzantines.
Aristotle said to use reason and logic to discover the truth while Christian
tradition says to use faith to find the truth. The discovery of ancient Greek
works cause contradictions.
Scholasticism- which states that faith and reason go hand in hand, since G-d
created an orderly world. (Thomas Aquinas).
Hippocrates- was also discovered- wrote about medicine.
Euclid- studied Geometry
Various Arabic Scientists also became known.
Arabic Numerals came into use in Europe (numerals actually originate from
India).
Role of Women was very limited.
Christine de Pizan was the exception to the rule. She was well educated due
to her father’s political power. She was the author of the city od Ladies which
stressed the limited role of women and how they have much more potential.
Medieval Literature
Serious works were all in Latin- it was the language everyone read. It was
the language of the educated. It didn’t matter what was your native tongue.
10
Honors History

10/29/12
“Popular” Literature was in the vernacular (native language). It was written
in your native tongue to reach not only educated people. In France you had
the Chanson de Gaste- ex; The Song of Roland. In Spain you had the Poem of
Cid. In Italy you had Dante write the Divine Comedy, which is a transition
piece to the renaissance.
 Italy- Dante wrote the Divine Comedy- transition to the Renaissance.
 Forerunner of the renaissance- wrote a serious work in the vernacular
(Italian).
 He is Medieval by the fact that the theme of the Divine Comedy is gaining
salvation.
 G-d’s mercy is what ultimately leads to salvation.


English Popular WritingsEngland’s Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales.


Architecture of High Middle AgesGothic Churches- It is complex and soaring spaces. They having supports
called Flying Buttresses- Hold up heavy roof, supports wall, distributes
weight evenly, and allows for stain windows. Gothic is an insulting termprimitive. They are very tall and have domed roofs.
Aim: Why was the 14th century (1300s) a “bad time” to live?
 There was a Chinese curse –saying that it will be an interesting time. It was
interesting for an historian but harmful to the people. It included wars, and
changes of power.
 Reasons 14th Century is Bad Famine- In the High Middle Ages, population increased—food supplies
became tight and they had what was called a little ice age, we are not sure
why but the climate got cooler. (Northern European Cooling).
 It slowed food production.
 All this leads to a decrease in food, which therefore leads to malnutrition.
 It causes an increase in Infant Mortality (children under the age of 5).
 People then become susceptible to diseases and start to die.
 1315-1317 It got even worse. In addition to everything listed above there were heavy
rains.

Black Death- 1347-1351 and Periodically After (Again in 1361, 1369, and
every 5 or 10 years after).
It came from the Black Sea to Italy and the flies on the rats spread it.
The flies didn’t die from the disease but transmitted it. From Italy it
spread further north.
 It killed between 25 to 75 percent of the population in 4 years in
affected areas.

11
Honors History
10/29/12
The Black Death causes a sudden agonizing death. People died very
quickly.
 More people were killed in cities.



The Black Death infects most of Europe, North Africa and even parts of
Russia.
Parts of Poland and East Germany was not as affected.

The Jews suffered more deaths from the Black Death than anyone else since
they lived in cities.

The Jews are blamed for the Black Death to use as a scapegoats- The Jews
poisoned the wells.
They only found out hundreds of years later, that is was spread by rats.

11/5/12

Presidential Debate-



Health Care/ Obama CareIt is a law that requires nearly every American to have health insurance:
It can be from- an employer, from Medicaid (poor people), From Medicare
(old people), or by buying insurance privately.
Anyone who should buy insurance and refuses is fined.
Obama is forcing all Insurance Companies to accept all people. Including
people with pre-existing conditions.
The Insurance Companies agreed to this law, because Obama Care requires
everyone to buy health insurance BEFORE THEY ARE SICK.
President Obama will appoint 15 people to decide on Health Care and what
care to let doctors offer.
This committee will reduce what Doctors will receive for services.
(Note: Electoral Votes- Each State decides whether or not they give all
electoral votes for majority or if they split it.
When registering to vote it is recommended to choose a party in order
to participate in either the democratic or republican primary. It doesn’t
affect the general vote.)
Foreign PolicyIsraelObama said that he wants to settle conflicts between Israelis and
Palestinians.
He tried to build the confidence of Palestinians and not visiting Israel.
He tried to “make friends” with the Arabs at the start of his presidency, and
he visited Egypt (he went there first thinking it was most important) and
several Muslim countries but skipped Israel.












12
Honors History






10/29/12
He treated Netanyahu very badly symbolically when Netanyahu visited the
White House. He kept him waiting. Left him to go have dinner with his family.
He did defend Israel in the United Nations.
Obama said that Israel had to stop building in the territories before the
Palestinians would negotiate.
This angered Israelis, because they felt that Obama was taking the Arab’s side
and not supporting Israel.
Obama is not friendly to Netanyahu, but he claims to be a friend of Israel and
wanting to protect them.
Obama has provided military cooperation, coordination with Israel.
Aim: Why was the 14th century (1300s) a “bad time” to live? (Continued)
 Responses of Black Death Persecuted the Jews for ‘poisoning the wells’- (used magic to protect
themselves).
 People tried to use magic and witchcraft to cure the Black Death. It of course
didn’t help.
 People sinned and partied, because they were going to die anyways.
 They used up their resources very quickly.
 Hedonism- to enjoy yourself.
 People fled cities to avoid the Black Death. This only made it worse, because
it spread it more.
 Some good people cared for the sick until they died too.
 Flagellants- They tried to stop the plague. They are not sick. They whipped
themselves. They are hoping by punishing themselves, G-d won’t punish
them. It was a form of repent.
 They also murdered Jews when they came into town.
 Nothing really worked to stop the Plague. People who were immune or not
directly exposed lived on around Four Years later when the Black Death
seemed to cease.









Economical and Social EffectsThere is a decline in the population, which causes workers to increase in
wages, because they are less workers and more demand for workers.
This causes an increase in the workers’ wages.
The prices fell (book doesn’t mention this) because there are so many
supplies lying around due to all the deaths.
There is much less demand than supply.
This was the affect at first.
Later on, the prices rose. (After a few years. It appeared in the book).
The prices rose because the workers’ wages. This forced the prices up,
because it took more money to produce the same products.
The Landowners and Merchants are upset due to the rise in prices and
wages. They try to keep wages down.
13
Honors History


10/29/12
Workers respond by rebelling and rioting.
In the long run most of the Rebellions failed, however some were
temporarily successful.
11/9/12
 Kristallnacht- 11/9/1938
 This is when the Nazi persecution finally becomes physical. Up until then it
wasn’t.
 After they broke all the windows in houses and synagogues, and took the
most important people and sent them to concentration camps. They released
them later to scare other Jews and cause them to leave.
 After WWI many Jews came into Germany.
 Hershel Grynspan brought a gun and went into the German Embassy in
France and asked to speak to the Ambassador. They wouldn’t let him see the
ambassador. A second in command came to speak to him and he killed him.
He did it due to his suffering in his family along the Polish border after being
expelled from Germany
 The Germans ran an official slaughtering of Jews without interference from
anyone else at the eve of November 9th and 10th.
 The Nazi government controlled all this, and citizens did nothing at first.













14th Century (Continued)Landowners turned to sheep raising instead of crops, because it required
fewer workers.
The excess workers then moved to the cities and tried to find work there.
The guilds don’t like that, because they wanted to keep down the amount of
workers in the city. They wouldn’t allow them to come into guilds. Getting
into a guild is usually something you inherit from father to son. If your father
was in the guild, you could get in too.
This caused social unrest- conflict between people who are employed and
unemployed, between guilds and excess workers.
Guild- group of people that have the same occupation that required skill.
Church Problems1. As a result of previous conflicts, in 1309, Pope Clement moved from
Rome to Avignon. (Babylonian Captivity). It was done this way because
the King of France wanted it. It started to seem that the French King ran the
church and not the church.
The Pope became a puppet of the King of France.
The Churchmen in Avignon are seen as living very luxurious lives without too
much interest in spiritual affairs.
2. The Great Schism- (1378-1417)
A Pope moved back to Rome and died of natural causes. The cardinals were
pressured by the Italian Mob to choose an Italian Pope.
They chose Urban VI.
14
Honors History


























10/29/12
The French Cardinals didn’t like that. They said that that vote didn’t count,
since we were threatened.
They in turn choose a French Pope who is Clement VII.
Clement VII will go to Avignon, while Urban VI is in Rome.
This caused a split being that there were two Popes.
The people split, and everyone thought it was terrible, just didn’t know how
to deal with it.
They both tried to collect taxes, make themselves more important.
The prestige and importance of the Pope went down.
They tried to fix it by appointing another Pope, and told the other two popes
to quit, but they didn’t. So they had 3 Popes.
It was eventually ended by the Council of Constance, which deposed the 3
popes and chose a pope everyone could agree on.
3. Heresies- (Heretic- A member of a faith/religious group who disagrees on
important religious beliefs- ex. Tzedukim)John Wycliffe attacked church corruption. He challenged the authority of the
Pope, and claimed that the Bible was the essence of Christianity. He said that
everyone should read the bible, and he translated it into English from Latin.
Yan Hus- Similar to Wycliffe- He was called over by the Council of Constance
and promised safety. He told them his view and they said he was a heretic
and he was burned for heresy.
100 Years War- 1337-1453 (Lasted More Than 100 Hundred Years).
It is between the French and the English.
It started when Edward III of England wanted to be king of France, but the
French nobles chose Phillip the VI instead.
Edward III refused to do homage (ceremony when you accept a person as
your overlord) for Gascony (in France). There is a war.
Key Points:
1. The English won a lot of battle because they had good weapons.
Battles of Crecy and Agincourt showed the importance of the English
longbow as a weapon. It as around 5 or 6 feet long.
The English had mandatory bow practice.
2. The French had a crossbow, which was better but took to long to fire. A
longbow could fire 10 bows before the crossbow could fire one.
3. Joan of Arc- French Heroine (Women Hero). “G-d” told her that it was her
destiny to lead the French army. He talks to her brother to take her home.
She keeps coming until she gets a hold of the king, and he gives her an army
to get rid of her.
The priest believes her.
She wins a couple of battles including Orleans, and brings up the esteem of
the soldiers.
She is eventually captured by the Burgundians, who sold her to the English.
15
Honors History





10/29/12
The English put her on trial for Heresy. She is condemned as a heretic and a
witch.
“She won the battles using witchcraft.”
At the age of 19, they burn her.
Eventually the French, inspired by Joan, and with better cannon, won the
Hundred Years War.
The English lose all their territory in France, except the city of Calais
Aim: How did the Renaissance transform Italy?
 Troubles of the 14th Century broke down the medieval culture and made
room for new ideas. It was undermining the old to make room for the new.
Characteristics of Renaissance







Petrarch- is often called the Father of Humanism.
Humanism is going to be the main idea.
Humanism was based on the study of the Greeks and the Romans.
It is based on a curriculum. They emphasized certain subjects.
They emphasized grammar, rhetoric (speaking and persuading), poetry,
history (moral philosophy), music, painting, architecture, and sculpture.
(They did study math)
They Greeks are not usually called Humanists. Even though their culture is
humanist and if you study it you are a humanist, but they didn’t consider
themselves humanists.
Petrarch believed that it was important to learn about Humanism.
The goal of the humanists was self-improvement. “Be all you can be.” Develop
yourself as much as you can. Once you improve yourself, then improve your
city.
This is reflected in Individualism- The Individual could achieve in what ever
they want. Individual growth.
It is a balance of secular and religious beliefs.
“Christ is my G-d and Cicero is the “G-d” of my language.”

Castiglione-

Realism- Looking at the world the way it really is. People are not always
good. This is the new attitude of the renaissance. Avoiding making things the
way you want them to look, but rather looking at them as how they really
look.
Machiavelli- expresses the importance of Realism. He said that rules need to
be realists and not imagine that people are good. They need to be realists to
rule effectively.
He wrote a book to advice princes how to rule- The Prince
The Discourses also instructs rulers to rule through realism.







16
Honors History
10/29/12


Realism is seen continuously in literature and government
A ruler should assume that everyone is capable to be bad. It is better to be
feared than loved. A ruler must be prepared to execute some people to
preserve order. Pretend to be good but be prepared to be bad. You should not
follow religion if it will interfere with ruling.





Renaissance began in ItalyIt is sometimes called the Italian Renaissance.
There are good reasons for this:
It started in Italy, because;
1. There are Remnants of the Great Roman Empire lying around. The
coliseum is still there. This inspires people. The people become aware that
we are descendants of these great romans.
2. Italian cities had survived the Middle Ages better than the other cities in
Europe. They had shrunk less and in turn were more prosperous and had
more money to spread on art.
3. Their trade was better. They traded with the Middle East. This was the
source of their prosperity. By coming in contact with the Greeks also brought
more Greek ideas to Italy.
4. Wealth leads to Patrons such as the de Medici in Florence. (Patron- hiring
an artist to make art for you).
Cosimo de Medici- A Rich person who also hires artists to paint for him.
Lorenzo the Magnificent- He is wealthy. Hires philosophers and artists to
paint for him and talk to him about philosophy.








After a while (about 100 years), the renaissance and it’s ideas spread to the
North (Flanders, Netherlands, France, Holy Roman Empire, and England).
It is then called the Northern Renaissance.
It is also known as the Christian Renaissance- In addition to reading pagan
Greek and Roman philosophers, the northern “Christian” humanists, added
the ancient Christian writers.

{Most Jews are not involved in the Renaissance}.


ErasmusHe wanted reform of the church in specific ways. He wanted more education
for priests and lay people- Bible accessible to everyoneHe did not want to split the church so he did not follow Luther. Even though
he for the most part agreed with Luther’s criticism.
He will be the head of the protestant church.
He wrote the book- In Praise of Folly- The priests in the church act foolishly.
He makes fun of them.



17
Honors History














10/29/12
Thomas MoreCivic Humanist- People who not only want to improve themselves but a
community as a whole.
More for the most part is secular although most religions are accepted.
Art reflected renaissance ideas.
One of the first people to affect realism is Masaccio-

MasaccioHe helped start Renaissance art and was very talented.
He died at age 27.
He painted The Trinity- Jesus, Jane Mare
He painted most of his art with realism. He first started realism.
He influenced multiple artists.
He would paint things in the perspective they were seen.
Most of his paintings were in churches and illustrated religious matters.
He is the first artist we speak about, because he is the earliest of the arts.
There are still hints in his art of medieval conventions. Later on the style
changes to become more realistic.
It is typical of a medieval artist to paint about religious matters.




Leonardo Da VinciMona Lisa- lighting and shadows were great
All around renaissance guy
Mainly known as a famous artist, but was also a writer and an inventor.



RaphaelPainted religious and non-religious paintings.
School of Athens- represented the study of non-religious ideas people in the
background are smaller. A lot of harmony and balance. Picture is symmetrical
(balanced). Used people who he knew to draw- Plato and Aristotle.
Civic Humanist
Realist
Sistine Madonna- Last Madonna painting
Transfiguration- He did before finishing it.









Michelangelo- The true work of art is but a shadow of divine perfection.
He was one of the greatest Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance.
He was born in Caprese, Italy.
He was an apprentice for a year and then worked for the De’ Medici family.
Sculptor of Moses- Has horns. (Mistaked word ‫ קרן‬for horn instead of light). He
was very muscular. (Physical Beauty). He is sitting down. His torso is larger
than his leg being he was supposed to be put on top of a building.
18
Honors History


































10/29/12
Manchester Madonna- Unfinished Painting- Shows Jesus and Jane Mary. He
died before he finished it.
HE EMPHASIZED PHYSICAL BEAUTY.
Nudity was accepted during the Renaissance.
They emitted Greek Art.
Sistine Chapel- Ceiling of Vatican Chapel.
Creation of Adam- God’s finger almost touching God.
Be what you can be- God gives one the power to be great.
Jan Van Eyck- (Northern Renaissance)
Very Influential Flemish Painter (Flemish- relating to Flanders [Today is
Belgian] people/language).
The Ghent AltarpieceThe Arnolfini Marriage- Giovanni and Wife (Not really pregnant).
His shoes are off to show he is on holy land.
Even More Detailed Than Italian Art- Different Perspectives
Madonna in ChurchThe Annunciation- Three windows represent holy trinity.
Made new advances for the modern world.
BrugelFirst Modern Artist
Used Sattires
The Netherlandish Proverb- Many people doing many things. A big mess.
The Blind Leading the Blind- Very detailed, don’t stray
The Peasant Wedding- Served simple food, no meat. Mocking Peasants
The Wedding Dance- Realistic
The Return of the Hunters- Also extremely detailed- Shows people in the
background
The Fall of the Rebel Angels- Most Famous- Angels descend from Heaven.
The Tower of Babel- All mankind fail- don’t finish- unrealistic goals.
RubensDramatic Painting with intense colors.
Baroque- Emotional style of painting. Dramatic Style of Painting. Invented by
him.
Honeysuckle ArberThe Final Years- Self Portrait- RealismHe drew himself the way he is now- Old.
RembrandtThe Night Watch- Most famous painting- Showed his feeling through his
work- Vivid colors. A lot of detail.
19
Honors History


10/29/12
It is a group portrait. He mostly painted these kinds of paintings. He would
paint it for the specific groups and they would put it on their walls. He makes
the painting active and more interesting.
It has dramatic things and symbols of that group.
TEST #3
 Current Events- 11/21/12
 Syria Syria has been ruled by a guy named Asad.
 He is hated in Syria.
 He is a cruel dictator and killed all the people that disagreed with him.
 This is why they have been trying to over throw him for over a year.
 Asad’s days are numbered.


Ceasefire Between Israel and HamasHamas calls it a triumph, however Israelis are upset because it will give
Hamas a chance to rearm.
 Benjamin Netanyahu is not supporting this so much, because he feels it is
only a temporary solution.
11/27/12
 Aim: Why did the Protestant Reformation begin?
 In the middle ages the Church was very strong- at its peak- powerful and
influential, but problems had developed.
 Such as: The Babylonian Captivity,
 The Great Schism
 Heresies
 These in turn caused lower prestige of pope and church.



Renaissance Popes were worldly and they enjoyed life. They loved art, the
renaissance, and good food. They were patrons. They wanted to enjoy life
instead of being a good spiritual leader.
He was not being interested in making the world holier.
Leo X who said, “G-d has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.”

Erasmus pointed out all of the churches corruption. In addition to him, other
Christian Humanists called for reforms, they criticized the corruption of the
church. They called for a simpler religious life of Bible and helping others.

Martin Luther- He is worried that he won’t make it into heaven. He is
terrified that he is not good enough for it.
He desperately wants to get into heaven. He is obsessed with salvation.
His father wanted him to be a lawyer, but he wanted to better his soul.
He goes and becomes a monk.



20
Honors History
























10/29/12
As a monk, he follows everything he has to do, but at the end he feels like
everything he does is not enough.
Once he convinced himself he was good enough, then he wasn’t good enough,
because he sinned one of the 7 greatest sins- pride.
He was never satisfied.
He was sent to a university to study theology. (the study of the nature of God
and religious belief).
He came to the conclusion that it was impossible to be good enough to get
into heaven by our actions.
The question then became, how do you get into heaven?
Catholic Belief- 3 places after a person dies1. Hell- evil or beyond help.
2. Heaven- Pure or a saint.
3. Purgatory- a place of punishment of people who will eventually enter
heaven in order to enter, they are punished in order to cleanse their sins.
Luther is worrying about his problems, and then he sees Tetzel saying that
every sin is 7 years in purgatory. How many years will you be suffering in
purgatory? He said, “I have a special paper from the pope. It gives you the
right to escape purgatory.” It gives you the right to go to heaven. He is selling
indulgences- (get out of purgatory letters).
He sells these papers to all the people who are worried about heaven and all
the people who had died.
Luther got sick to his stomach. Did the pope really tell him this? It was a
scam, but the pope had approved it. He approved partly because he wanted
part of the money to build St. Peters Basilica in Rome.
The pope really believed that he had the right to let people out of purgatory.
“Jesus” gave him the “keys to heaven,” and he could release anyone from
purgatory.
The Pope believes that saints did more good deeds than they needed too. The
Pope can use the treasury of merits of the saints and Jesus and take their
excess good deeds and give them to people for good reason.
In the past indulgences were given to people who went on crusades and such.
Tetzel went beyond anything before: selling indulgences even for people who
were dead; selling indulgences for future sins.
Luther thought that Tetzel was not only a fraud, but also endangering
people’s souls with false promises.
He didn’t think indulgences ‘work.’
He wrote up his objections in the 95 Theses.
He objected indulgences.
He said that if the Pope could really free souls from Purgatory, shouldn’t he
do it for free out of Christian love?
Why is he selling it?
21
Honors History
10/29/12

He said that The Pope doesn’t have the power at all.

In the Course of Debates of Luther, he clarified his beliefs and basically said
that only the bible and not the church has authority in religious matters.
He says that the Secular Authorities should come in and fix the Church. He
calls the German Nobles, and other secular German kings/princes and
leaders to reform the Church.
He Wrote the Address of “Nobility of the German Nation.”- It is addressed to
the German leaders to reform the Church.
The Secular Leaders has a number of reasons both political and economic
reason to follow Luther.
1. They won’t have to send taxes to Rome and instead use this money in
Germany
2. They will confiscate Church lands and sell them later on. It was a good
opportunity to steal the Church lands from the monasteries.
3. The princes wanted to resist control from the Holy Roman Empire- Charles
V. (in addition to religious reasons- since he is Christian, because they also
want to overthrow him).







The Pope excommunicated Luther.

The Diet of Worms- is a meeting at the city of Worms. It was called by Charles
V to deal with the issue of Luther. They thought that he might give up his
ways. The Pope felt that he would give up his heresies. When he was asked to
recant (take back) everything he had said, but he refused.
Luther wasn’t fully convinced that the Catholic way was right. He said unless
he gets proof from scripture and clear reasoning.
He said “Here and I Stand and I can’t go against my conscience.”
He believed in freedom of conscience—only for himself.



Edict of Worms It made Luther an outlaw. He was now out of the protection of secular rulers.
 It also ordered the authority to burn his writings.
 Even with all of this Fredrick of Saxony protected him.
 He continues his reformation and spreading his ideas.







Luther’s Ideas:
1. Justification (you are regarded as justified/or being saved from hell or
salvation) by faith alone (good works/deeds don’t help).
Sola Fide- Only By Faith (in Latin).
2. The bible is the only source for spiritual truth.
Sola Scripture – Only Through Scripture (in Latin).
3. G-d only justifies people through Mercy.
Sola Gratia- Only Through Mercy/ ‘grace’ (in Latin).
22
Honors History





10/29/12
‘Priesthood of all believers’ no special status for priests. Everyone is his or
her own priest. A priest is not holy, he isn’t needed for sacraments.
This made equality between all Luther believers/Christians.
Luther Ministers were allowed to Marry, Luther himself got married.
Out of all the Sacraments, he only kept 2: Baptism and Lord’s Supper (Wafer
and Wine- To Catholics this is Eurcharist).
Lutherans still had to do good works, not to get into heaven, but to show
gratitude to God.
11/30/12
 Aim: How did Calvin start Calvinism?
 Calvin started a new variety of Protestantism. (Should be PROTESTant)
 He is French
 He trained as a lawyer and a priest
 His book the Institute of the Christian Religion which explains in essence his
religious ideas, which were similar to Luther, plus how to organize a
protestant church.




His ideas were very similar to Luther’sPredestination is a key Calvinist idea. Luther did not emphasize it.
It means that God knows exactly where you are going- heaven or hell- before
even you are born. He knows what you are going to do before you do, so it is
all set in stone before you are even born.
G-d has chosen a certain number of people for salvation even before they are
born, and the rest are damned even before they are born.

To know if you are of the Elect (“Saints”) to be saved, you look for a key sign:
Baptism and ‘a decent and godly life.’
 People destined for hell are the Reprobate (‘sinners’)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
 Post Test Notes
 Less and Fewer- use fewer for anything countable
o Fewer books, less water
 Effect and Affect as Verbs
o To Effect as verb- to cause
o To Affect- to influence
 On All Essays—Think ‘So What??’ for all events—and explaion results
and changes.
 Basic Problem:
o Spit Back
 SHOW UNDERSTANDING IN ESSAY

Aim: What was the impact of Protestant ideas?
23
Honors History
10/29/12
Luther The Spread of Lutheranism Why did it spread?


DebatesThese debates against Church ideas and Church leaders turned certain areas
into Lutheran Areas.


Printing PressIt spread Lutheranism by allowing Luther and his follows to give out to
people, articles and pictures, in order to convince them to follow Luther.
For People who couldn’t read, they made carvings and pictures.
It became partly a war of pictures and carvings and partly a war of books.







Political and Economical Reasons for German princes to Become Lutheran:
1. Limit the power of the Holy Roman Emperor, by picking their religious
leader.
2. It was an opportunity to get Church Land, because they don’t believe that
there are monasteries (places where monks live). So they would steal Church
lands.
3. ‘National Loyalty’- they don’t want to give money to the Church to build
things in Rome. They are fine with giving money to the Church in Germany
but not the Church in Rome.
4. Corruption of the Catholic Church- They wanted to become Lutheran,
because of the corruption of the Catholic Church.









Peasants Revolt
Peasants wanted economic and social reform.
They wanted fewer taxes and more rights.
As fellow Christians, they feel they should be treated fairly.
Luther is totally against Peasants.
He says the princes should use all possible force to get rid of these peasants.
Luther’s reaction was the total opposite of what he expected.
He didn’t support them at all.
Luther needed the princes and didn’t want their lands disturbed by peasants.
But in addition he did not believe in economical and political equality (even
though he believed in religious equality- ‘priesthood of all believers’).

He believed that G-d made some people poor/rich-powerful/weak and it is
really a sin to try to upset that.
It was the princes’ job from G-d to maintain order, and in turn to exterminate
the peasants.


Results
24
Honors History



10/29/12
The German Princes listen to him and 70,000-100,000 people were killed
(peasants). Due to all the houses burnt, 50,000 people are homeless.
Peasants have no weapons or training, so they never stood a chance.
The peasants having no chance riot. They burn manors and steal noble lands.


Civil War in the Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Emperor—Charles V tried to get everyone is his empire to
be catholic. All opposed where persecuted. It took him a long time to convert
the majority of people. It took him a while for him to focus on the Lutherans
because he was busy fighting the French and the Ottomans.

Lutheran princes made an alliance to defend against Charles (Schmalkaldic
League).
A Civil War is unleashed.
It ended in an agreement called the Peace of Augsburg- 1555.
It said that the Prince of a German State decided whether or not their
territory was Lutheran or Catholic.
Everyone in the land had to follow the choice of the prince.
THERE IS NO FREEDOM FOR CALVINISM.





Calvin He was from France. He went to Geneva. He had a discussion with the
government of Geneva, and convinced them to allow him to run Geneva.
 He convinced the Government Leaders of Geneva to make Calvinism the
official Church.
 Geneva was a theocracy run by Church leaders. No freedom of religion and
everyone must follow the Church teachings.
 Everyone was expected to work hard.
 Everyone was expected to have discipline.
 Everyone was expected to be thrifty and save money.
 Everyone was expected to be honest and Morality.
 Everyone was expected to have simple dress.
 It is a no fun zone- no theaters, no dancing, and even no laughing especially in
church.
12/5/12
 Education is administered for both boys and girls so that they can read the
Bible.
Spread of Calvinism John Knox- he gave to Geneva and claimed that this was the best place to live
a Christian life.
 He called Geneva the “most perfect school Christ on earth.’
25
Honors History

10/29/12
He then returned home to Scotland, and convinced many people in Scotland
to become Calvinists.

In France, a few people (often nobles) became Calvinists. (If you are a French
Calvinist you are a Huguenots).
 In Netherlands, the Calvinists are called Dutch Reformed.
 THE KING OF FRANCE WAS ALWAYS CATHOLIC
 The Dutch Reform becomes one of the best places for the Jews and other
religions to exist, being that they are the most tolerant. They have a more
tolerant version of Calvinism, even though Calvin was intolerant.
 Amsterdam was the ‘new Jerusalem’ because they are even tolerant of Jews
Final Result
 All of this religious controversy leads to wars of religion.
Anabaptists
 Another religious group: Anabaptists
 Baptize adults, because children did not decide if they want it or not. An adult
understand and accept it.
 Some Anabaptists wanted very radical social changes.
 They said women are equal but some ministers are women.
 They also wanted socialism- all people become equal economically, and
people shared all resources.
 Toleration of religious differences.
 Separation of Church and State. Church should not be included in
government. These Anabaptists would not be included in the government
system.
Result of This Extremism Everybody persecutes the Anabaptists, although their ideas are widely
accepted today.
Aim: How did England become a Protestant nation?
 Political issues were more important than religious issues






Henry VIII- started as a very strong catholic. He spent a lot of time reading on
religion. He considered himself a religious expert.
He even wrote a book defending the seven sacraments.
The Pope gave Henry the title, “Defender of the Faith.”
Henry is married to Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella).
He was married to her for 18 years and had only one surviving girl.
Henry is very upset and wants a second wife, because he wants a son, who will be
a clear heir.
26
Honors History



10/29/12
He can’t just divorce her because there is no such thing as divorce in the Catholic
Church.
He sent his bishop to go to the Pope and ask him to annul his wedding.
Catherine was formally married to Henry’s brother. He died so she married
Henry. This was not a ‘good’ marriage. It gave him a good reason to annul the
marriage. He was denied because he got special permission to marry her in to first
place.

The Pope also denied Henry, because Catherine doesn’t want the Annulment.
Catherine was the Aunt of Charles V (Holy Roman Empire). Charles V told the
Pope not to do it, since Catherine would be kicked out of royalty. She wants to
continue being Queen.

Henry VIII sent Cardinal Wolsey to get the Pope to give Henry VIII an
annulment.
The Pope said no, because Catherin’s Nephew (Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor)
and he pressured the Pope.



Henry VIII is very upset. His friends advice him to get divorced without the Pope.
Henry VIII turned to the local Church officials instead of the Pope (Thomas
Cranmer) who gave him a divorce.

Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy that stated the King is the head of the
Church in England.
England is no longer Catholic and now becomes Protestant. This makes them
separate from the Catholic Church (Pope).




The English Church is known as the Anglican Church (which basically meant the
English Church).
They now accept Celibacy (unmarried status).
Anglican Church looks very similar to the Catholic Church, but in essence they
are a Protestant Church.

After Henry VIII’s divorce, he married Anne Boleyn, and they have a child, and
he is devastated, it is a girl (Elizabeth).




He divorces Anne Boleyn and kills her and he marries someone else.
He marries Jane Seymour—hoping to have a son.
Jane has a son—Edward.
Jane dies in childbirth.

Henry VIII made other religious changes to separate himself from the Catholic
Church and be protestant.
He ended Monasteries in England, and confiscated their land and sold it.

27
Honors History




10/29/12
This made the reformation irreversible, because people who bought it would not
want to return it.
This led to the Reformation becoming irreversible, because the new owners were
not willing to give up the land, if they were asked.
The King has money from selling the land, so he doesn’t need to raise taxes.
This in turn increases his popularity.

Another change in religion made by Henry VIII, was the translation of the Latin
Bible to English.


Edward VI- when he comes to the throne he is very young (6 years old) and is
very sickly.
Cranmer was the one who tutored Edward, and Cranmer was really running the
show, although Edward VI was pretty smart.
Edward and Cranmer created the Book of Common Prayer. Their efforts in
creating the Book of Common Prayer caused controversy.
He is very sickly and dies at the age of 15.







Bloody Mary – executed open Protestants
Many Protestants left (went to the Netherlands and other welcoming places)
Unpopular even though she did not try to take back monastery land
Married Phillip II of Spain (Parliament hated Spain)
Wants a baby so she can have a son and England would then become Catholic but
Philip didn’t last long enough for them to have any children
Marry died




Elizabeth
Mary wanted to make Elizabeth Catholic; Elizabeth was interested in Catholics
but was never baptized
 Much more popular than Mary
 Back to Anglicanism- Elizabeth is the head of the church- religious compromise “
will not make windows into men’s souls” – religiously tolerant
 She only cared if you were Anglican
 Elizabeth is the head of the church and services are in English
 “Cherry vanilla”- Protestant ideas but decorations look Catholic
12-11-12
Aim: How did the Catholic Church try to reform itself?





Pope Paul III – appointed a reform commission (group) and reform minded
churchmen
Council of Trent 1545
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views:
Faith and good works both bring salvation
Bible not the ‘only’ source of authority—traditional Church leaders are also valid
sources of authority
28
Honors History
10/29/12




7 sacraments
Indulgences are valid – don’t act like Tetzel
Tried to end corruption in the clergy, less worldliness
New school for the clergy to make them better prepared

Stronger Inquisition- try to stop Heresy






Index-List of books a good Catholic is not allowed to read
Loyola – Jesuits (monks)
Decided to fight for G-d
Soldier of G-d
Dedicated to the Pope- Church and Pope are always right, never wrong
Strict discipline and obedience (black is white if the hierarchical Church so
decrees)
Missionaries (remember Xavier and Ricci)
Schools- run very humanistic schools
Special oaths to obey the Pope






12/12/12
New more serious, spiritual monks and nuns- the best example is
St. Theresa of Avila- she started a new and more serious group of monks and
nuns.


Results of the Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)1. Rome is more serious, they get back into religion instead of spending all their
money on luxuries.
2. Protestants are stopped and stopped spreading and some areas that were
Protestant return to Catholicism.
Poland, who was originally Protestant, became Catholic.
The areas of controversy, which was the center of the Holy Roman Empire, where
places where people were persecuted.




One of the characteristics of the time is persecution. People with unlike religions
to the region were persecuted.


This persecution takes two forms.
Persecutions of Jews- The renaissance time had been relatively good for the Jews
in Italy. Renaissance Popes were too busy enjoying life to persecute the Jews.
Counter Reformation Popes care a lot about religion; Paul IV persecuted Jews.
Spanish Inquisition started in 1480, long before Luther. Therefore the
Reformation is not to blame for the persecution of Jews.
Ghettos- How to have your Jews, but keep them away.
It started in Venice in 1516 (Just before the start of the reformation) and then
extends everywhere. Many Jews left Western Europe with the exception of



29
Honors History


10/29/12
Holland and the Netherlands, being that they were very tolerant relatively to other
European countries.
Persecutions of Witches/Witch Hunts- ex. A poor single little old lady.
They helped people cure their illness and were killed.
Aim: Why did the people of Europe entirely change their way of thinking about the
Universe?
 People start taking a more scientific view of the world.
 It first starts in the area of Astronomy.
 The medieval people thought that all the other planet revolved around the sun.














Late Middle Ages view- based on Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christian Theology was
the Geocentric Model.
In this model, the earth is in the middle and everything is revolving around it.
Earth is composed of 4 elements- earth, fire, air, and water, and the earth is
imperfect and changing.
Perfect circles of concentric spheres include the moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Stars, a sphere for a force that moved the stars, prime
mover sphere, and a region for G-d and the saved souls.
ChallengesCopernicus- He is a churchman and a priest. He comes up with the Heliocentric
Theory, meaning that the Sun is the center, not the earth. He writes something
called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. It contains a lot of math
proving this theory. The only thing revolving around the earth is the moon. Since
the earth is on an axis, everything else seems like they are moving.
You have 8 spheres with the sun in the middle, and only the moon orbits the earth.
Everything else does not, and the earth rotates on its axis and the earth revolves
around the sun, and this explains the apparent motion of the sun and the stars.
There other scholars who help spread this idea, such as:
Tycho Brahae- He has excellent eyesight and had an observatory. His
observations and data supported Copernicus’s view.
Johannes Kepler- He calculated the orbits and said that Copernicus is right. He
said that the orbits are not perfect circles, but that they are ovals/elliptical. They
were also not moving at steady speeds. The planet speeds vary.
All the previous beliefs become not true as a result of this, and there is math to
back it up.
Ordinary people are all ignoring this completely.
Galileo- is the first one to get the attention of ordinary people. He makes it easier
for people to see and understand these theories.
He used technology to develop a telescope, and he saw that the moon has
mountains, even though it was supposed to be perfectly smooth. Also the sun has
sun spots, even though the sun was supposed to be perfect.
30
Honors History

















10/29/12
He saw that Jupiter had moons. “That is a horrible idea.” Everything was
supposed to revolve around the earth. This contradicts all previous theories. The
Church had an answer for that. They objected this. They said no to look. If you
look you will be “confused.” It is an “instrument of the devil.”
They objected the idea that there are imperfections and that moons revolve around
Jupiter. They had all kinds of objections.
The Jews didn’t even pay attention to it.
Galileo was told to report to the Inquisition (a very clever group).
They take him on a tour through the torture chamber, and told him that if he
doesn’t retract his theory, they will torture him.
Galileo got the attention of everyone, because his telescope could be used by
everyone and helped prove his theory.
NewtonNewton shed a lot of light on a lot of the things not understood in the world. He
invented Calculus so that he could use it for calculations.
He studied and explored the nature of light.
His book Principia (written in Latin)- It has mathematical proof of the universal
law of gravitation.
He ties together all the other theories of the other people.
He also figured the rules of reasoning and the laws of motion.
He is a very influential person.
People see the world very differently after Newton.

The Effects of Newton’s Thought
People saw the universe as Mechanistic- everything abided by natural laws.
He said that G-d is everywhere. God’s roles was to set up the universe and set up
natural law.
All his ideas last until Einstein


Bacon- He emphasized experimentation and observation
Descartes- “I think therefore I am. He emphasized reasoning.




Boyle- He experimented with elements, compounds and gases.
Vesalius- He studied anatomy.
Pare- Invented ointment, to avoid infection
Harvey- He studied circulation of the blood in the heart.
Test #4 (Assignments 14-18)
Aim:Why were the 16th and 17th centuries a time of economic and social
change?
(1500’ s-1600)
 Economic changes
 Columbian exchange  greater variety of food
 Trade that took place between the old world and the new world
31
Honors History













10/29/12
Tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans, pineapples, corn, and
potatoes all came from the new world (revolutionized Europe- peasant kings
were forced to plant potatoes.
Irish people planted potatoes
Chocolate and tobacco (came from the new world)
New world of the America’s got horses, cows, pigs, wheat, barley, and sugar
cane
Other results of the Columbian exchange: increase in population
Transfers of population – Europeans come to the new world with a transfer
of ideas (religion) and languages
Commercial revolution
Prices revolution: prices rose (inflation) because they was a bigger
population. More gold and silver, so the prices went down
Growth of capitalism- private individuals investing their money in the hopes
of making profit
Caused by expanded trade/push for overseas empires, higher prices more
people invest
Results:
New business and creation of an expanded international trading system
More trade more people invest more business new creation of the
expanded international trading system (it’s a whole cycle)
12-20-12





Effects: varied by class
Nobles are hurt they aren’t getting money out of their land
Merchants who invested in foreign trade made fortunes
Workers wages went up but less than prices (worse off)
Peasants nothing changes immediately



New business methods
Joint stock company
Putting out system- one person is the investor who gives it to a peasant and
pays him then gives it to another peasant and pays him then brings it to the
city and pays to dye it and then sell it. He is avoiding the guilds so he can
make the profit
Merchants use peasants to produce wool cloth with different peasants doing
different jobs




New economic policy- Mercantilism
Mercantilists believed that a countries wealth is gold and silver. If you have a
lot of gold and silver than you are rich,
Mercantilist want more gold and silver
32
Honors History
10/29/12




Exporting more than you import, will increase in gold and silver
Having colonies to supply raw materials and buy finished goods
Government policies that support mercantilism
Government encourage business






Monopolies
Imposing tariff (import taxes) on foreign goods
To make foreign goods too expensive to buy
Limiting trade with the colonies by other countries
Built roads and canals
Standard currency, weights and measures






Social changes
Peasants still the majority of the people- slow Cities
Successful merchants are on top but the guilds are still powerful
Lawyers are needed now to write contracts
Middle class is comfortable because they have servants, fine homes
Worry about children’s careers, education, and marriages, arranged by
parents to benefit the family
Laborers/ servants have a very miserable life- they are poor, crowded
homes, life isn’t pleasant for them





Women
Chiefly wives and mothers
Men in charge
Have almost no property or legal rights
Aim: Why were the 1500s, Spain’s Golden Age?
 The Spanish developed an empire in the Americas and they were stealing
Gold and Silver from the Indians.
 Gold and Silver were pouring in from the New World.
 Spain united as a country. Before the end of the 1400s, Spain was not a
country. It was divided into several countries.
 Queen Isabella of Castile married King Ferdinand of Aragon.
 They got married for politic reasons, in order to unite Spain.
 Unification of Spain First was with the Marriage
 Second was with the conquest of southern Spain (Grenada- Southern Tip Of
Spain), which led to the expulsion of both the Jews and the Moors (MuslimsTerm for Muslims in Spain).
 Once they conquered, then Spain became more stable, and they became
more stable rulers. They then had the power to expel non-Catholics, Jews,
and Moors.
33
Honors History


10/29/12
Due to the Expulsion, it had a harsh effect on the economy. Many of the Jews
were artisans, and manufacturers.
Spain is missing a middle class, which in the long run ruins them. Even
though they get gold and silver from the Americas, they have no middle class
to manufacture goods and export things. All the goods are imported.

In the first part of the 1500s, Charles V of The Holy Roman Empire (Luther)
was ruling Spain. He is ruling both the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. In
Spain he is called Charles I of Spain, being that he is the first Charles of Spain.

Charles V is involved in warfare against France. He was also involved in
warfare against the Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire (Schmalkaldic
League).
He is also involved in warfare against Ottomans. He is defending Vienna.
Charles V is split between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. It becomes too
much for him to handle and he gives up.
He splits the Empire.
He gave his brother Ferdinand the Holy Roman Empire and he gave Spain to
his son Phillip.





















Phillip IIHe has the type of personality where he wants to supervise and comment on
everything.
He is a very hard worker.
The problem is, he is never able to finish/do all his work. Nothing gets done
He slows down the Government, because he wants to do everything at the
same time.
He is an absolute monarch, that claims his right to rule from divine right.
NO ONE CAN CONTRADICT HIM.
He takes the position that if he is king, G-d wants it that way.
He is a big defender of Catholicism.
He strengthened the Inquisition.
He fought the Ottomans- In a major battle, Lepanto, he destroys the Ottoman
fleet.
He is also the ruler of the Netherlands. The Netherlands hated him.
He used the Inquisition in the Netherlands. He tries to persecute Protestants
and other non-Catholics. Being that the Netherlands were so tolerant, they
had many different religions. He took taxes for Spanish needs. This makes
him very unpopular.
The leader of the revolt was William the Silent. He led the revolt.
He is very autocratic- he does whatever he wants without consulting others.
This leads to the Dutch Revolt.
He is very brutal, and sends the Duke of Alva, a very brutal person, the
brutality doesn’t stop the revolt, and the Dutch Netherlands succeed.
34
Honors History





10/29/12
He gets them even more upset.
The Dutch Netherlands split off in the end.
The Southern Provinces decided to remain under Spain (because they were
Catholic), and remained under the control of Spain.
The Northern Provinces (Dutch Reformed-Calvinist) declared independences
and after a truce and the Thirty Years War, their independence was
recognized even by Spain.
REVOLT WAS SUCCESSFUL IN A SENSE- The Dutch Netherlands gain
independence all due to the brutality of Spain.

Spanish Armada- was send against England under Elizabeth to try to force
them to be Catholic. That was a disaster. In 1588. It becomes clear that
Spain’s golden age is coming to an end. The Armada encountered bad winds
and was out sailed by the English Ships, being that they were narrower.


Cultural Achievements of SpainPhillip II is a patron of the Arts like Louis. He was also a founder of the
academies for math and science.
Spanish PaintersEl Greco- He used elongated figures to make them very dramatic and very
different look. To heighten the drama.
Velasquez- He is more known for portraits of all these poor little girls
standing in stiff positions.
LiteratureCervantes- He wrote a book/story called Don Quixote (first modern novel in
Europe). He pokes fun at Medieval Chivalry.












Economic effects of Gold and Silver
At first it made Spain rich. You had a higher standard of living, and money for
wars.
Later on it caused Inflation.
The many wars drained money out of the country, so did luxury purchases
from other nations.
But because of this they also neglected their farming and commerce. Partly
because they expelled the Jews and Muslims who were a big part of it.
They overtaxed the middle class. Which was already very small.
The expulsion of the Jews and Muslims (their middle class), hurt them badly
economically.
Aim: Why was Henry IV an excellent king of France?
 He is Catholic
 Religious War in France “War of the 3 Henry’s“
 Between Catholic and Huguenots Valois was the ruling family
35
Honors History






























10/29/12
King was Charles IX (Catholic)
Allowed his sister to marry the Protestant leader- Henry of Navarre
Leader of the extreme Catholics is Henry, Duke of Guise
Got the idea of massacring the Protestants while they are in Paris for the
wedding
The king agreed and the king’s guards started the massacre=St. Bartholomew
Day’s Massacre
12-21-1
The war started because of the massacre
New king is Henry III
More of a middleman
Henry of Guise (ultra Catholic) got money and got his men to take over Paris
and forced Henry III to make him his chief minister (runs the country for the
king)
Henry III was not too happy, he had Henry of Guise assassinated and decided
to get Paris back so he joined forces with Henry of Navarre
The ultra Catholics weren’t too happy, so a monk decided it was wrong for a
Catholic king to work with a Protestant king and assassinated Henry III
Henry of Navarre became the king of France and became Henry IV
Henry Navarre said, “Paris is worth a mas”- Henry became a Catholic to get
the people of Paris to accept him peacefully and became a Politique
Edict of Nantes
Catholicism is the official religion of France
Huguenots may worship in selected places in every district
Huguenots may have fortified towns (can protect their towns) and have
political rights including holding office
He was one of the most popular kings
Also promoted economic prosperity
Centralized power- royal control
Justice (court system)
Improve roads and bridges
Reduce the influence of the nobles and developed his own bureaucracy
Foundations of absolutism (total control by the king)
How did Louis XIII and Louis XIV make France a great power?
Louis XIII had a great person that ran his country and that tried to make the
king of France the most powerful person of France and France the most
powerful country in Europe
His faithful servant= Cardinal Richelieu
Richelieu put the needs of his king above his role as cardinal
In the Thirty Years’ War the Catholics were fighting the Protestants at least in
the beginning
Richelieu (and Catholic France) helped the Protestants
36
Honors History































10/29/12
Richelieu gave nobles army/court jobs to limit their independence and tie
them to the king
Successful physical attacks against Huguenot fortresses- allowed them
religious observance but not political/ hostile fortresses
He is trying to make France supreme in Europe
Louis XIV
Came to throne as a child and Mazarin ruled (like Richelieu)
Mazarin was unpopular with nobles revolts called Fronde
Fronde did not overthrow this but it scared him (was not successful)
Absolutism—was the idea that the king has all of the power and doesn’t need
to share it with anyone or any group.
Bossuet developed the theory of absolutism (he got this idea from the
Tanach).
He writes the book- Politics Drawn From the Very Words of Holy Scripture.
G-d says we are going to pick a king
Scripture says you should have a king.
Louis XIV never called the Estates General (French’s equivalent to English
Parliament), but was never used.
He tried to make the state and himself stronger
He didn’t trust anyone else to make decisions.
He himself worked hard.
Part of his advice to his son is that when you are working for the state, you
are working for yourself. When you are working for yourself, then you are
working for the state. (L’etat c’est moi)- “I am the state.”
Intendents- Special spies (like the eyes and ears of the King in Persia).
Built his army- 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in war time.
Most of them are draftees and mercenaries.
He built his army to help make himself stronger.
He tries to build the economy.
Colbert- He used a policy called mercantilism.
Versailles- There are pluses and minuses.
It was his palace. It was designed to impress. (hall of mirrors, bedroom,
overall size and build).
His nobles were required to spend their time there, so that the king could spy
on them.
He humbled the top nobles by ‘honoring’ them by allowing them to hold his
shirt, or his candlestick.
Culture: Racine and Moliere to write plays.
Ballet
He set the academy of arts and sciences
37
Honors History


























10/29/12
He spends money to encourage scientists.
This causes France to become the cultural leader of Europe.
Everyone copies to palace of Versailles.
Louis spares no expense.
The expense is huge. He spent it on Versailles and wars.
Louis fought a lot of wars
War of the Spanish Succession- the king of Spain died, before he died he said
he wants his successor to be Philip, the Grandson of Louis.
Everyone else will be upset, because it will make France too powerful.
It would upset the balance of power between countries of Europe.
The Duke of Samsimony- he wrote how the king, mixes people of different
classes in the army.
The king wants to mix up the different classes, so he can pick the people with
the most ability.
He wants to have commanders who have an understanding of warfare, not
people of a higher class.
The War of the Spanish Succession leads to a compromise. Philip is allowed
to rule Spain but never France.
Treaty of Utrecht- In 1713- It was a compromise to observe the balance of
power. Louis’ grandson did become king of Spain, but the same grandson
could never become the King of France. So France and Spain will not unite.
All these wars ruined the Treasury, the expense of the war ruined France.
Louis XIV, one of the least intolerable people, persecuted the Huguenots since
they weren’t Catholic. He wanted everyone to be Catholic, because he is
Catholic. Therefore he Revoked the Edict of Nantes.
“Un loi, un foi, un roi.”- One law, one faith, one king.
Station soldiers in the homes of Protestants, to encourage them to convert.
The soldiers were encouraged to misbehave.
The result instead, was that around 200,000 Protestants fled France.
This was not good for the French economy.
When Louis XIV died, the people of France celebrated. People were glad
when Louis XIV died. He was hated because of Versailles, the high taxes, all
the wars, and prosecution.
The Next ruler is Louis XV
He did nearly nothing. He realized that France was in trouble and he couldn’t
do much about it.
“Apres moi, le deluge.”- After me, the flood.
Aim: How did the English develop a limited monarchy?
The English kings try to get more power, but it totally backfires. Instead
Parliament gets all the power. They would dictate the power of the kings.
38
Honors History
































10/29/12
Tudor Family- were very successful in dealing with parliament. They were Henry
VII, and Henry VIII and all their kids, getting up to Elizabeth.
They controlled Parliament.
Elizabeth dies and she never marries. They have to go back a couple generations
to find the ruler, James I.
James I –
Is the son of Marry, queen of Scots.
He is Scottish and he is a Stuart.
He is unaware of all the customs/attitudes of England or parliament. His approach
was divine right. “I can do whatever I want, because G-d picked me.”
Divine Right Monarchy.
Parliament wanted to discuss foreign policy, but James I dismisses them.
He wasn’t used to the Puritans wanting reforms. He refused. Either they conform
or leave.
James I dies and left Charles I to rule.
Charles I
Charles I was like his dad. He behaved like an absolute monarch. They gave him
the Petition of Right. If he wanted to tax them, he had to agree to this.
It had four parts:
1. No new taxation without consent of Parliament
2. No arbitrary imprisonment (reaffirms ‘Habeas Corpus.’)
3. No quartering soldiers in private homes
4. No Martial Law (suspends peoples’ normal rights because of a war) in
peacetime.
Charles I signed it and then reneged- needed money
Period of ‘personal rule’ which led to conflicts
Ship money (another form of tax)
Religious issues- Charles got married to a Catholic (England doesn’t like
Catholics and is therefore Anglican) he was sympathetic to Catholics.
Archbishop Laud (Anglican) wanted to make the country more uniform. Making
the Anglicans more like the Catholics, and tried to force Scots to accept the
Anglican Book of Common Prayer
The Scots revolted
Charles I is forced to call Parliament to get money to put down the revolt
Parliament forced changes
Abolished Charles’ arbitrary courts and the taxes Charles had made without their
consent.
Triennial act—Parliament must meet at least every 3 years
Parliament split
Some people said ‘enough’ change- stop here
Others said we need more reform- get rid of Anglican bishops
King decided to take advantage of the split and get rid of the radicals who wanted
more change
39
Honors History
10/29/12



John Pym escaped
King humiliated and left town.
Pym marched in a parade of triumph through London



Civil War 1642-1646
Royalists: mainly nobles, gentry, Catholics (Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians: middle class from London, some nobles, Puritans (round
heads)
Oliver Cromwell: New Model Army (religious conviction + the latest warfare
techniques) – win
1646 captured Charles I
Majority in Parliament wanted to restore Charles I
Others were more radical
Charles used the dispute to try to get help from Scots!--> 2nd civil war
Cromwell won again, kicked out the people who supported Charles from
Parliament leaving the small, anti- Charles rump Parliament







The rump put Charles on trial and executed him for treason.




New government: the Commonwealth
Led by Oliver Cromwell
Puritan lifestyle
Written constitution Instrument of Government
40