Overview
• Hand out graded Labs
• Worldwide standards organizations.
• Cabling standards in the United States and
around the world.
• Evolution of cabling standards.
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Introduction to Cabling Standards and
Codes
• Codes promote electrical safety.
• Electrical codes protect people from hidden
hazards that may come to them from wiring
that was done improperly.
• A code provides a list of do’s and don’ts,
which if followed, will ensure that serious
problems are less likely to occur.
• Codes also protect workers.
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What are Codes?
Electrical codes are an attempt to provide the
following:
• Protection against electric shock.
• Protection against fault currents, where
misplaced voltages find paths to ground in
unpredictable ways.
• Protection against thermal effects of electric
current.
• Protection against overcurrent.
• Protection against overvoltage.
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What are Standards?
• Standards are sets of rules or procedures
that are either widely used, or officially
specified, and that serve as the gauge or
model of excellence.
• Standards can be specified by a single
vendor or be industry standards that support
multi-vendor interoperability.
• Integrated cable plans developed by specific
companies are called Structured Cable
Systems (SCS).
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What are Best Practices?
• Best practices are research-based ways of
performing job functions known to assist users
while performing tasks.
• Installing a standards-based cabling solution
causes the workers on the job to learn and use
best practices.
• Many of the standards cannot be followed
without using them.
• In fact, failure to follow with these best
practices can severely limit the circuit's
capability to deliver the specified performance.
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The Evolution of Standards
• By the mid-1980s, there were many different
network technologies.
• The Open System Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was designed to provide a
set of standards that promoted compatibility
and interoperability between the various
types of network technologies that were
produced by companies around the world.
• Cabling technologies are included in Layer 1
(physical layer) of the OSI model.
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Standards Development Groups
• The focus in this curriculum is on the
standards for networking media that have
been developed and issued by the following
groups:
• IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers.
• UL – Underwriters Laboratories.
• EIA – Electronic Industries Alliance.
• TIA – Telecommunications Industry
Association.
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What are International, National, and Local
Standards?
• Organizations like IEEE, ISO, and IEC are all
examples of international standards bodies.
• At the national level, theses standards might
be incorporated into one or more "codes"
such as an electrical code, building code, or
fire code.
• In many countries, the national codes
become the model for state/provincial
agencies as well as municipalities and other
governmental units to incorporate into their
laws and ordinances.
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IEEE’s Standards
• 802.3 -- Standards for carrier sense multiple
access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
access method. This is basically the Ethernet
standard.
• 802.5 -- Standards for Token Ring access
method LAN/MAN.
• 802.8 -- Standards for fiber-optics
technologies.
• 802.11 -- Standards for wireless LAN
connectivity. This is the technology behind
Cisco and many other vendors’ wireless
network initiatives.
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IEEE 802.3 Standards
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IEEE 802.5 Standards
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802.11 Standards
• The IEEE 802.11 standard allows for wireless
transmission of data.
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ANSI/EIA/TIA Organization
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TIA/EIA Standards
• TIA/EIA-568-B.1 – Commercial Building
Telecommunications Cabling
• TIA/EIA-568-B.2 – Commercial Building
Telecommunications Cabling
• TIA/EIA-568-B.3 – Optical Fiber Cabling Components
Standard
• TIA/EIA-569 – Commercial Building Standard for
Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
• TIA/EIA-606 – The Administration Standard for the
Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial
Buildings – Specifically Labeling at BICSI Level 1 Installer
• TIA/EIA-607 – Commercial Building Grounding and
Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications
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American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
• ANSI identifies industrial and public
requirements for national consensus
standards and coordinates and manages
their development.
• ANSI does not develop standards itself.
Rather it facilitates development by
establishing consensus processes among
qualified groups.
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International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
• ISO is an international organization composed of
national standards bodies from over 140
countries.
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI), for
example, is a member of ISO.
• ISO is a non-governmental organization
established to promote the development of
standardization and related activities.
• ISO's work results in international agreements,
which are published as International Standards.
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Other International Standards
Development Organizations
• ECA – Electronic Components, Assemblies, &
Materials Association
• CEA – Consumer Electronics Association
• GEIA – Governmental Electronics and
Information Technology Association
• JEDEC – Joint Electron Device Engineering
Council
• NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers
Association
• IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission
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Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
• UL evaluates wire and cable products under
more than 70 different product categories,
utilizing more than 30 standards for safety.
• UL has safety standards for cables similar to
those of the NEC.
• UL 444 – The standard for safety for
communications cable.
• UL 13 – The standard for safety for powerlimited circuit cable.
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Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
• OSHA is a federal program developed because
of the wide disparity in work place safety
standards and enforcement from state to state.
• Its mission is to ensure safe and healthful
workplaces in America.
• OSHA is not a building code or building permit
related agency.
• OSHA inspectors have the power to impose
heavy fines and/or shut down a jobsite for
serious safety violations.
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NFPA and NEC
• The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) establishes the National Electrical
Code (NEC).
• The NEC specifies where various types of
cables can be used within a building and the
materials used in the cables.
• The Canadian equivalent is the Canadian
Electrical Code (CEC).
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NEC Article 800: Communications Circuits
• This code must be followed when installing
communications circuits and components.
• This code details the installation requirements
of copper cabling and copper cable
components.
• Article 800 also defines an array of
requirements such as hanging
communications wires on utility poles, for
using primary and secondary lightning
protection methods and systems, and what
kinds of wiring can share raceways.
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National Fire Protection Agency
(NFPA)
• NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates
codes and standards intended to minimize the
possibility and effects of fire and other risks.
• Virtually every building, process, service,
design, and installation is affected by NFPA
documents.
• More than 300 NFPA codes and standards are
used around the world.
• The NEC is part of the NFPA’s publication
number 70 (NFPA-70).
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Building Codes
• Contact local zoning departments for
information on permit requirements.
• To obtain copies of local or state building
codes, contact the building official for the local
jurisdiction. All of the basic building codes that
are adopted throughout the United States can
be purchased from the International
Conference of Building Officials (ICBO).
• Local codes always take precedence over
state codes which take precedence over
national codes.
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International Codes Covered
• Canadian Electrical Code (CEC)
• Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
• Australian/New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS)
• European Union Directives
•
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Standards grow and change
Telecommunications communications cabling
standards evolve from lessons learned and best
practices.
These standards are also driven by trends of the
industry such as the following current trends:
• Convergence of voice, video, and data
applications
• Increasing bandwidth
• Storage area networks
• Broadband communications
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Cable changes
• As network bandwidth has increased from 10
Mbps to 1000 Mbps and beyond, it has
created new demands on cabling.
• Older types of cable are often inadequate for
use in the faster modern networks.
• For this reason, the types of cabling used
changes over time, and the standards reflect
this.
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Category 6 and 7
• Category 6 and 7 are the newest copper
cables available.
• Category 7 technology is not yet ratified.
Category 6 Cable
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