Cool Biology
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The study of biology (and
science in general) can help
people in really interesting
ways.
For Claudia Mitchell it
provided her with a “bionic
arm” that can be controlled
by thought while also
providing the sensation of
touch.
We Know About Structure and Function
But How Do Cells Do Work?
The Working Cell
Energy Storage, Energy Release,
and Membrane Communication
throughout Cells
Energy Reactions
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Energy is the capacity to do work (to move
matter in a direction it would not move if
left alone)
____________ energy is actually doing
work (the Space Shuttle Discovery
launching )
____________ is the energy associated
with the movement of molecules in a body
of matter
____________ energy is having the
capacity to perform work as a result of its
arrangement (Space Shuttle Discovery
waiting to launch)
____________ energy is the potential
energy of molecules, the most important
type of energy for living organisms
Chemical energy is used when a chemical
reaction rearranges the atoms of
molecules in a way that potential energy is
transformed into kinetic energy. (From
resting to launch)
Energy Reactions
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Energy is governed by two fundamental laws of
thermodynamics (the study of energy relationships)
1 – Law of energy ____________ : – The total
amount of energy in the universe is constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can
change forms.
2 – Energy conversion ____________ the order
of the universe: – When energy undergoes change
such as the conversion of chemical energy to
kinetic energy heat is released. Heat is considered
to be a wasteful byproduct of energy conversion
because the loss of heat is the loss of usable
energy available to an energy system. The loss of
usable energy is referred to as entropy.
Potential or Kinetic Energy?
There are two types of chemical
reactions:
Endergonic
and
Exergonic
Endergonic Reactions
“Energy In”
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Endergonic Reactions require the
constant input (____________) of
energy.
The energy that is added to begin an
endergonic comes from an outside
source. An example of this is the
energy that the sun provides to a plant
to instigate photosynthesis.
In an endergonic reaction the
____________ of the reaction has
more energy then the ____________
itself.
One example of this is photosynthesis
where energy-poor reactants of water
and CO2 absorb energy from sunlight
and produce energy-rich sugar
molecules.
Exergonic Reactions
“Energy Out”
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In exergonic reactions
the product of the
reaction has
____________ energy
then the reactant.
For example the house
fire on the left is
burning and
____________ a large
amount of light and
heat. At the end of the
reaction the ashes of
the house will have
less energy than the
fire did while
consuming the house.
Exergonic (“energy out”)
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The cells’ exergonic reaction is done through
cellular ____________ in which the energyreleasing chemical breakdown of glucose
molecules and the storage of energy in a form
that the cell can use to perform work and
involves many steps
Energy is released by glucose and is released as
heat and a substantial amount is converted to
the chemical energy of molecules of ATP
(Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)
Cells use ATP as an immediate source of fuel and
connection system between the endergonic and
exergonic reactions in cells to maintain cellular
____________
ATP – Adenosine Tri-phosphate
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ATP powers nearly _________ forms of cellular work
(example: the movement of muscles or the nerve cells
use of chemical energy to receive and send signals)
and the production of ATP comes from food
molecules)
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
ATP has three parts which are
connected by covalent bonds:
1 – adenosine; a ____________ base
2 – ribose; a 5 ____________ sugar
3 – a chain of three ____________ groups.
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 The covalent bonds connecting the second
and third phosphate groups of ATP are unstable
and can be broken by a process called
____________
 When a bond is broken, a phosphate is
removed, ATP becomes Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), and energy is released.
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
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To make ATP out of ADP a phosphate group
is added to ADP. The addition of a
phosphate group to a ADP (or a molecule in
general) is referred to as _________________
In regenerating ATP from ADP, a phosphate
group is bonded to ADP through the process
of ______________ synthesis (energy storing
reaction)
A working cell consumes and regenerates its
entire pool of ATP about once each minute
Adenosine Tri Phosphate (A.T.P.)
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A.T.P. is the “molecular
____________” of the body.
Your body uses the energy
that is stored in A.T.P. in cell
functions such as active
transport, nerve impulses,
muscle contraction, and the
beating of cilia and flagella.
In an average day your A.T.P.
consumption will equal your
own body weight.
This means that each
molecule of A.T.P. is recycled
about __________ times a
day.
Adenosine Tri Phosphate (A.T.P.)
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A.T.P. is made in your body in
two locations. The first is the
____________ (through
Glycolysis) and the second is in
the ____________ (through
Cellular Respiration)
When A.T.P. is created it stores
energy in the ____________
Groups found on the A.T.P.
molecule.
The energy used to create A.T.P.
comes from ____________
reactions. When high energy
molecules are converted to low
energy molecules a tremendous
amount of energy is released.
That energy is harnessed for use
in A.T.P. production.
Adenosine Tri Phosphate (A.T.P.)
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When A.T.P. is used by the body
the stored energy is released
through the removal of a
phosphate group.
When a single phosphate group
is released A.T.P. is converted
into Adenosine Diphosphate or
A.D.P. Which is used in cellular
metabolism.
When a total of two phosphate
groups are released A.T.P.
becomes Adenosine
Monophosphate. A.M.P makes
bitter food taste sweet.
The ATP Cycle
ATP Shuttles Chemical Energy Within the Cell
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When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it
couples an ____________ reaction with an
____________ one (uses energy released from
exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic
reactions)
ATP molecules are the key to energy coupling because
the energy released in exergonic reactions is stored in
ATP and most of the energy used in endergonic
reactions comes from ATP