STANDARD GRADE.
KNOWLEDGE AND
INTERPRETATION
REVISION.
LINWOOD HIGH
SCHOOL
This PowerPoint will cover many of the topics within the
Knowledge and Interpretation section of the Standard Grade
Graphic Communication exam. It should be used as a study aid
and the past paper questions at the end should help you to test
your knowledge.
At any time you can press the home button at the bottom of the
page to return to the contents page to change topic.
Click on the topic that you specifically want to look at or click to go the next page
and follow the topics in order.
Colour Theory
Signs and Symbols
Line Types
Computer Software
Hardware
This section will teach you about the following:
Click a topic to skip to it.
Primary colours
Secondary Colours
Tertiary Colours
Advancing Colours
Receding Colours
Tones, Tints and Shades
Colour Association
Colour in Marketing
Primary Colours
Primary colours are colours that cannot be made by mixing two or more
other colours together. Primary colours are stand alone colours that are
used to make other colours. The three primary colours are:
Red
Yellow
Blue
Many companies that make products aimed at young children will
use primary colours. This is because they are bright and are likely to
attract the children to them.
Secondary Colours
Secondary colours are made by mixing primary colours together in
equal quantities.
Orange
Green
Violet
Orange, green and violet are the three secondary colours.
Primary and secondary colours can be shown
on a colour wheel.
Secondary colours are placed between the
two primary colours which make it. For
example red and yellow mix together to
make orange, so orange is placed between
them on the colour wheel.
Colours that sit opposite each other on the colour wheel are said to be
CONTRASTING colours e.g. red and green. This means that they stand
out from one another.
Colours that sit next to each other on the colour wheel are said to be
HARMONISING colours e.g. blue and purple. This means that they
work well together.
Tertiary Colours
Tertiary colours are created by mixing a primary and a secondary colour
together. These are shown on the colour wheel.
Red
Red-orange
Red-violet
Orange
Violet
Blue-violet
Yellow-orange
Yellow
Blue
Blue-green
Yellow-green
Green
The colours are named by
simply combining the names
of the two colours used to
make it.
Advancing Colours
Advancing colours are colours which appear to come towards you
when you look at them. Examples of advancing colours are:
•Yellow
•Red
•Orange
If a room was painted in these colours it would make the room
seem smaller as the walls would appear to come towards you when
you looked at them.
Advancing colours are also known as WARM colours. These are used
to give a sense of warmth or are used to indicate heat e.g. on a
temperature control or a tap.
Receding Colours
Receding colours are colours which appear to move away from you as you
looks at them. Examples of receding colours are:
•Blue
•Violet
•Green
If a room was painted in receding colours then it would seem bigger as the
walls would appear to move away from you as you looked at them.
Receding colours are also known as COOL colours. These are used to give a
sense of coldness.
Tints, shades and tones.
Tints and shades of a colour are made by adding either white or black to it
to make it darker or lighter.
To make a TINT white is added to the colour.
To make a SHADE black is added to the colour.
The TONE of a colour is how strong or weak it is. A colour’s tone can be
made stronger by adding more coats to it.
Original colour
Tint
Shade
Different colours are associated with different feelings and emotions.
Companies often use certain colours to sell their products as they know
that the brain will connect these colours with other things, making them
more likely to buy them.
•Warmth
•Fear
•Passion
•Love
•Danger
•Anger
•Excitement
•Cold
•Ice
•Fresh
•Elegant
•Sky
•Classy
•Sophisticated
•Warmth
•Sunshine
•Happiness
•Light
•Bright
•Warmth
•Energy
•Happiness
•Cheerful
•Sunset
•Calm
•Cool
•Fresh
•Natural
•Soothing
•Envy
•Environment
•Evil
•Death
•Mourning
•Mystery
•Sinister
•Elegant
•Classy
•Dramatic
•Peaceful
•Dreams
•Cool
•Solitary
•Purity
•Hygienic
•Clean
•Goodness
•Empty
•Elegant
•Sophisticated
Examples
Here are some examples of colours being applies to products in order to
create association.
Pearl Drops Toothpaste
The packaging is white which
suggests cleanliness and hygiene.
The blue on the label gives the
impression that the toothpaste is
cool and fresh.
Nature Valley Oats ‘n’ Honey Cereal
Here, they have used green to try to create the
impression that this cereal is healthy and only
has natural ingredients. This is to make people
think that this cereal is good for them.
Irn Bru
They have chosen to make the can orange
and blue, which as you will remember from
the colour wheel, are contrasting colours.
This makes the can eye catching and so will
grab people’s attention when it is in shops.
The orange also gives a sense of energy and
fun.
Cacharel Amor Amor
Cacharel describe this perfume as ‘a
passionate feminine fragrance’. In this
instance they have used red to
communicate the idea of passion. The
red also makes the bottle very eye
catching and would make people in the
shop notice it.
This section will teach you about the following:
Click a topic to skip to it.
Types of signs
Symbols
Signs and symbols are used everywhere in day to day life and you
probably don’t realise it. They are used to convey information to
people through pictures, or symbols, and colour.
There are different types of signs:
•Mandatory
•Prohibition
•Warning
•Safe Condition
Here are some you may recognise:
Mandatory Signs
Colour: Blue circular background with white text or symbol
Means: Instruction on sign MUST be followed.
Example:
Prohibition Signs
Colour:
White background, red circle with a line through, black picture
and text.
Means: Tells you what you MUST NOT do.
Example:
Safe Condition Signs
Colour: Green square or rectangular background and white text or
symbol.
Means: Tells you what to do in case something goes wrong
Example:
Warning Signs
Colour: Yellow triangular background with black text and/or symbol.
Means: Warns of a hazard
Example:
Symbols
In industry, architects, engineers and builders have to work with drawings. This
means that symbols have to be standardised so that everyone can use the same
ones so it is easy to look at and interpret drawings from other companies,
countries etc.
These symbols are used to show various elements such as materials,
appliances, wires, switches, sockets etc.
On the next slide you will find some of the symbols you need to know.
Sink
WC
Concrete
Sink Top
Shower
Tray
Insulation
Bath
Washbasin
Switch
Socket
Sawn Wood
Bulb
Brickwork
N
North Symbol
3rd Angle Projection Symbol
BSI Kitemark
R
Diameter symbol
Indicates radius size
Remember that in the exam only the given names for the symbols
will be accepted. You will not receive any marks for your own
variation.
This section will teach you about the following:
Click a topic to skip to it.
Introduction to line types
Types of lines and their uses
Line Types
Different line types are used within drawings to illustrate different things. Just
like with signs and symbols, line types have to be standardised so that
anyone from any company, workplace or country can understand what all the
line types mean.
There are different names for the types of lines:
•Outline
•Projection
•Centre
•Hidden detail
•Fold
•Cutting plane
Outline
These are used to draw the final outline of a shape or drawing. They are
drawn thicker than a projection line.
Projection
These are the lines that are used to construct the drawing. They are
drawn in very lightly and are not part of the outline.
Centre
These are drawn to show the middle of an object or indicate
symmetry. These lines are represented as a long dash followed by
a short dash.
Hidden Detail
These are used to show areas of an object which cannot be seen from
the current angle, but which still exist. They are drawn as a dashed line.
Fold
These are the lines that are used in surface developments e.g. a cone or
pyramid, to show where it would be folded. It is represented as a long
dash followed by two short dashes.
Cutting Plane
These are used in sectional drawings to show where the object
would be cut. They are drawn the same way as centre lines, with
both ends being slightly thicker. The arrows indicate the direction
in which you are supposed to be looking and the letters indicate
the name of the section.
A
A
Cross-Hatching
These are thin 45° lines drawn to show the surface produced by a cutting plane.
3rd Angle Projection Symbol
This symbol is added to diagrams to help explain their layout. Third angle
projection is the standard layout for orthographic drawings where heights,
breadths and lengths are projected between views.
Dimensions or measurements are essential on most production
drawings as enable the engineer to manufacture the product or
construct buildings.
In most drawings, the millimetre is the standard unit or measurement.
However where larger sizes are required, such as in site plans, the
metre is often used.
Rules of dimensioning
- Each dimension should be shown on the drawing only once.
- Place the dimensions on your drawing so that they can be read from
either the bottom or the right hand side.
- Always measure in millimetres, unless instructed otherwise.
- Figures should not touch outlines, dimension lines or centre lines.
- Ø before a dimension denotes the diameter of a circle. R denotes the
radius.
- On circles, always dimension the diameter – never the radius.
- On curves, arcs and rounded corners, always show the radius.
Dimension Lines
Where possible, place the dimension lines
outside the outline. Arrowheads should be
small and slim, with the point of the
arrowhead touching the projection lines.
Overall dimensions are placed
further away from the drawing
Intermediate dimensions
are placed along a line
like this. This is known as
chain dimensioning.
Figures on vertical
dimension lines are
read from the right
hand side.
Projection/ Leader Lines
These lines enable the
dimension to be placed outside
the outline of the drawing.
Leave a small gap to avoid
confusing the leader line with
the outline.
Always show the diameter of a
circle, never its radius. He
radius should only be stated
when showing the size of a
curve, arc or rounded corner.
More than one dimension can
be taken from a single line. This
line is known as a Datum line.
When more than
one dimension is
taken from a
datum line, they
are set out like
this. This is known
as parallel
dimensioning.
This section will teach you about the following:
Common CAD commands
Advantages of CAD software
Advantages of CAG software
Layers
Layers are used in industry to simplify drawings. Different layers are
used for different elements of the drawing and often each layer is
colour coded.
For example one layer may be used to show plumbing and so only the
plumbing elements would be shown on it. Another might be used to
electrics, another for windows and doors and so on.
Users can toggle between layers and switch selected layers on and off.
Layers can also be viewed altogether on top of one another so that
users can see everything at once. This is the electronic equivalent of
drawing on tracing paper.
Snap to grid
This makes the curser jump to
one of the corners of the grid.
This means that CAD can be
done much more quickly and
accurately.
CAD Library
This is a collection of symbols to
represent different components such
as electrical appliances, furniture,
sockets etc. This is used in
architectural drawings as it means the
user does not have to make up a
symbol for everything, making it much
quicker to complete drawings.
Box / Ring Array
This tools allows the user to duplicate
a shape and paste it either in a ring or
in rows and columns. This saves time
individually copying and pasting the
shape.
Mirror
This tools allows the user to
reflect a drawn shape along an
edge or about a predefined
axis. This saves time as it
means that the user does not
have to redraw anything and it
is more accurate as it is
perfectly symmetrical.
Zoom
This allows the user to have a
closer, more detailed look at an
object. It makes the object come
towards the screen, making it
bigger. Users can also zoom out to
make it smaller and see more of
the object.
Copy and Paste
This allows the user to duplicate
and object exactly as it is. This
means that the object does not
have to be redrawn.
Fillet
This command changes the
corner of an object to make it
rounded. This means that the
user does not have to draw the
corner as a separate curve.
Chamfer
This command changes the corner
to a 45O line. This means that the
user does not have to draw this line
at 45O separately.
Rotate
This allows the user to turn an
object about a point any number
of degrees.
This shape has been rotated 90o.
Tangent
This allows the user to join a
line to a circle at a tangent. The
lines connecting the two circles
have been drawn using the
tangent tool.
Trim/Extend
Trim allows the user to take away
excess parts of a line between the end
of the line and another edge.
Extend allows the user to make a line
longer to meet another edge of a
shape.
Above, the red line has been extended
to meet the square while the yellow
line has been trimmed to meet it.
Break
This tool allows the user to
remove part of a line between
two edges without having to
remove the whole line and redraw
the remaining parts. Above, the
part of the line that is inside the
circle has been removed without
having to redraw the other lines.
Advantages of using 3D CAD software
•Models can be produced for free as opposed to making a physical 3D
model which saves companies time and money.
•Some packages allow surfaces to be rendered to look like realistic
materials and so it is easy to obtain a client presentation model.
•Orthographic drawings can be produced from the 3D CAD model at
the click of a button and multiple copies can easily be obtained.
•Productivity is increased as 3D models can be produced very quickly
and more accurately.
•Models are very easy to alter, save and send electronically.
Disadvantages of using 3D CAD software
•Cost of maintaining and updating the computer software.
•Initial set up costs can be very expensive.
•Risk of computer failure and loss of work if it is not backed up.
•Staff may need to be trained in how to use the software which could
be costly and time consuming.
•Manual drawing skills may deteriorate because of the use of CAD
packages.
Advantages of a CAG package
•Storage and Retrieval
• Drawings can be saved onto a hard disk,
CD-R, USB stick etc. This means that they
take up no space compared to drawers
and folders of paper drawings.
•Drawings can be printed over and over
again without losing any of their quality
instead of photocopying a drawing.
•Modification
•Many changes can be made quickly and
easily. This reduces time and cost which in
turn increases productivity.
•Repetitive Elements
•Elements which are used over and over
again in a drawing do not have to be drawn
separately.
•Elements only have to be drawn once and
then saved into the library for them to be
positioned into the drawings when needed.
•Speed
•Drawing production time is reduced as
drawings can be produced much quicker
using a computer.
•Drawing size and Flexibility
•Drawings can be enlarged/ reduced with
no loss of detail or quality.
•Small detail can be drawn very accurately
using the zoom tool making it more
accurate than manual drawing.
Word Processing
Used for: Inputting and editing text. They are used to produce a wide
range of text documents. Font type and size can be changed and the
alignment and line spacing can be changed. Can be used when little or
no graphics are required.
Example: Microsoft word.
Spreadsheets
Used for: Inputting and automatically calculating tables of numbers.
Financial reports can be created from a spreadsheet and it can also be
used to create graphs and charts.
Example: Microsoft Excel.
Desktop Publishing (DTP)
Used for: Creating publications which are a mix of text and graphics.
They are often used to create magazine or newspaper pages, brochures,
leaflets and books. DTP programs are much less rigid than word
processing.
Example: Microsoft Publisher.
This section will teach you about the following:
Types of hardware
Input Devices
Output Devices
The development of computers has significantly changed the way in
which graphics are produced. This means that designers can create
graphics more quickly and realistically. Two examples of advanced
computer graphics are animation and simulation.
Computer animation:
Animation (moving images) was originally created by redrawing thousands of
images by hand, which varied by tiny amounts. When these were played together
one after another very quickly, the images appeared to be moving. This was a
very slow and labour intensive process. Modern animation software creates
movement by moving the graphic images along a plotted path. Animation can
also assist in education e.g. showing how a machine works, how blood flows
through the body etc.
Computer Simulation:
Computer simulation uses computer models to imitate or predict real life
situations. Training, testing and predicting outcomes are the most common uses
of simulation.
They can be used to train pilots or drivers to cope with dangerous situations by
allowing them to interact with the simulation.
It can also be used to test structures in civil engineering to gauge how they will
work or withstand certain situations.
Storage
A PC normally contains several disc drives such as an internal hard drive
and one or more removable-disc drives. The hard drive can be used
daily for storage of work but removable methods of storage have three
uses:
-Copying/Moving files: When computers are not linked together
through a network, this is the easiest way to move files from one
computer to another.
-Backing up files: Back up copies of important files are made as
insurance against files accidentally being deleted or corrupted.
-Archiving files: Removable methods of storage mean that files that
are not used regularly can be saved and stored elsewhere. This frees up
space on the hard drive.
Storage
Methods of Storage
Memory stick/ pen drive:
Small, durable, solid state storage devices.
Most models now have a capacity measured in
GB.
Removable Hard Drive:
Similar to a memory stick but have much
bigger capacities. These are normally used for
backing up a whole computer rather than just
saving individual files.
Storage
Methods of Storage
Recordable Compact Disc (CD-R) and DVD:
Both are optical mediums which can be read in
any CD-ROM drives but need special drives to
record. DVDs have a much bigger capacity than
CD-Rs.
3.5” Floppy Disc:
This is hardly ever used today because of much
bigger and more reliable methods of storage. It
is a magnetic medium which allows data to be
stored onto it from a floppy disc drive. Most
modern computers today do not have one of
these drives.
What is hardware?
Hardware is anything that connects to a computer than is physical i.e.
you can physically touch it.
Hardware can be divided into two categories:
•Input devices
•Output devices
Input devices are devices which are used to put information into
the computer.
Output devices are devices which are used to get information out
of the computer.
Some devices such as storage devices can be both input and
output.
Input Devices
Here are some examples of input devices that you will need to know about.
Keyboard
Used to input text and numbers into the
computer.
Mouse
Used to guide the curser around the screen.
Users can point and click on things to select
them. Some mice, like the one shown
opposite, have a wheel which allows the
user to scroll up and down a page or zoom
in and out.
Graphics Tablet
This device is essentially an electronic pen and
paper. Drawings can be done onto the tablet
using the pen and an electronic signal is sent to
the computer, making the drawing appear on
the monitor.
Tracker ball
This device is like an upside down roller ball
mouse. The device stays stationary while the
user moves the ball around the move the
curser on the screen. The tracker ball also has
two buttons, just like a mouse, to select items
on the screen.
Digital Camera
Pictures taken on these cameras are stored
digitally and can then be downloaded onto a
computer to be saved to a file or added into
a document.
This device is used to transfer paper
documents into the computer where they
can be saved electronically. If the
computer has Optical Character
Recognition software then text can be
scanned into the computer and then
edited in a word document.
Scanner
Output Devices
Here are some examples of output devices that you will need to know about:
Drum Plotter
This device is used for printing drawings up to
A0 in size. The paper moves forward through
the printer while the pen moves from side to
side across the paper.
This device is used mainly for home printing. It
works by firing minute drops of ink onto the
paper through a print nozzle. They provide
excellent quality of colour and can produce
almost photographic quality. They do take
quite a long time to print.
Inkjet Printer
Flat Bed Plotter
These are only used in conjunction with
CAD programs. They can only produce line
drawings and cannot print photographs.
The size of the printed drawing is limited
by the size of the bed.
Laser Printer
These are usually used for home printing and by
small businesses. They are used for relatively
short print runs. The laser draws the image to be
printed onto an electrically charged rotating
drum. The laser removes charge from the white
areas of the image leaving the image areas to
attract the toner which is then fused onto the
paper by a heat process. These are the best
quality printers.
OBLIQUE
In oblique drawings, the front face of the object is drawn
straight on as if you were standing right in front of it.
This face shows the height and length of the object. The
breadth of the object is shown by projecting all the
corners back at an angle of 45°. Normally when drawing
in 3D we would measure the breadth along this angled
line but with oblique it does not look proportional if we
do this so we must HALF any sizes that show depth or
breadth.
ISOMETRIC
Isometric drawing is a method of pictorial drawing
where all three dimensions and three surfaces are
shown in one view. Isometric means ‘having equal
measure’. Heights are projected vertically and lengths
and breadths are projects at an angle of 30° to the
horizontal. Unlike oblique, all of the measurements are
drawn to full size.
These are both types of pictorial drawings.
ORTHOGRAPHIC
Orthographic projection shows 3-Dimensional objects as
2-Dimensional drawings. The most common
orthographic projection system is called third angle
projection and is commonly used all over the world,
making drawings easy to interpret anywhere.
The object is normally shown in up to four different
views:
-the elevation, viewed from the front.
-The plan, viewed from the top.
-The end elevations, viewed from either end.
The views are always set out in the same way.
Dimensions (lengths, breadths and heights) and other
features such as edges and corners are projected
between views using the parallel slide or set squares.
PLANOMETRIC
Planometric views are a pictorial drawing which is
commonly favoured by architects and interior
designers to show the inside of a room. They are
simple to construct and give a clearer picture of
interior spaces than an isometric drawing would.
The drawing shows the object as if the viewer was
hovering above the room.
The base is a true plan rotated round to 30°, 45° or
60°. All of the vertical edges remain vertical and
project upwards from the base. Vertical
measurements (heights) should be drawn full size.
This is a type of pictorial drawing.
PERSPECTIVE
Perspective drawings are normally only done as
a sketch. They are commonly used by designers,
illustrators and architects. Perspective sketches
look realistic as they represent what the eye
would see in real life.
Perspective sketching often starts with a horizon
line. The vanishing points always line on the
horizon line as this is the furthest away point
that the eye can see.
Perspective has the effect of depths getting
shorter as they get further away towards the
vanishing points. The height also gets shorter as
the object approaches the vanishing point.
Perspective drawings can have one or two
vanishing points, both creating a slightly
different image.
These are both types of pictorial drawings.
Floor Plan
A floor plan is a type of sectional view. It represents the plan view of a building
with the roof removed to see inside to show:
-The arrangement of rooms.
-The position of windows and doors.
-The types of walls. Floor plans are used by builders, plumbers, electricians and
joiners to help plan the construction work.
The scale of the plan depends of the size if the building but for most it is a scale
of 1:50.
Site/ Block Plan
A site/block plan shows the site boundary and the outline of the new building which
are highlighted in the location plan. Paths, roads and neighbouring plots are also
shown. This type of plan enables the builder to mark out the site., lay drainage pipes
and build manholes. It is also submitted to the local government planning
department for approval. These types of plans also show the position of the building
within the plot and often show the dimensions. For houses and small buildings a
typical scale would be about 1:200.
Location Plan
The location plan is the first set of plans in the project set. It identifies
the location of the proposed new building within its surroundings.
Neighbouring buildings and their boundaries are shown as well as roads,
street names and fields. The new building and plot are outlined with a
thick black line and are sometimes, but not always, cross-hatched. The
direction arrow always indicates North. A typical scale of 1:1250 is often
used for location plans.
Revision
This is the revision section of the power point. This section will allow
you to practice real past paper questions. Try these questions first and
then press the button at the bottom of the page to reveal the answers
to check if you are right.
If you are not sure of a certain area of the KI sections, press the home
button to return to the revision notes.
The questions are split into Credit, General and Foundation for you to
pick the appropriate level for you.
1. Study the signs below and insert the missing information. The first
one is done for you.
Sign Type: Safe condition
Border colour: None
Background colour: Green
Sign Type:
Border colour:
Background colour:
Sign Type:
Border colour:
Background colour:
Sign Type:
Border colour:
Background colour:
2. Colours can be used for many different reasons and in many different situations.
a) State an appropriate colour to use in the following situations:
i)
To represent health and vitality:
Colour………………………………………
ii) To represent something that is hot:
Colour………………………………………
iii) To represent something that is environmentally friendly:
Colour………………………………………
iv) To contrast with yellow:
Colour………………………………………
v) To harmonise with red:
Colour………………………………………
b) State the effect created by using a receding colour for the background
of a presentation drawing.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State what must be added to a primary colour to obtain a tertiary
colour.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
d) State two tertiary colours that contain red.
1)……………………………………………… 2)………………………………………………
3. Designers use many different types of drawings when working on new designs. Study the
drawings shown and answer the questions below.
a) i) State the individual names for the given views 1 to 4:
View 1………………………………….. View 2…………………………………………
View 3………………………………….. View 4…………………………………………
ii) State the general name given to the views 1 to 4:
Answer………………………………………………………….
b) State the angle X on view 1:
Angle…………………………………………………………….
c) State the name given to the Point P shown in view 3.
Answer………………………………………………………….
d) State the name given to Line H shown in view 4.
Answer………………………………………………………….
4. Study the building drawings opposite.
a) Identify the symbols A, B, C, D and E in the
kitchen floor plan:
A……………………………………………………………………………
B……………………………………………………………………………
C…………………………………………………………………………..
D…………………………………………………………………………..
E…………………………………………………………………………..
b) Identify the symbols F, G and H in the bathroom floor plan:
F……………………………………………………………………………
G…………………………………………………………………………..
H…………………………………………………………………………..
5. Drawings of a van are shown opposite. State the single CAD commands that would be
used to create the following:
a) The straight edge shown at A:
…………………………………………….
b) The rounded corner at B:
…………………………………………….
c) The curved surface at C:
…………………………………………….
d) The angled corner at D:
…………………………………………….
e) The circumference of the wheel at E
…………………………………………….
f) The name of the view at F:
…………………………………………….
g) The gap in the line at G:
…………………………………………….
h) The identical wheel at H:
…………………………………………….
i) Identical feature shown at I:
…………………………………………….
j) The enlarged view of the wheel at J:
…………………………………………….
6. The use of CAD systems is now well established in many different industries that use
graphics.
a) Look at the features shown in Box A and, in the box provided, state the single CAD
command that would be used to change the feature to what is shown in Box B.
b) State the names of two devices that could be used to obtain hard copies of drawings
produced using a CAD system.
1)………………………………………………………………
2)……………………………………………………………….
c) i) Explain what is meant by the term ‘back-up’ when referring to work done using a CAD
system.
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
ii) Why is good practice to make a back-up?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. A company that designs toys now uses computers for all its graphics needs.
a) Other than speed of production, state three advantages of using computers compared to
manual methods of producing new designs.
1)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) State three disadvantages of using computers for this purpose.
1)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) State the type of software package that would be used for the following:
1) Creating an advertising leaflet containing text and graphics.
2)Producing a fully dimensioned production drawing.
3)Creating a fully rendered graphic of a new product.
d) State the name of a device that could be used to copy manually rendered graphics to a
computer’s memory.
e) What is meant by the term ‘compatible’ when applied to different software?
2) When choosing the colour scheme for a new travel shop, choice of colour is very
important.
a) Complete the table below:
AREA
COLOUR
Interior Walls
Yellow
Floor covering
Blue
Ceiling
REASON
Represents
cleanliness
b) State one advancing and one
receding colour from this colour
scheme.
Advancing…………………………………….
Receding………………………………………
Brochure display area Blue-violet
Shop Front
First Aid cabinet
Red
Associated
with safety
c) State a colour which could be
used for the seating area, which
will harmonise with the floor.
……………………………………………………
d) State how you would create a tertiary colour.
e) State the effect created by using so many contrasting colours in the same colour
scheme.
Computer animation and simulation are used in the design of helicopters and the
training of pilots.
a) Describe the main difference between animation and simulation.
b) State two advantages of using a simulator to train pilots
c) State how computer animation of a new design could be of use to the marketing
department of a company.
d) The aerodynamics of a helicopter were checked using computer simulation. State
one other design factor that could be investigated using computer simulation.
A mobile phone company uses computers for all their design work.
a) Speed and accuracy are two advantages of using CAD software. State three more
advantages of CAD over manual methods for producing these designs.
b) Hardware and software costs are a disadvantage of using CAD. State three other
disadvantages to the company of using CAD software.
c) State two input devices that could be used to transfer the company’s existing manual
drawings into the computer’s memory.
d) State one reason why the company always creates a back-up at the end of each day.
The use of CAD has helped production of new designs.
a) Explain what the term ‘layer’ means when using CAD software.
b) State two types of plotter that can be used to produce hard copies of CAD
drawings:
c) Explain what the term ‘compatible’ means when applied to software.
1)
a) Complete the following table by ticking whether an item is an input, output or storage
device.
Name
Input
Output
Storage
Keyboard
Printer
Scanner
Hard Disc
b) Explain what is meant by the term ‘hard copy’.
c) State why it is important to store work at regular intervals on the computer.
2) Use the colour wheel to help you.
a) In the table below, indicate with a tick whether colours are primary, secondary or
tertiary.
Colour
Primary
Secondary Tertiary
Red
Violet
Blue-green
Blue
Yellow-Orange
Green
b) State two colours which are in harmony with yellow.
b) State two colours which are in contrast with yellow.
3) Pupils working on their Illustration and Presentation folios often use different
hardware and software packages.
a) Below is a list of software packages. In the table below, state which of these
software packages would be used for each task.
List of software
-
DTP
-
Illustration/ Paint
-
Word Processing
-
2-D CAD
Situation
Software Used
Produce an orthographic drawing with dimensions
Produce a display with texts and graphics
Produce a computer generated illustration
b) Below is a list of hardware. In the table below, state which of these pieces of
hardware would be used for each task.
List of Hardware:
-
Inkjet Printer
-
Plotter
-
Keyboard
-
Scanner
Situation
Obtain a hard copy of an orthographic drawing
Input text
Copy a manual drawing to the computer's memory
Hardware Used
4) Study the table below and tick whether it is an advantage or disadvantage of CAG
software.
Statement
The speed with which mistakes can be changed.
The need to train staff to use the computers.
The cost of updating the computer software packages
The ability to create a library of commonly used features.
Storage of drawings takes up less space.
The possible loss of data.
The greater accuracy of drawings.
The speed with which new drawings are produced.
Advantage
Disadvantage
5) Three views of a junction box are shown.
a) State the name given to these types of
view.
b) State the name of the line types shown at
P, Q, R, S and T.
P
Q
R
S
T
c) State the name given to View A.
d) State the angle used for the lines at T.
A bar chart showing the sales of LCD and plasma
televisions is shown.
a) State the name given to this type of chart.
b) State the month that had the most plasma TV
sales.
c) State the number of months in which plasma
and LCD TV sales were equal.
d) State the month that had the most sales of
LCD TVs.
e) State the month that the sales of LCD TVs
equalled 220,000.
f)
State the number of months that plasma TV
sales equalled 100,000.