Physics I
Class 18
Coulomb’s Law
Rev. 08-Mar-07 GB
18-1
Forces Known to Physics
(Review)
There are four fundamental forces known to physics:
 Gravitational Force (“yesterday’s news”)
 Electromagnetic Force (start today)
 Weak Nuclear Force
 Strong Nuclear Force
(All forces we observe are comprised of these fundamental
forces. Most forces observable in everyday experience are
electromagnetic on a microscopic level.)
18-2
A New Property of Matter Charge
 Charge comes in two types: positive and negative.
 NET charge can neither be created nor destroyed.
(Principle of Conservation of Charge)
 However, positive and negative charges can be separated or combined.
Neutral H
proton
electron
0 charge
+e charge
-e charge
 Charge is quantized – the smallest unit of charge (magnitude) in
normal experience is the charge of the electron or proton, “e”.
(All charges are integer multiples of this unit.)
 By arbitrary historical convention, the charge of an electron is negative
and the charge of a proton is positive.
18-3
Conservation of Charge
Charge is even conserved in nuclear reactions.
Here is what happens to a free neutron (outside a
nucleus) in about 12 minutes:
neutron
proton
electron
anti-neutrino
0 charge
+e charge
-e charge
0 charge
This is an example of the weak nuclear force (beta decay).
18-4
Coulomb - A Man, A Unit, A Law
Charles Coulomb, 1736-1806
Coulomb invented a delicate torsion balance with
which he was able to measure the forces between
charged and magnetic objects with sufficient
accuracy to verify a previous conjecture that the
mathematical formula for electromagnetic force
should resemble the formula for gravity.
The unit of charge is named after Coulomb, abbreviated C.
1.0 C = 6.24150975 × 10+18 e
1.0 e = 1.60217646 × 10–19 C
One Coulomb is a lot of protons!
18-5
Coulomb’s Law of
Electrostatic Force

F
1 q1 q 2
(r̂ ) (Prof. B’s version – more later.)
2
4  0 r
The meaning of each term:

F:
Electrostatic force on charge 1 from charge 2.
1
2
2
: Electrostatic force constant = 8.98755 × 10 +9 N m /C
4  0
q1 : Value of charge 1, positive or negative.
q 2 : Value of charge 2, positive or negative.
r 2 : Center distance from point charge 1 to point charge 2, squared.
r̂ :
Unit vector from charge 1 to charge 2.
18-6
Direction of Electrostatic Force
“Opposites Attract”
18-7
Properties of Electrostatic Force
Similarities with Gravity
 Every object with charge is attracted or repelled by every other
object with charge. (Opposites attract, same repel.)
 Electric force is a force at a distance (through occupied or empty
space).
 Electric force is a “central” force (center-to-center for point
charges).
 Electric force varies as the inverse square of the center distance.
 Electric force varies as the product of the charges.
18-8
Properties of Electrostatic Force
Differences with Gravity
 Electrostatic force is both attractive and repulsive,
depending on the signs of charge.
Gravity is always attractive.
 There is only one sign of mass and no way to “cancel
out” positive mass with negative mass.
 A charged object can attract an object with no net charge
by causing polarization (a Physics 2 topic).
 The electric force between a proton and an electron is far
larger than the gravitational force. (Next slide.)
18-9
Comparison of Gravity and
Electrostatic Force
r = distance between proton and electron (doesn’t matter)
M = mass of a proton = 1.67252 × 10–27 kg.
m = mass of an electron = 9.1091 × 10–31 kg.
2
2
G = gravitation constant = 6.673 × 10–11 N m /kg
e = charge of proton (+) or electron (–) = 1.60217646 × 10–19 C
1
2
2
= electrostatic constant = 8.98755 × 10+9 N m /C
4  0
Considering only the ratio of the magnitudes:
Felec
Fgrav
1 e2
4  0 r 2
e2



M m 4  0 G M m
G 2
r
2.269 × 10+39
That number is dimensionless –
the same everywhere in the universe (as far as we know).
A deep mystery: Why is it so large?
18-10
Superposition of
Electrostatic Forces
+5.0 C
+1.0 C
Y
1
X
resultant
-3.0 C
N

1 q1 q i
Fon 1  
( r̂i ) (find and add X and Y components)
2
i  2 4   0 ri
18-11
Two Ways of Calculating the
Electric Force Vector
Book Method:
 Find the magnitude of the force vector using the absolute
values of the charges.
 Use trigonometry and “opposite attract, like repel” to find
the direction. Convert to X, Y components.
Prof. B’s Method (Used in Computational Electromagnetics)
 A systematic method that will give you the X and Y
components without resorting to trigonometry or intuition.
 This will be described in the optional material at the end.
Use whichever method works best for you.
18-12
Class #18
Take-Away Concepts
1.
Charges come in positive and negative.
2.
Opposites charges attract, like charges repel.
3.
Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatic Force

F
1 q1 q 2
(r̂ )
2
4  0 r
4.
Similarities and differences with gravity.
5.
The principle of superposition.
N

1 q1 q i
Fon 1  
(r̂i )
2
i 2 4   0 ri
18-13
Class #18
Problems of the Day
Qa
Qb
Qc
d
2.0 cm
___1. Three non-zero point charges are arrayed on a line as
shown above. Qa has zero net electric force from Qb and Qc.
Qc = +6.4 × 10-19 C and it is 2.0 cm from Qa. d = 1.0 cm.
What is Qb?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Qb = –1.6 × 10-19 C.
Qb = –3.2 × 10-19 C.
Qb = –6.4 × 10-19 C.
There is not enough information since Qa was not given.
18-14
Class #18
Problems of the Day
2. Calculate the value in Coulombs of the total charge in
Avogadro’s Number of protons. What would be the attractive
force (magnitude) in Newtons on that much positive charge from
an equal amount of negative charge one meter distant?
18-15
Activity #18
Coulomb’s Law
(Another Pencil and Paper Activity)
Objective of the Activity:
1.
2.
3.
Think about Coulomb’s Law.
Consider the implications of the Coulomb’s Law formula.
Practice calculating electrostatic forces using superposition.
18-16
Class #18 Optional Material A
Prof. B’s Method of Calculation
The next two slides will describe how to calculate the electric
force on a charge at a given point from another charge at a
different point with a systematic procedure that is easier to use
for some people and also suitable for a computer. To use it,
you need to understand how to manipulate vectors in
component form.
18-17
How to Calculate a
General Unit Direction Vector
From blue (x0,y0) to red (x,y):
1. Find
 the displacement in X,Y components.
d  ( x  x 0 ) î  ( y  y 0 ) ĵ  8 î  6 ĵ
2.
Find the length of this vector.
3.
Divide
 by the length to get a unit vector.

r  | d |  ( x  x 0 ) 2  ( y  y 0 ) 2  82  6 2  10


r̂  d  r  8î  6 ĵ  10  0.8î  0.6 ĵ
A “unit vector” is a special
vector with dimensionless
length of one unit.
Y
6
0
X
0
8
18-18
How to Calculate the Electric
Force Vector (Prof. B’s Method)
Force on blue charge (x0,y0) from red charge (x,y):
1. Find the value of the scalar part of the formula:
1 q1 q 2
F
4 0 r 2
2.
3.
4.
Y
(could be + or –)
Find the unit vector from blue to red.
This will be in X and Y components.
Change the sign on both components.
(Takes into account like charges repel.)
Multiply F from step 1 times each component
from step 3 to get final X and Y components
of force.
Make sure you account for all – signs!
6
0
X
0
8
18-19
Class #18 Optional Material B
“Three Quarks for Muster Mark”
We mentioned earlier that charge is quantized in units of +/– e.
The charge of an electron is – e; the charge of a proton is +e.
Physicists now accept the Quark Theory, which holds that hadrons
(elementary particles that interact with each other through the strong force)
are composed of combinations of deeper fundamental particles:
quarks.
Quarks have charges of +/– 1/3 e and +/– 2/3 e.
Let’s see why the Quark Theory was developed and how quarks form the
building blocks of protons and neutrons.
18-20
“Elementary” Particles
An Embarrassment of Riches
Beginning with the discovery of the electron in 1898,
physicists encountered an increasing array of so-called
“elementary” particles. It became evident to physicists
in the 1960’s that these particles must themselves be
combinations of deeper fundamental particles.
Joseph F. Alward, PhD
Department of Physics
University of the Pacific
18-21
The Origin of Quark Theory
1929-
Murray Gell-Mann took
the name quark from
"Three quarks for muster
Mark", in James Joyce's
book Finnegan's Wake.
(1963) (Nobel Prize 1969)
In the early 1960’s, Gell-Mann and others
proposed the Quark Theory to explain the
“elementary” particles and their interactions in
terms of 3 deeper fundamental particles called
quarks.
Further developments have shown there are
actually 6 different quarks and their
corresponding anti-quarks. The quarks and
their properties have been given whimsical
names like “charm” that have no physical
significance.
18-22
6 Quark Building Blocks
Quarks
Anti-Quarks
Anti-Bottom
18-23