AKS 38 & 42a:
The Renaissance,
Reformation, & Scientific
Revolution
Chapter 17 – Pages 471-501
Chapter 22.1 – Pages 623-628
38a – explain the social, economic, and
political changes that contributed to the rise
of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli
•
WARM-UP:
The Renaissance
•
Means “rebirth”
– Specifically a revival in art & literature
•
Began in the northern Italian citystates in the 1300s, lasted until around
the 1600s
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
1.
Thriving Cities
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Trade led to growth of city-states, making them very rich &
powerful
•
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Exs: Florence, Pisa, Venice, Genoa, Milan
Controlled trade on the Mediterranean Sea
Economic Changes
•
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When the plague struck, it left fewer laborers
Survivors demanded higher wages
Expanded the middle class, which began to pursue other
interests, like art, because there were few opportunities to
expand business
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
2. Classical heritage of Greece & Rome
–
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Artists & scholars of Italy drew inspiration from the
ruins of Rome that surrounded them
Western scholars studied ancient Latin
manuscripts that had been preserved in
monasteries
Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome
with Greek manuscripts when the Ottoman Turks
conquered Constantinople in 1453
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
3. Wealthy Merchant Class
– Merchants dominated political life
•
•
Did not inherit wealth, earned it
Believed this gave them the right to be
powerful
– This belief in individual achievement became
important during the Renaissance, leading to new
art forms, biographies, and portraits
Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
3. Wealthy Merchant Class
–
Why Florence?
•
•
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Was mostly urban while the rest of Europe was
rural
Because Florence was small, many of its
citizens could be involved in politics
The Medici Family
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Banking family that ruled Florence’s gov’t
Used wealth to be generous patrons of the arts
Niccolò Machiavelli
•
Wrote The Prince (1513)
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Writings demonstrated the value of humanism (more to come
on this later)
A guidebook for rulers
Recommended realistic actions a ruler could take to stay in
power
Machiavelli wrote that it a ruler should be kind and generous if
able, but it is better to “be feared than loved”
A ruler should use any means necessary to achieve goals
•
The “end justifies the means”
From this arises the question whether it is better to be loved more
than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one
ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the
two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if
one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in
general that they are ungrateful, voluble [changeable],
dissemblers [liars], anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of
gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they
offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children,
as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when
it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied
solely on their words, without making preparations, is ruined.
- Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince
Ideas About Life Change
•
People remained devoutly Catholic
–
•
The spirit of society, however, was secular
(worldly)
Church leaders and the wealthy believed
they could enjoy life and liberty without
offending God
–
This is humanism (again, more on this later)
38b – identify artistic and scientific
achievements of the “Renaissance Man,”
Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo
•
WARM-UP:
Artists & Sculptors
Perspective
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Influenced by Greeks & Romans
Emphasis on individual caused:
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Portraits of prominent citizens, showing what was distinctive about
each
Glorification of the human body in natural postures
Perspective to enhance realism
•
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Drawing objects smaller if they are far away (3D)
Architecture
–
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No more Gothic
Returned to columns and domes
“The Renaissance Man”
•
Well educated in the Classics
– Knowledgeable in many subject areas
•
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Charming, witty, smart
Could dance, write poetry, play music
Should be physically fit
The Renaissance Woman
•
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Should study the Classics
Could write, dance, paint, and make music
well
Should NOT seek fame or political power
– Renaissance women were far better educated
but had fewer rights than Medieval women
Leonardo da Vinci
•
•
•
Considered to be a true “Renaissance
Man”
Studied the human body & flight
Was an inventor, sculptor, painter, &
scientist
Leonardo,
the Artist
From his Notebooks of over 5000
pages
His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’
last meeting with the 12 apostles
before the crucifixion
The facial expressions, detail,
and emotion had made it a
masterpiece
The Last Supper – da Vinci,
& Geometry
vertical
The Last Supper and Perspective
horizontal
The Da Vinci “Code”
St. John or Mary Magdalene?
Convent of
Santa Maria
delle Grazie
Milan, Italy
da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa
is great for its
emotion and
depth
Mona Lisa has no visible facial
hair at all - including eyebrows
and eyelashes
A Picasso Mona
•
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On August 12, 1911, a Louvre
employee stole it by entering the
building during regular hours, hiding in
a broom closet and walking out with it
hidden under his coat after the
museum had closed
After keeping the painting in his
apartment for two years, the man grew
impatient and was caught when he
attempted to sell it to an art dealer; it
was exhibited all over Italy and
returned to the Louvre in 1913
•
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In 1956, the lower part of the painting
was severely damaged when someone
doused it with acid
On December 30 of that same year,
another person damaged the painting
by throwing a rock at it
The result was a speck of pigment
near Mona Lisa's left elbow
The painting is now covered with
bulletproof security glass
Leonardo, the
Scientist
(Biology):
Pages from his
Notebook
Leonardo, the Engineer:
•
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Leonardo
sketched
several designs
for flying
machines
including this
one with a
rotating screw
He intended to
power it with a
wound-up
spring
•
•
Leonardo’s many
military inventions
included this
design for an
armored tank
Four soldiers
sitting inside
could turn cranks
to move the
wheels on this
“tank”
•
•
da Vinci also
invented a gigantic
crossbow
It's difficult to know
whether it would
have worked, or
whether it would
have been
superior to
cannons of the
same period
Vitruvian
Man
•
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The length of a man's
outspread arms is equal to
his height
The maximum width of the
shoulders is a quarter of a
man's height
The distance from the
elbow to the tip of the hand
is one-fifth of a man's
height
Michelangelo
•
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Michelangelo was a great painter &
sculptor; his “Pieta” & “David”
sculptures are perceived as
masterpieces
His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which
shows biblical images of amazing detail,
power, & beauty
Michelangelo’s
“Pieta” depicts
the Virgin Mary
cradling the
limp body of the
crucified Jesus
Michelangelo’s
statue of “David”
expresses the
Renaissance belief
in human dignity
and greatness
The Ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel
•
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Michelangelo
painted more than
300 massive human
figures onto the
5,800 square-foot
ceiling while laying
on his back
The ceiling contains
illustrations from the
creation of Adam to
the story of Noah
The
Creation
of the
Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
•
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Michelangelo
returned to the
chapel to
begin painting
the altarpiece
“The Last
Judgment”
This painting
features Christ
judging souls
as the rise and
fall from each
side of the
painting
Bartholomew's
flayed skin
Raphael
•
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Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting
He became the favorite painter of the Pope
because of his amazing detailed paintings
showing Greeks & Romans along with
Renaissance people
“School of Athens” is his greatest work
•
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All of the important Greek
philosophers and thinkers are included
in this painting  all of the great
personalities of the classical period
A great variety of poses
Raphael worked on this commission
simultaneously as Michelangelo was
doing the Sistine Chapel
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates
Raphael
Alexander the Great
Michelangelo
Pythagoras
Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
Donatello
•
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Donatello was the greatest sculptor of
the Renaissance
Medieval sculptors only carved the
front of a statue, but Donatello wanted
sculptures to be viewed from all sides
like Greek & Roman statues
•
Donatello’s “David”
became the first
large, free-standing
human sculpture
38c – explain the main characteristics of
humanism to include the ideas of Petrarch,
Dante, and Erasmus
Humanism
•
The Humanities
–
Subjects taught in ancient Rome & Greece
•
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Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History
Humanism
–
Outlook focusing on human potential &
achievements
•
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Humanists were practical; they wanted to learn about the
world and wrote in the vernacular (common language) either
for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their
subjects
Ancient writings, rediscovered after being lost during the
Middle Ages, influenced this movement
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
•
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Writer from Florence
Traveled all over Europe looking for old
writings and realized how much had been
lost
Wrote sonnets in Italian about Laura, his
ideal woman
–
He also wrote in Latin
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
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Poet from Florence
Wrote The Divine Comedy
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The story is about Dante’s journey through Hell,
Purgatory, and Paradise
Written in the vernacular (everyday language) so
everyone could enjoy his writing
Desiderius Erasmus (1469?-1536)
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Christian Humanist writer
Wrote the book In Praise of Folly
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Poked fun at flaws in real people, such as greedy merchants,
arrogant priests, etc.
Criticized the Church for teaching rituals instead of following
Christ
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Believed the clergy was ignorant
Believed in Christianity of the heart, not in a religion of rules and
ceremonies
Believed that to improve society, people should study the Bible
Believed basis of education should be Roman & Greek classics
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
•
Christian writer who was concerned with
society’s flaws
– Said literature should serve Christian goals
•
Wrote Utopia
– Described his ideal society, where people
worked hard, lived in peace, and were welleducated
William Shakespeare (1564?-1616)
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English writer
Invented 1,700 new words in 37 plays
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Plays examined human flaws and also
expressed the Renaissance’s high view of
human nature
He drew on Greek and Roman classics for some
of his plots
•
Exs: Julius Caesar, Antony & Cleopatra
Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
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Spanish writer
Wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha
– Birth of modern European novel
– It is about a poor Spanish nobleman who
went a little crazy after reading too many
books about heroic knights
38g – explain the importance of Gutenberg
and the invention of the printing press
The Printing Press
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The most important invention of the 1400s
It was a gradual process:
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First, they learned to make paper from the Arabs
Then came the development of printing blocks
and moveable type
Johann Gutenberg built the first printing press
in 1455 and used it to print a Bible
The Printing Press
•
Effects:
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Spread ideas – crucial for the success of the
Reformation
Books became cheap so many people could
buy them (especially the Bible)
•
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Books written in vernacular for people who had not had
classical educations
Revolutionized learning because books were so readily
available, so more people learned to read
Comunicación y Gerencia
The Protestant
Reformation
38d – analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation to
include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin
The Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement that divided the
western church into Catholic and Protestant
groups
Events Leading to the Reformation
1. Christian Humanism
Began in Northern Europe
Goal: Reform the Catholic Church
Erasmus was the leader of Christian
Humanism
Events Leading to the Reformation
2. Corruption within the Catholic Church
People were looking for salvation
Church leaders did not seem concerned with
the spiritual needs of the people
Indulgences (release from all or part of the
punishment for sin) were being sold by the
Church
Events Leading to the Reformation
3. Martin Luther &
his 95 Theses
Luther was a monk & a
professor
He became convinced
that humans are saved
through their faith and
God alone
He believed that the
Bible, not the Church,
was the only source for
religious truth
1517:
Luther posts his 95 Theses on the
church door at Wittenberg.
Cause:
Luther attacked JohannTetzel, a friar, for
selling indugences. The theses were a list of
questions & an attack on the abuses being
committed by the Chuch
Luther called for only two sacraments
(Baptism and Communion) and called for
clergy members to be allowed to marry
Effect:
Luther’s words were spread all over
Germany and attracted many followers
1520:
Luther is excommunicated and
declared an outlaw & heretic in 1521.
Cause:
The pope realized that Luther was a serious threat to
papal authority. The emperor, a devout Catholic, also
felt threatened.
Effect:
Luther was sheltered in Saxony where he translated
the New Testament into German. When he returned to
Wittenberg, he found many of his ideas already in use.
He and his followers had become a separate religious
group called Lutherans.
Lutheranism
Became the first Protestant faith of
Christianity
Featured services including Bible
readings, preaching the word of God, and
song
Many German territories took control of
Catholic Churches and formed state
Protestant Churches
Politics During the Reformation
Holy Roman Empire under Charles V
suffered from internal & external pressures
Individual German territories became more
powerful due to Renaissance trade
Calvinism Spreads
1536: John Calvin publishes
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Expressed his ideas about God, salvation, and
human nature
Wrote that men & women are sinful by nature
Expanded Luther’s ideas that humans cannot
earn salvation & said that God chooses a very few
people to save, called the “elect”
God has known since the beginning of time who
will be saved
This doctrine is called predestination
Calvinism eventually replaced Lutheranism as
the fastest growing Protestant religion in Europe
1555:
The Peace of Augsburg is signed.
Cause:
The Holy Roman Emperor had fought
a war against the German Protestant
princes and defeated them. However, he
could not force them back into the
Catholic Church.
Effect:
The settlement ended the war and
allowed the ruler of each German state to
decide his state’s religion.
This formally recognized the split
between Catholicism & Protestantism
38e – describe the Counter Reformation at the Council
of Trent and the role of the Jesuits
The Catholic Counter Reformation
Movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought
to make changes within the Church in response to the
Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Counter Reformation
Three Driving Forces:
1. Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (Spanish
nobleman)
Three Major Activities:
1. Founded & staffed schools throughout Europe
2. Sent out missionaries to convert non-Christians
to Catholicism
3. Sought to stop Protestantism from spreading
*Their work was so long lasting because the
missionaries that were sent out founded
schools, colleges, & universities around the
world.
The Catholic Counter Reformation
Three Driving Forces:
2. Reform of Papacy
In response to corruption within the Church
Pope Paul III
Had a council of cardinals investigate abuses within the
Church
Approved the Jesuit order
Used the Inquisition to identify & punish heresy in papal
territories
Convened the Council of Trent
Pope Paul IV
Carried out council’s decrees
Had the council draw up an Index of Forbidden Books
Had offensive books collected and burned
The Catholic Counter Reformation
Three Driving Forces:
3. Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Reaffirmed the split between the Catholic & Protestant churches
Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian
who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.
Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were
not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities
for guiding Christian life.
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of
indulgences was banned.
38f – describe the English Reformation and the role of
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
1534:
English Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy.
Cause:
Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine
of Aragon and remarry in order to have a male heir.
When the pope would not agree to this, Henry called a
Reformation Parliament to strip away the pope’s power
in England. The Act of Supremacy completed this
break with the pope by making the king the head of
England’s church.
This was different from the Protestant
Reformation because it took place for political
reasons
Effect:
Henry closed all English monasteries and seized their
wealth and land. This act increased royal power as well
as the king’s treasury.
1559:
Parliament established the Anglican
Church
Cause:
Elizabeth I returned England from Catholicsm
(under Queen Mary) to Protestantism and asked
Parliament to set up a national church.
Effect:
The Anglican Church became the only legal
church in England and people were required to
attend its services. Elizabeth organized the church
so that both Catholic moderates and Protestant
moderates might accept it.
Effects of the Reformation
Political
Church authority declined; individual monarchs & states gained
power
1600s – rulers of nation-states sought more power for themselves
and countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion
Groundwork was laid for the Enlightenment
Religious
Protestant churches flourished
Roman Catholic Church became more unified as a result of the
reforms at the Council of Trent
Social
Both religious put an emphasis on education in promoting beliefs
 led to new schools & universities
Women remained mainly limited to concerns of home & family
42a – explain the scientific contributions of
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and
how these ideas changed the European
world view
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
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Polish mathematician & astronomer
Wrote a book called On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Bodies
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Challenged the theories of Ptolemy, which
stated that the Earth was the center of the
universe
•
Copernicus had two theories:
1. Earth rotates on its own axis
2. Earth and the planets revolve around the sun.
» He had no proof, so his theories were rejected.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
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Astronomer
Agreed with Copernicus
1609:
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Used mathematics to prove Copernicus was correct
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Mathematical laws govern planetary motion
Orbits of the planets are elliptical, not circular
His ideas influenced Galileo
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Galileo’s and Kepler’s work made Catholics question church
teachings
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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Used the telescope to prove Kepler’s theories
Contributed to the development of the Scientific Method (based on testing
hypotheses)
Announced these discoveries in the early 1600s:
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Observed rough surface of the moon and the sun
Discovered four moons of Jupiter
Each pendulum swing takes the same amount of time
Falling objects accelerate at a fixed rate
Catholic Church
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Forbade the teachings of Copernicus and Galileo was brought before the
Inquisition
To avoid execution, Galileo admitted he was wrong (even though he knew he was
not)
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He continued his work from his home and kept journals, which were found later, after his
death
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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English mathematician
Wrote a book called Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy
Invented calculus
Developed laws of nature & physics
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The same force, gravity, rules all matter on earth and
in space
Every object in the universe attracts every other
•
The degree of attraction is determined by mass and distance
Developments in Scientific Instruments
•
Inventions:
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Telescope
Microscope
Barometer
Thermometer
Developments in Medicine
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Study of human anatomy
First vaccine (against smallpox)
Ointment to stop infection
Stitching of wounds
William Harvey discovered that the heart is
a pump and circulates blood throughout the
body
Developments in Chemistry
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Boyle’s Law
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Explained the
relationship of
volume,
temperature, and
pressure of gas
Discovery of
oxygen