What’s in
a name?
I. Classification and Naming of Living Things (Sec. 15.7)
- multilevel grouping of individuals
A. Carolus Linnaeus (mid 1700’s)
1. early systems based on genera of Greeks and Romans
a. Latin
b. polynomial system
c. genus followed by several descriptive names
2. binomial system
a. developed by Linnaeus
b. genus followed by species
- capitalize the genus
- both in italics
- Latin
c. scientific name
B. Taxonomy
1. branch of biology
- identification and naming
- taxon: group or unit within a classification system
2. systematics: an analytical approach to the study of diversity of life and the
evolutionary relationships between organisms.
C. Categories of organization
1. Domain
- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
2. Kingdom
- Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
C. Categories of organization (cont’d)
Humans:
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Homonidae
Homo sapiens
II. Fungi
A. Not plants
1. heterotrophic
2. filamentous bodies
3. non-motile sperm (many plants have motile sperm)
4. chitin in cell walls
- similar to arthropod “shells”
- plant cell walls:
cellulose
B. Structure
1. hyphae (long strings of cells)
2. septa (walls between cells)
- usually have holes
- cytoplasmic flow
- cytoplasm “shared”
- only the reproductive structures “isolated”
3. mycelium
a. mass of hyphae
b. usually underground
c. all parts able to digest and absorb
C. Reproduction
1. many species sexual or asexual
2. many mostly asexual
C. Reproduction
1. many species sexual or asexual
2. many mostly asexual
- molds (rapidly-growing fungus using spores to reproduce)
- yeasts (unicellular fungus reproducing via budding)
D. Food intake
1. external digestion
- absorb nutrients across cell wall
2. some are “worm-hunters”
III. Types of Fungus
A. Zygomycetes
- black bread mold
III. Types of Fungus
A. Zygomycetes
- black bread mold
- fruit mold
- some animal parasites (especially in arthropods)
III. Types of Fungus
A. Zygomycetes
- black bread mold
- fruit mold
- some animal parasites (especially in arthropods)
- mycorrhizae
B. Ascomycetes
1. largest phyla
2. yeasts
3. morels
4. truffles
5. fungal pathogens (Dutch elm, chestnut blight)
6. pink bread mold
7. food spoilage
C. Basidiomycetes
1. mushrooms
2. toadstools
3. puffballs
4. rusts and smuts (plant parasites)
D. Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
1. have flagellated spores
2. simplest of the true fungi
3. microscopic
E. Glomerulomycetes
1. used to be included with zygomycetes
2. special type of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae
3. tips of hyphae push into plant root cells and branch into tree-like
structures called arbuscules
F. Yeasts
1. unicellular fungi
F. Yeasts
1. unicellular fungi
2. baker’s
3. brewer’s
F. Yeasts
1. unicellular fungi
2. baker’s
3. brewer’s
4. Candida
G. Imperfect fungi
1. no sexual reproduction
2. yeasts and molds
3. penicillium
4. cheese flavors
G. Imperfect fungi
1. no sexual reproduction
2. yeasts and molds
3. penicillium
4. cheese flavors
5. athlete’s foot
III. Symbiotic Fungal Relationships
A. Lichens (mutualism)
1. fungus
- absorbs minerals and nutrients
2. photosynthesizer
a. algae
b. cyanobacteria
c. energy and organic molecules
3. survive harsh environments
- sensitive to airborne pollutants
B. Mycorrhizae
1. associate with plant roots
- provides minerals from soil to root
- plant provides organic compounds
2. endomycorrhizae
3. ectomycorrhizae
Leaf-cutter ants