BELLWORK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the characteristics of a caudillo.
Explain the economic problems in post-revolution L.A. How did this lead to
the rise of caudillos?
Explain the social problems in post-revolution Latin America. How would
this lead to the rise of caudillos?
Why was regionalism a problem in post-rev. L.A.?
List three beliefs of conservative caudillos and three beliefs of liberal
caudillos.
THINKER: Even though the caudillos came to power by force, and often
ruled like a dictator, many were very popular and supported by the people.
Why do you think this is? What was their alternative? Is it possible to be an
effective/good dictator?
Caudillo Presentations
• Brainstorm a list of things you could do to improve your
presentation from the last project.
• Project is worth 80 points and you will be graded individually
using this rubric……
• Since you will be learning about a lot of people, it is imperative
you understand the rule of that caudillo; therefore, the group will
present,, then they will ask the closure questions, then we will
discuss.
• You will complete the graphic organizer during presentations.
• Make your notes summarized! Look for common themes!
• KEEP IT SIMPLE!
Caudillo Presentations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Rosas (Argentina)
Artigas (Uruguay)
Carrera (Guatemala)
Paez (Venezuela)
Castilla (Peru)
Santa Anna (Mexico)
BELLWORK 11/20
1. In six words or less, explain how the revolutions in Latin
America led to the rise of caudillos.
2. Explain the problems Argentina suffered postIndependence.
3. What is an estanciero? Why did the estanciero class
support Rosas?
4. Describe how Rosas came to power.
5. Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by Rosas.
6. How did Rosas fall from power? What changes were
made in Argentina post-Rosas?
Argentina: Problems post-Revolution
• Political divisions
– Federales: Federalists, conservative, regionalists (Rosas)
– Unitarios: Unitarians, liberal, centralized government (Rivadavia)
• Territorial divisions
– Buenos Aires: Spanish trade monopoly, key port city, free-trade zone dominated
by local government, wealthy, federalist
– Interior provinces: Suffered from European competition (wine/textiles), no political
power, unstable, no access to BA ports, unitarian
• Economic divisions
– Power of estanciero class: owned estancias – large estates used for farming,
worked on by lower classes (Latin American estate owners)
Argentina: Rule of Rivadavia
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Goal: unify Argentina under a strong
central government that promoted
•
economic development of the whole
territory
Education, social, economic reform
Balanced development of industry and
agriculture
Land distribution
New Constitution in 1825 – proposed
unification with BA and allowed full
access to ports….rejected!
Although he made several beneficial
changes to society, why was he still
unpopular, and eventually resigned?
Federalist
caudillos of
Buenos
Aires, feared
that the rise
of a strong
national
government
would mean
the end of
their power
EXILED!!!
Argentina: Rise of Rosas
POWER TO
BUENOS AIRES!!!
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Describe how Rosas came to power.
Governor of Buenos Aires in 1829
Supported by estancieros
Federalist!!! Believed Buenos Aires
should stay separate, but represent other
provinces in foreign affairs (provinces
could control own domestic affairs)
• Buenos Aires retained revenue for its
exclusive use and controlled trade and
river system
• A network of personal alliances, backed
by force, allowed him to come to power
Argentina: Rule of Rosas
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Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by
Rosas.
For Rosas, and the ruling class of estancieros,
the only economic concern was the export of
hides and meat, and import of foreign goods
Conquest of indigenous land = sell for profit!
Fear of the masses: used gauchos and private
army to control them
– Colonial punishments: torture, whipping
Rule based on informal alliance of estancieros,
militia commanders, & secret police (Mazorca)
– Terrorist organization; murdered
opposition
Estancieros of Buenos Aires enjoyed massive
wealth
• “I thought it very
important to gain a
decisive influence over
this class in order to
control and direct it”
Rosas Fun Facts!!!
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Joined the military at 13
In a country where most of the
population was illiterate and
uneducated, Rosas argued that rigged
elections were the only way to reach
stability
His cabinet was composed of powerless
figures, and Rosas noted: "Do not
imagine that my Ministers are any thing
but my Secretaries. I put them in their
offices to listen and report, and nothing
more”
Modern estimates report around 2,000
people were executed from 1829 until
1852; common methods included throat
slitting, castration or scalping
• Rosas led a war against the
Natives at the same as Jackson;
1830-1833
All official
newspapers under
Rosas’ rule, carried
the slogan: “Death to
the savage, filthy
Unitarians!”
• Rosas’ rule maintained power of
creoles and oppressed majority of
mixed race, Natives, & blacks
• “It may appear unjust to exterminate
savages, destroy civilizations, and
conquer peoples who occupy land
that is rightly theirs, but thanks to this
injustice, America, instead of being
abandoned to savages who are
incapable of progress, is today
occupied by the Caucasian race, the
most perfect, intelligent, beautiful, and
progressive of all the races that
inhabit the Earth”
– Conservative caudillo & supporter of
Rosas, Domingo Sarmiento
Argentina: Fall of Rosas
• How did Rosas fall from
power?
• Angry over economic
oppression, anti-Rosas forces
Adios Rosas!
formed a coalition in 1852
Argentina….unite!!!
• United farmers, natives,
liberals and federalists under
Justo Jose de Urquiza (Entre
Rios)
• Worked together to defeat
Rosas’ army
• Rosas fled to exile in England
Argentina: Post-Rosas
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What changes were made in Argentina post-Rosas?
Did not end dispute between Buenos Aires and other provinces or between federalism and
Unitarianism.
Slower process of economic change will eventually bring unity
Union of provinces will all share the wealth of Buenos Aires…..obtain by force! BA refused and
two sides agreed to peaceful separation
New Constitution in 1853
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Modeled after U.S.
United Provinces became a federal republic
President (6 year term)
Legislative branch – Senate & House
Catholicism is official religion; freedom of worship
For five years there were two separate Argentinas: the Argentine Confederation (Urquiza) &
Province of Buenos Aires
1859: War between the two
1862: Compromise, unification, capital established at Buenos Aires
Today’s Agenda….
• Artigas
• Carrera
• Review
– Similarities/differences
between Rosas and Carrera
– Similarities/differences
between Artigas and Carrera
– Similarities/differences
between Rosas and Artigas
Paraguay
Compare/Contrast Paraguay & Uruguay
BELLWORK 11/21
1. How did Artigas come to power? How did he fall from power?
2. List two of Artigas’ liberal reforms.
3. Explain the problems in Guatemala post-independence. How
did these problems lead to the rise of Carrera?
4. List two of Carrera's conservative reforms.
5. THINKER: In 1855 an anonymous author said:
“Independence is only a name. Previously they ruled us from
Spain, now from here. It is always the same priest on a
different mule.” What does this quote say about society postindependence? How does it relate to rule of the caudillos?
Uruguay
Guatemala & Rafael Carrera
Guatemala
• Problems post-independence:
• 1823 – Republic of Central America: Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala
• Gradually states formed their own government, but
split between two parties
• Liberal – middle class, artisans and merchants
• Conservative – old elite, monopolistic, landowners,
church
• Civil War = Liberal Morazán becomes president
(unpopular with conservatives)
Rafael Carrera - Overview
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Grew up in a barrio of Guatemala City under
Spanish colonial control
He was a mestizo and illiterate. Worked on a
farm before joining military
Many conservative caudillos were interested
in power for their own gain. Carrera was an
exception & represented the interests of
Guatemala's Indian majority
Backed by the Church, conservatives, and
land owners, he dominated politics in the first
five decades of Guatemala's independence
(actually in power 1842-1865)
led the revolt against the federal government
and was instrumental in breaking up the
United Provinces of Central America
Guatemala
• During the Civil War, Carrera was
the general of conservative troops
Rafael Carrera did not support
Morazán's liberal policies
Morazán repeatedly chased
Carrera's forces out of cities and
towns, but Carrera's followers would
retake places as soon as Morazán's
army left
• A cholera epidemic added to the
frustration and helped Carrera rally
the peasants into a military
resistance against the liberals
Morazán Liberal
•
leader &
president
of
•
Guatemala
Enemy of
Carrera
Guatemala
• He mobilized an army and took
Guatemala City.
• Supported Catholic rule and death to
foreigners.
• Ended Federal Republic and
established a conservative regime.
• Made Congress name him “President
for Life!”
Guatemala
• Revived authority of the church
• Brought back native forced labor
and colonial titles
• What began as a lower class
protest against modernization,
soon changed into a conservative
government controlled by a
merchant oligarchy
• The wealthy elite provided him with
money needed for his army
• Determined to dominate Central
America
• After he died in 1865, the violencefilled period ended and liberalism
was restored
Today’s Agenda….
• Paez (Venezuela)
• Castilla (Peru)
• Discuss: similarities
differences
BELLWORK: Block 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Which caudillos were liberal? Which were conservative?
Which caudillos were supported by oligarchies?
Describe the rise/rule of Jose Paez.
Describe the rise/rule of Ramon Castilla.
In your opinion, who was the most successful caudillo?
Why?
THINKER: As you know, many caudillos served multiple
terms non-consecutively. Why do you think this is? Why
was it difficult for these caudillos to maintain control?
Venezuela
• Problems post-Independence:
• Conflicts over slavery
– Many felt it was necessary
• Bolivar changed rights of creoles and
natives, but was criticized by wealthy elite
and military caudillos
Venezuela - Paez
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Jose Antonio Paez was elected in 1830
from the conservative side (some view as
moderate)
Was a military hero and champion of
Venezuelan independence
Combined presidency with general of
supreme army
Terrified of slave revolts and uprisings =
race war!
Arrested Liberal leader, Guzman, and
sentenced him to death
New Constitution in 1830 limited suffrage
to 21 year old literate & wealthy males.
Was president three different times:
1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863
Returned to rule whenever the national
government failed
Venezuela - Paez
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Allied with the conservative oligarchy because the
oligarchy controlled a great amount of their
country's wealth but was not popular with the
masses whereas Páez was very much liked by
the masses
Ended dominance & economic power of the
church
conflict between church and state ceased to exist
unlike other countries in Latin America
In 1847 President Jose Tadeo Monagas, who was
put into power by Páez, dispersed Congress and
proclaimed himself dictator.
Páez led a rebellion against him but was defeated
and eventually exiled. (1850)
In 1861, he became supreme dictator and ruled
only for two years before again returning to exile.
He lived in New York during his years in exile and
died there in 1873.
Peru
• Problems post-independence:
• Bolivar attempted to end slavery and equalize power;
considered everyone Peruvian citizens.
• When he left in 1826, the Creole government reinstated taxes
on indigenous population and slaves (government depended
on this revenue)
• Revolution ruined mines and plantation agriculture; could not
compete with foreign powers
• Massive trade debt with England
• Elite landowners were angry at social revolts and instability
• Absence of governing class and political instability led to civil
wars
Peru
• Under these conditions,
people demanded
change!
• Led to the rise of the
military general and
mestizo, Ramon Castilla
(president from 18451851 & 1855-1862)
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Peru
Emphasis on guano exports (England)
Guano boom led to the creation of railways
Social reforms – abolished slavery & indigenous tribute
Slave owners received 40% of slave value
Freed blacks became farmers = increase in cotton, sugar, and grain
Modernization in costal agriculture: use of cotton gins, boilers, refinery equipment, and steam-drive tractors.
After Castilla’s presidential term was over, Peruvian farmers depleted guano deposits and Peru went into a
period of debt.
Agenda
• Today:
• Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna (Mexico)
• Caudillo Review
• Homework: MexicanAmerican War Wkst
and Reading
• Tomorrow:
• Mexican-American
War Lesson &
Discussion
Mexico
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Economic Problems
Exports did not keep up with imports = trade
deficit (began exporting metals; like gold &
silver)
New government inherited a bankrupt
treasury
Foreign loans proved ineffective; raised debt
to 54 million pesos
Britain invested in mining
In 1830, government provided assistance to
industry, but shortages of capital, lack of
consistent policies, and unstable
socioeconomic structure halted growth.
Had to rely on mining and agriculture
Principal exports were silver, tobacco, coffee,
vanilla, and henequen (fiber used to make
rope)
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Political Problems
Divisions between liberal and
conservative sides:
Liberals – power to mestizos and
middle class
Conservatives – support racial
hierarchy; aristocracy
Mexico
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Led to the rise of Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna (ruled 1834-1854)
From the conservative side; did NOT support
liberals in power (then, current president
Farias)
First fought AGAINST Mexican
independence from Spain, then for it (military
general)
Wealthy landowner in port-city of Veracruz
He was general or president (or both
concurrently) multiple times in his 40-year
career.
President on eleven non-consecutive
occasions over a period of 22 years.
Wanted a Catholic, centralist, conservative
government (Mexico City)
Mexico
• He immediately dissolved Congress and
began centralizing power (Mexico City!)
The regime became a dictatorship
backed by the military.
• Suspended liberal constitution of 1824
• Increase power of central government;
decreased state rights
• Land/$ qualifications for power
• Restored sales tax and government
tobacco monopoly to increase revenue
• Mexican-American War led to loss of ½
of Mexico
Mexico
• Unhappy over
economic policies,
Alvarez (liberal caudillo)
convinced France to
send a king to rule =
WAR!
• 1853 – Santa Anna
launched terrorist
campaign against
dissenters
Mexico
• After Texan independence Santa Anna wrote a letter
to U.S. Minister to Mexico, Joel Poinsett, in which he
proclaimed:
• “It is very true that I once threw up my cap for liberty
with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon
found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my
people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know
what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the
influence of a Catholic clergy, a dictatorship is the
proper government for them, but there is no reason
why it should not be a wise and virtuous one”
Santa Anna FUN FACTS!
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Parents were very wealthy; pressured him to pursue a career in commerce
During the Mexican Revolution, he was shot with an arrow in the left arm
Gambling addict his entire life
His habit was to ally with the wealthy and be on the winning side of any battle
– Fought with Spanish; Iturbide promised to make him General so he supported Mexico; planned
Iturbide’s overthrow
Always focused on self-promotion
– Proclaimed himself “the Napoleon of the West,” “The Savior of the Motherland” & “The Most Serene
Highness”
Santa Anna famously used a prosthetic cork leg; during the Mexican-American War, it was captured and
kept by American troops. The cork leg is displayed at the Illinois State Military Museum & the Mexican
government has repeatedly asked for its return
One month after his wife’s death in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 15-year-old María Dolores
de Tosta
During his time in exile in NYC, he is credited with bringing in the first shipments of chicle, the base of
chewing gum. His plan was to use the chicle to replace rubber in carriage tires, which eventually failed.
Thomas Adams, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the United States,
experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the
substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found
the chewing gum industry with a product that he called “Chiclets.”
Santa Anna was a passionate fan of the sport of cockfighting. He would invite breeders from all over the
world for matches and is known to have spent tens of thousands of dollars on prize roosters.
BELLWORK 11/26
• Which two caudillos are the
most similar? Why? Explain!
• Which two caudillos are the
most different? Why?
Explain!
• THINKER: What are you
thankful for?
Chile
Venezuela
• Problems post-Independence:
• Conflicts over slavery
– Many felt it was necessary
• Bolivar changed rights of creoles and
natives, but was criticized by wealthy elite
and military caudillos
Venezuela - Paez
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Jose Antonio Paez was elected in 1830
from the conservative side (some view as
moderate)
Was a military hero and champion of
Venezuelan independence
Combined presidency with general of
supreme army
Terrified of slave revolts and uprisings =
race war!
Arrested Liberal leader, Guzman, and
sentenced him to death
New Constitution in 1830 limited suffrage
to 21 year old literate & wealthy males.
Was president three different times:
1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863
Returned to rule whenever the national
government failed
Venezuela - Paez
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Allied with the conservative oligarchy because the
oligarchy controlled a great amount of their
country's wealth but was not popular with the
masses whereas Páez was very much liked by
the masses
Ended dominance & economic power of the
church
conflict between church and state ceased to exist
unlike other countries in Latin America
In 1847 President Jose Tadeo Monagas, who was
put into power by Páez, dispersed Congress and
proclaimed himself dictator.
Páez led a rebellion against him but was defeated
and eventually exiled. (1850)
In 1861, he became supreme dictator and ruled
only for two years before again returning to exile.
He lived in New York during his years in exile and
died there in 1873.
Venezuela - Gomez
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Juan Vicente Gomez was a military general
and caudillo from 1908 until his death in 1935.
Gómez was a barely literate cattle herder and
a nearly full-blooded Native American.
In 1899, he joined the private army of Cipriano
Castro, with whom he had been friends since
Castro's exile in Colombia.
This army swept down President Caracas in
1899 and seized control of the country.
He became Castro's vice president and, in
1902, head of the military, responsible for
suppressing several major revolts against the
government.
Liberal Gómez seized power from Castro on
19 December 1908, while Castro was in
Europe for medical treatment
Venezuela - Gomez
• Economic troubles (falling coffee
prices) led to period of recession
• Gómez managed to decrease
Venezuela's debt by granting
concessions to foreign oil companies
• Won him support of the United States
• Used the money to launch an
extensive public works program
• He also received generous kickbacks,
increasing his personal fortune
enormously
• Support did not last long…… foreign
powers blockaded Venezuela and
demanded payment of debts
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Venezuela - Gomez
Brought enrichment to the country, particularly
after the discovery of oil, which enabled the
development of a modern infrastructure.
His focus on road construction and the creation
of jobs promoted social contact among
Venezuelans of different regions – previously a
rare occurrence – which created a sense of
national unity in the country
He brought about the end of civil wars by exerting
power over regional caudillos and, as a result,
Venezuela became a peaceful country and has
been so for more than a century
During his rule, most of the country's wealth
ended up in the hands of Gómez, his henchmen,
and Wall Street.
At the time of his death, he was by far the richest
man in the country.
He did little for public education and held basic
democratic principles in disdain. Although cordial
and simple in manner, his ruthless crushing of
opponents through his secret police earned him
the reputation of a tyrant.
Gomez FUN FACT!
• Gómez was never married; however, he had two
mistresses. The first one was Dionisia Gómez
Bello, with whom he had seven children. The
second one was Dolores Amelia Núñez de
Cáceres, with whom we had eight children.
Gómez also fathered many other children in
brief relationships: at least 64 and possibly as
many as 84. He appointed many of his children
to public office
Graffiti Board – Caudillo Review
• A graffiti board is a visual representation of a topic.
• It can include pictures, statements, quotes, charts,
descriptors, words, etc.
• A free expression of your knowledge and
understanding
• Today, each group will re-teach a caudillo to the class
using a graffiti board.
• Your poster should include the main info about your
caudillo, but also any comparisons to other caudillos.