Chapter 18
Part 4
622-627
Terms to Know
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H-Bomb
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John Foster Dulles
Brinkmanship
CIA
Warsaw Pact
Eisenhower Doctrine
The u-2 incident
The Arms Race
• After the Soviets tested their A-Bomb
• Both the U.S. and the USSR are going to enter
an arms race
• In schools, children participated in air raid
drills
• Some folks built bomb shelters
Scientists
• Believed that an even more destructive bomb
could be produced…the H-Bomb
• An explosion of the hydrogen bomb would be
equivalent to 100 tons of TNT…
• Or 67 imes the destruction of the A-Bomb
The Hydrogen Bomb
• The U.S. had it in 1952
• The USSR had it in 1953
John Foster Dulles
• Was the Sec. of State for Eisenhower
• HIS doctrine was the Doctrine of Massive
Nuclear Retaliation
• Aka Brinkmanship
• He was willing to bring the U.S> and USSR to
the brink of war to gain concessions
The CIA
• Was created by the National Security Act of
1946
• Its job was to collect information
• Both overtly (out in the ) or covertly (using
spies)
The Middle East
• Iran
• Since the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after
WWI, the British were in control of the oil
wells in Iran
• Mossadegh, the Iranian Prime Minister,
nationalized (took over) the oil wells in the
mid 1950’s
The British
• Responded by not buying Iranian oil
• The Iranian economy suffered
• The United States was afraid that the Iranians
would go to the USSR for help
• In 1953 the CIA gave lots of money to antiMossadegh groups in Iran
Caused a revolution
• Mossadegh was ousted
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A new leader, Shah Reza Pahlavi took his place
The shah was friendly to the West
He tried to modernize and westernize Iran
He outlawed traditional clothing and
encouraged Western-style dress
• His people resented this…for the next 25 years
Map Middle East
Latin America
• Guatemala
• The leader of Guatemala gave 200,000 acres
of land to the Guatemalan people
• The land had belonged to Americans
• The CIA trained troops to oust the
Guatemalan leader who was replaced by the
head of the CIA-trained army who returned
the land
Map Central America
1953
• Stalin died
• Nikita Khrushchev
• New Soviet Policy: Peaceful coexistence
• The U.S. and the USSR may not ever agree on
anything BUT we can still live side by side in
peace…we’ll see.
Khrushchev
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Poland rebelled.
freedom of speech, religion, etc.
Khrushchev gave them some limited reforms
And removed many Soviet troops
He made a treaty with Finland and Japan
Then he pulled ALL Soviet troops out of the
Russian sector of Austria!
What the heck did he want?
• West Berlin
• BUT The U.S. would not budge
• Eisenhower was committed to the policy of
containment
• HOWEVER Khrushchev and Eisenhower were
meeting and talking
• At Geneva and later in the U.S.
At Geneva
• Eisenhower wanted both countries to be able
to fly over each other’s air space
• Khrushchev refused
• But came to the U.S. for more talks in 1958
• He was asked by the press what he might like
to see while he was here.
• He said Disneyland (but was not admitted)
Egypt
• The last king of Egypt, King Farouk, was
overthrown and a new popular leader took his
place: Nasser
• The U.S. offered to help Nasser build the
Aswan Dam
Map of the Middle East
King Farouk
Nasser
• Began a trade relationship with the USSR
• The U.S. withdrew its offer to help finance the
dam
• Then, Nasser sent Egyptian troops to the Suez
Canal and chased the British and French out
The Suez Canal
• The French had built the canal in 1869 and the
British bought a share in the canal
• Both had been making lots of money
collecting the tolls
• Nasser decided to use the toll money to build
his dam
Then
• !Nasser did not allow ships heading to Israel to
use the canal!
• Israel, France, and England sent troops
• At that point, the U.S. and the USSR talked the
British, the French and the Israelis into going
home
Israel
• Had been given land by the United Nations in
1948
• During WWI the British tried to get help from
the people of the Middle East to fight the
Ottoman Turks
Israel
• In 1915 the Brits issued the McMahonHussein Correspondence promising the Arabs
an independent nation in the Holy Land one
day
• In 1917 the British promised the same thing to
the Jewish people for help against the
Ottomans with the Balfour Declaration
The Brits believed
• That the Holy Land was big enough for two
separate independent states
• In 1948 the United Nations thought so too
and made the offer
• The New Jewish state (Israel) was established
in 1948
• The Palestinians would not accept the deal
In 1948
• Israel was attacked by 3 Arab nations
• More war in 1956, 1967, 1973
• These will have a big impact on the U.S.
foreign policy and oil prices later
The Eisenhower Doctrine
• similar to the Truman Doctrine
• The U.S. would protect the Middle East from
Communist aggression
The Hungarian Revolution
• 1956 Hungary had a pretty liberal communist
leader: Nagy
• He had promised his people democratic
reform: free elections, an end to Soviet
occupation and he denounced the Warsaw
Pact
Where the heck is Hungary?
The Rebellion was crushed
• Way too liberal for Khrushchev
• 30,000 were killed
• The U.S. did nothing
• The doctrines all had to do with “free peoples
“ requesting aid…the Eastern Bloc was not
free
The Space Race
• In 1957 the Soviets launched the first artificial
satellite…Sputnik
• This was a huge surprise and embarrassment
to the U.S.
• The U.S. threw money at schools for new
science and math programs
• By 1958 we launched our own satellite
Yuri Gagarin
• Cosmonaut
• First man in space
• First man to orbit the Earth
• But the U.S. will be the first on the Moon!
• Later…
The U-2 Incident
• Both the U.S. and the USSR flew secret spy
over each other’s territory
• In the U.S. it was coordinated by the CIA and
every mission had to be signed off on by the
President
One of our planes
• Went down over the USSR
• The Pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and
was held by the KGB
• When notified by Khrushchev, Eisenhower
denied the whole thing claiming the maybe a
weather balloon had come down
Khrushchev
• Had proof. He had the pilot and several
pictures
• Still Eisenhower refused to apologize
• Eisenhower was scheduled to travel to
Moscow for talks
• The talks ended.
• Powers was released after 11 months