The World
at War WWI:
1914-1918
Causes
of the
War
1. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s (pounds).
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Germany, Italy,
AustriaHungary
Britain, France
and Russia
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Europe in 1914
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism!!!
The
“Spark”
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
•Brinkmanship – the
practice of threatening to
go to war to achieve
one’s goals
•Conscription – a
military draft
•Mobilization – the process
of assembling and making
both troops and supplies
ready for war.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
(in Bosnia)
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
Home
Front
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
Red Cross Nurses
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margaretha
Gertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Governments Increase Powers
 In order to ensure that enough was
produced for the war, governments
increased their powers, even taking over
industries
 Free speech was curtailed to prevent
dissention that could harm war effort
 Used propaganda to sway public opinion
German Atrocities in Belgium
Britain Joins the War
Recruitment Posters
(Propaganda)
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan
A 2 War Front War
*Germany had to fight from both the East (Russia) &
West (France)
The Western Front
Trench Warfare –
fighting from ditches,
protected by barbed
wire, led to stalemate
War of attrition – a
war based on wearing
the other side down
by constant attack
and heavy losses.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land” =
the area of land
between your
trench and the
enemy trench
The
Eastern
Front
Russia Drops
Out
 Russia experienced
a revolution in
1917 and quits the
war, signing the
Treaty of BrestLitovsk
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
The Middle East
 Other than
Europe, the
Middle East saw
the biggest
battles as the
Ottomans
(Turks) fought
Britain, Russia,
and France
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence
 G.B. promised the
land of Palestine to
Arabs if they helped
fight the Ottomans
Balfour Declaration
 Jews promised a
homeland in Palestine
if they helped the
Allies fight
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal
at Versailles, 1918-19
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
 Major reason Allies fighting war was
nationalism, and to gain independence for
eastern Europe
 So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts
of world thought that in return for their
assistance they would gain independence
 This did not happen
Fighting in Asia
Japan’s Continued Rise
 Japan had alliance
with Britain, so
entered WW1 on side
of Allies
 Following the war,
Japan was mostly
ignored at the peace
conference
 Japan able to take
more land (especially
from China) during
the war
 The Japanese were
angry and continued
to expand
America
Joins
the
Allies
Neutrality Helps
 As Europe became embroiled in war, the
U.S. benefitted economically
 Sold war supplies and, along with Japan,
became major exporter, replacing
Europeans in many parts of world
 This would remain after the war
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U.S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
The End
of
World
War I
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
End of WWI
Versailles
 Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and
disarmament
 Leads to social and economic problems in
Germany
 Wilson’s self-determination not granted around
the world, only eastern Europe (see map)
 Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to
independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)
League of Nations
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
Another 20 million wounded
The Somme American
Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died
America becomes Isolationist