Events
Leading to a
Brawl
Pierre and Hans were bitter
enemies. Ever since elementary
school, the two had not gotten
along. It started in second grade
when Pierre made fun of Hans
after finding out that Hans’
mother still dressed him for
school. From there, the fighting
between the two intensified. By
high school, it was all out war.
Pierre and Hans would routinely try
to attack each other. So, they both came
up with their own plans. Each teen got a
group of his friends together and made a
pledge that they would defend each
other. So, Hans and his friends Franz,
Abdul, and Vinny made a secret pact. If
any one of the four were attacked, all
four would go after the attacker. Pierre
made a similar agreement with his
friends, Winston, Sergei, and Dejan.
Now, both felt safer.
Another strategy taken by
both Pierre and Hans was to equip
themselves with weapons. They
each carried pocketknives, box
cutters, and brass knuckles. Their
friends also carried such weapons.
Both Pierre and Hans were schoolyard
bullies. Beginning in elementary school, both boys
would prey upon weaker kids in the schoolyard and
steal their lunch money. They continued this
behavior through high school. However, as Pierre
and Hans took money from more and more kids,
they began to come into conflict with each other. It
seemed like a race between the two to see who
could beat up and steal money from more kids.
After all, both Pierre and Hans had pride and each
wanted to keep alive his reputation as the toughest,
meanest kid in school. The friends these two had
also tried to get ‘control’ over part of the
schoolyard. They too tried to beat up as many kids
as they could to steal lunch money.
One day, Franz (Hans’ friend) got
into a fight and beat up Dejan (Pierre’s
friend). Instead of the fight ending
there, a school-wide rumble including
hundreds of students followed. In the
rumble, many weapons were used and
several students died, and even more
were seriously injured. How did one
little fight involving Franz and Dejan
develop into such a horrible and brutal
brawl?
 How did the fact that each teen accumulated
weapons help lead to a large fight?
Militarism
 How did the fact the teens made pacts to
defend one another help start the brawl?
Alliances
 How did the teens being bullies help cause
the fight to begin?
Imperialism
 How did the fact each teen had immense
pride help lead to a brawl?
Nationalism
The World
at War WWI:
1914-1918
Causes
of the
War
1. Militarism (Arms Race)
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers in millions of £s (pounds).
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance System
Triple Entente
(Allied Powers):
Germany, Italy,
AustriaHungary
Britain, France
and Russia
Triple Alliance
(Central Powers):
Europe in 1914
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism!!!
The
“Spark”
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
•Brinkmanship – the
practice of threatening to
go to war to achieve
one’s goals
•Conscription – a
military draft
•Mobilization – the process
of assembling and making
both troops and supplies
ready for war.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
(The Spark!)
Gavrilo
Princip:
the
assassin
Who’s To Blame?
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
Home
Front
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
Red Cross Nurses
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margaretha
Gertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Governments Increase Powers
 In order to ensure that enough was
produced for the war, governments
increased their powers, even taking over
industries
 Free speech was curtailed to prevent
dissention that could harm war effort
 Used propaganda to sway public opinion
German Atrocities in Belgium
Britain Joins the War
Recruitment Posters
(Propaganda)
American Poster
Financing the War
A 2 War Front War
*Germany had to fight from both the East (Russia) &
West (France)
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan
The Western Front
Trench Warfare –
fighting from ditches,
protected by barbed
wire, led to stalemate
War of attrition – a
war based on wearing
the other side down
by constant attack
and heavy losses.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land” =
the area of land
between your
trench and the
enemy trench
The
Eastern
Front
Russia Drops
Out
 Russia experienced
a revolution in
1917 and quits the
war, signing the
Treaty of BrestLitovsk
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
The Middle East
 Other than
Europe, the
Middle East saw
the biggest
battles as the
Ottomans
(Turks) fought
Britain, Russia,
and France
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence
 G.B. promised the
land of Palestine to
Arabs if they helped
fight the Ottomans
Balfour Declaration
 Jews promised a
homeland in Palestine
if they helped the
Allies fight
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal
at Versailles, 1918-19
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
 Major reason Allies fighting war was
nationalism, and to gain independence for
eastern Europe
 So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts
of world thought that in return for their
assistance they would gain independence
 This did not happen
Fighting in Asia
Japan’s Continued Rise
 Japan had alliance
with Britain, so
entered WW1 on side
of Allies
 Following the war,
Japan was mostly
ignored at the peace
conference
 Japan able to take
more land (especially
from China) during
the war
 The Japanese were
angry and continued
to expand
America
Joins
the
Allies
Neutrality Helps
 As Europe became embroiled in war, the
U.S. benefitted economically
 Sold war supplies and, along with Japan,
became major exporter, replacing
Europeans in many parts of world
 This would remain after the war
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
The End
of
World
War I
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
End of WWI
Versailles Treaty
 Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and
disarmament
 Leads to social and economic problems in
Germany
 Wilson’s self-determination not granted around
the world, only eastern Europe (see map)
 Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to
independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)
League of Nations
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
Another 20 million wounded
The Somme American
Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died
America becomes Isolationist