THE CATEGORIES OF ENGLISH
ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB.
Kate Kalmykova.
ADJECTIVE.
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by
describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An
adjective usually precedes the noun or the
pronoun which it modifies.
 Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with
hideous wall paper.
 The back room was filled with large, yellow rain
boots.
 Many stores have already begun to play
irritating Christmas music.
 Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the
radio hidden under her pillow.
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Some nouns, many pronouns, and many
participle phrases can also act as adjectives.
 Grammarians also consider articles ("the," "a,"
"an") to be adjectives.
 the tall professor
 a six-year-old child
 a solid commitment
 the unhappiest, richest man
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POSITION OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives nearly always appear immediately
before the noun or noun phrase that they modify.
 When indefinite pronouns — such as something,
someone, anybody — are modified by an
adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to
someone nice should be punished.
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THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN A SERIES
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Determiners — articles and other limiters.
Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g.,
a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to
subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting)
Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure
(e.g., wealthy, large, round)
Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new,
ancient)
Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale)
Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun
(e.g., French, American, Canadian)
Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something
is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun
(e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book
cover)
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:
Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than
Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.
 The degrees of comparison are known as the
positive, the comparative, and the
superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and
superlative show degrees.) We use the
comparative for comparing two things and the
superlative for comparing three or more things.
The word than frequently accompanies the
comparative and the word the precedes the
superlative.
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Be careful not to form comparatives or
superlatives of adjectives which already express
an extreme of comparison:
Unique, absolute, impossible, principal,
complete, main, entire, minor, universal, ideal.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
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Descriptive adjectives can be classified into different
categories such as color, size, sound, taste, touch,
shape, time, personality and age.
Personal Titles. Titles such as Mr, Mrs, Auntie,
Uncle, Dr and Lord are classified as adjectives, if they
are attached in front of a name. For instance, in the
sentence “Did you visit Uncle Neil on your way back
home?” Herein the word “Uncle” is an adjective.
Possessive adjective. This form of adjective is used
in a sentence before a noun to indicate possession. For
instance, in the sentence, “ Do not touch my diary. It
is personal.”, the word “my” inserted just in front of
the noun “diary” is the adjective. Few other examples
of possessive adjectives are “your”, “his”, “her”, “our”,
“their”, etc.
Demonstrative adjective.This form of adjective
is used to demonstrate or indicate certain things.
“Parents of only those students, who have not
managed to pass in all subjects, will have to come
for tomorrow’s parents-teachers meeting.” Other
such adjectives are “that”, “these”, “this”, etc.
 Indefinite adjective. While demonstrative
adjectives point out specific things, indefinite
adjectives do not indicate anything specific.
Indefinite adjectives are formed from indefinite
pronouns and the most common ones among
them are “any”, “many”, few”, “several”, etc.
“Several soldiers died in the Pacific War.”
 Interrogative adjective ("which" or "what").
What book are you reading?
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FOUR KINDS OF USES.
Attributive adjectives.
I saw three happy kids.
 Predicative adjectives.
That made me happy. They are happy.
 Absolute adjectives.
The boy, happy with his new cell phone, did not
look where he was going.
 Nominal adjectives.
I read two books to them; he preferred the sad
book, but she preferred the happy
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ADVERB.
An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective,
another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb
indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree
and answers questions such as "how," "when,"
"where," "how much".
 He drove slowly.
 He drove a very fast car.
 She moved quite slowly down the aisle.
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DEGREES OF ADVERBS.
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Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and
superlative forms to show degree.
Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.
The student who reads fastest will finish first.
We often use more and most, less and least to show degree
with adverbs:
With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among
the patients.
The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations
I've ever seen.
She worked less confidently after her accident.
That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in
years.
The as — as construction can be used to create adverbs
that express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as
his sister."
Adverbs often function as intensifiers,
conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to
something.
 Emphasizers:
 I really don't believe him.
 She simply ignored me.
 Amplifiers:
 The teacher completely rejected her proposal.
 I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty
meetings.
 Downtoners:
 We can improve on this to some extent.
 The boss almost quit after that.
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KINDS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
 Adverbs of Place
She still lives there now.
 Adverbs of Frequency
She often goes by herself.
 Adverbs of Time
She left early.
 Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the
rocks.
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POSITIONS OF ADVERBS
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One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to
move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner
are particularly flexible in this regard.
Solemnly the minister addressed her
congregation.
The minister solemnly addressed her
congregation.
The minister addressed her congregation
solemnly.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
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You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two
clauses together. Some of the most common
conjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently,"
"finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however,"
"incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise,"
"meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next,"
"nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then,"
"therefore," and "thus."