Lecture 1:
Introduction & Energy Overview
ECE 495/595: Physics of Solar Cells
Spring 2016
January 20, 2016
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
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Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
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Prof. Kyle Montgomery
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B.S. 2004 University of Houston
3 years @ Schlumberger
M.S. 2008 Purdue University
Ph.D. 2012 Purdue University
– Thesis: Novel Approaches for Wide Bandgap
Solar Cells
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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What I do now…besides teach…
• Research Engineer at Air Force Research
Lab
– Advanced Space Power Group
– Manage external programs
– Collaborate on internal research on various
energy generation technologies (and related
components)
• Serve on student advisory committees
• Involved with IEEE Electron Devices Society
and the Photovoltaic Specialists Conference
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Philosophy…on teaching…and life
• Teaching is not confined to classroom time
– Feel free to ask questions anytime
• Conceptual understanding is key
– Can’t cover every detail on a given subject
• Life can be hard and school can be hard,
too
– If I can help, just let me know
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
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Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
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Physics of Solar Cells
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Global Energy Outlook
Photovoltaic Effect
Limiting Efficiencies of Solar Cells
Electronic & Optical Properties of
Materials
Device Physics
Design of Solar Cells
Different Solar Cell Technologies
Characterization
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Course Structure
• Course Website is:
– http://www.kmontgomery.net/teaching/physics
ofsolarcells/
– Grades will be posted to UNM Learn(?)
• Also using Piazza
– http://piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595
/home
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
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Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
9
SI Units
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Derived Units
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Prefixes
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Current Density
• Solar cells output a wide range of currents
– Bigger = More Current
• Account for the variation by using current
density when comparing cells
Given Current: I = 100 mA
Given Area:
A = 4 cm2
Current Density: J = I / A = 25 mA/cm2
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Power and Energy
• Power = Time Derivative of Energy
– Unit: Watts [W] = [J] / [s]
• Energy = Time Integral of Power
– Unit: Joule [J] or Watt-hrs [Wh]
• Positive Power  Power Absorbed by
Element
• Negative Power  Power Delivered by
Element
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Power Sign Convention for PV
• Opposite of prior slide!
This is what the actual I-V looks like
Quadrant IV = Negative Power
Convention is to flip to
Quadrant I = Positive Power
pveducation.org
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
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Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
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Human Development Index
Electricity Consumption May Drive
Human Development
The Human Development Index is a
comparative measure of life expectancy,
literacy, education, and standards of
living. Countries fall into four broad
categories based on their HDI: very
high, high, medium, and low human
development.
4,000 kWh per person per year is the
dividing line between developed and
developing countries.
Annual Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh)
Source: Human Development Index – 2010 data United Nations; Annual Per Capita Electricity
Consumption (kWh) - 2007 data World Bank
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Richer Economies Use More Energy
Source: European Environment Agency
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/correlation-of-per-capita-energy
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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World Population Growing >30% Over
the Next 35 Years
Population Per Country Rank
Total Global Population
Source: United Nations, The Economist
http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/08/daily-chart-growth-areas
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Growing Population & Income =
Rising Energy Demand
Source: ExxonMobile 2015 Outlook for Energy
http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/energy/energy-outlook
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Greenhouse Gasses Have Sharply
Increased in Recent Times
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2015. National Centers for Environmental Information.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Similarly, Energy Consumption Has
Vastly Increased
Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=11951
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Increased Energy Consumption Yields
Increased CO2 Emissions
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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GHG Emissions Dominated by Electricity
Generation and Transportation
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Global Temperatures Have Also Been
Increasing
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2015. National Centers for Environmental Information.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Future Predictions on Climate Change
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Impact of Climate Change
• Alter weather patterns & amounts of
precipitation
• Reduce ice & snow cover, including the
permafrost
• Raise sea levels
• Increase ocean acidity
• Increase extreme weather events
• Increase threats to human health
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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How Do We Limit Climate Change?
1. Reduce energy consumption
(conservation)
2. Use alternative, low-GHG emitting
sources of energy
SOLAR!
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
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Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
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US Energy Sources and Usage
Breakdown
Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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New US Electricity Generation Capacity
Mostly from NG and Renewables
Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Projections Suggest Renewables
Taking On More Substantial Role
Primary energy consumption by
fuel, 1980-2040 (quad Btu)
Electricity generation by fuel,
2000-2040 (trillion kWh)
Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook 2015.
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Global Renewable Energy Capacity
Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Global Renewable Electricity
Generation
Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Renewable Energy Generation Projections
Show Growth in Wind and Solar
Renewable electricity generation by
fuel type, 2000-2040 (billion kWh)
Cumulative additions to electricity
generation capacity by fuel, 2013-2040 (GW)
Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook 2015.
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
Personal Introduction
Course Introduction
Units
The Energy Dilemma
Energy Sources
Solar Outlook
36
Sunlight is a Rich, Abundant Resource
Source: GeoModel Solar
http://solargis.info/doc/free-solar-radiation-maps-GHI
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Solar’s Potential Dwarfs Demand
Source: Argonne National Laboratory
http://web.anl.gov/pse/solar/primer/primer1.html
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Solar Also Dwarfs Other Forms of
Energy
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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US PV Electricity Installed Capacity
Taking Off!
Source: SEIA/GTM. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Outlook on Solar Module Production
Source: GTM Research, PV Pulse. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Solar PV Industry – Long-Term
Outlook
Source: Stephen O’Rourke, Deutsche Bank
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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2015 US Avg. Residential PV System
Costs at Historic Lows
Source: GTM Research, Global PV Balance of Systems
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The-Most-Important-Trends-in-Solar-in-8-Charts
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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US Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Also Advancing
Source: SEIA/GTM. U.S Department of Energy 2014 Renewable Energy Data Book.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64720.pdf
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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Physics of Solar Cells: Spring 2016
Course Website:
kmontgomery.net/teaching/physicsofsolarcells/
Piazza:
piazza.com/unm/spring2016/ece495595/home
Physics of Solar Cells :: Prof. Kyle Montgomery :: UNM
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