Graduation Test Review
Beginning to 1865
1. Centuries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In which century did the year 1607 occur?
A. The 15th century
B. The 16th century
C. The 17th century
D. The 18th century
(Hint: Add 1 to year to get century)
But the 1700s occurred in what century?
2.
• The economy of the colonies of New
England in the early 1700s was mainly
dependent upon:
• A. Coal mining
• B. Maritime (sea) trade
• C. Tobacco exporting
• D. Rice farming
3. Primary vs. Secondary Sources
• Primary Source – first person
Thomas Jefferson writes an
autobiography.
• Secondary Source – account written by
someone who did not observe events, or
from primary sources: I read Jefferson’s
autobiography and write about it.
4. Locate the 13 Colonies and
Trace Territorial Expansion
• 13 Original Colonies: Atlantic Coast, not Florida
• 13 Colonies: After FI War, to Mississippi but Proclamation of 1763
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
United States (1783) From Atlantic to Mississippi
Louisiana Purchase (1803)--doubled size: Mississippi to Rockies
Florida (1819)-- Florida from Spanish (Adams-Onis)
Texas Annexation (1845)
Mexican Cession (1848)--From Mexican War; Louisiana Purchase to
Pacific Ocean (Southwest)
Oregon Country (1846)-- Settled dispute with British; Today, Oregon
and Washington
Gasden Purchase: 1853
Alaska-- purchased 1867—Seward’s Folly
Hawaii—annexed, 1870s.
5. Key Historical Documents
Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims Establish self-government in colonies
Declaration of Independence: Declares independence from Britain; relies on
Locke’s ideas of natural rights, social contract. Purpose is to justify
rebellion, increase colonial support, and enlist foreign allies.
The Constitution (1789): Preamble (popular sovereignty)
The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom: Thomas Jefferson wrote,
separating religion and government; began movement toward freedom of
religion.
The Bill of Rights: 1st ten amendments
Washington’s Farewell Address, 1797: avoid foreign alliances; avoid sectionalism
and political parties.
The Gettysburg Address: War of Union and freedom
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (WWI): principles for international justice:
freedom of seas, freedom of trade, self-determination
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: leader gave
reasons blacks couldn’t wait for civil rights and needed to protest.
Political cartoons--TR (cowboy hat), Nixon (peace sign)
• Which document explains the reasons for
the colonies’ act of separation from
England?
• A. Mayflower Compact
• B. Articles of Confederation
• C. Declaration of Independence
• D. Constitution of the United States
6. First Discoverers: PaleoAmericans
• Reach North America by crossing the Bering
Strait between Asia and Alaska as early as
30,000 B.C.
• Over thousands of years, they populated all of
North, Central and South America.
• Culture differentiation
– Climate, geography
7. Advanced Societies
• Agriculture occurs first in Mesoamerica
• Mayas—Mexico—writing, engineering,
cities
• Aztecs—Mexico—5 million empire
• Inca—Peru—12 million empire
8. Columbian Exchange
• The exchange of goods, people, plants,
and ideas between Africa, Asia and the
Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries
• Native Americans: European diseases,
horses, guns—disease killed more Indians
than warfare
• Europeans: tobacco, gold, slaves,
potatoes, squash, corn,
• Africans: slavery
9. Spanish Colonization
• Spanish: 1400s-1500s---colonize
• Conquistadores—Gold, glory, and God
– Cortes: defeats Montezuma of Aztec
– Pizarro: defeats Atuhalpa of Inca
– Encomedero—enslave Indians
– Mission system—convert Indians in
Southwest
• St. Augustine 1565, Santa Fe, NM 1609
10. French Colonization
• French: Fur trade
– Quebec, Canada
– along Mississippi River
– Louisiana
11. English Colonization
• Along Atlantic coast
• English: at first gold, glory and God; later
agriculture, political and religious freedom
– Roanoke, 1585, failed.
– Jamestown, 1607, gold, then tobacco.
– Plymouth, 1620, Pilgrim Separatists, religion
– Massachusetts Bay, 1620, Puritans, religion
“city upon a hill”
12. The Southern Colonies
• E.Q. How did
the Southern
colonies
develop?
• Virginia (1607, Jamestown)
• Maryland, 1634, haven for
Catholics
• Carolinas, 1664, later separated
– S.C.—plantation, slavery
– N.C.—yeomen farmers
• Georgia, 1732—haven for
debtors, buffer from Spanish;
slavery allowed in 1752.
• Plantation economy
(commercial agriculture based
on enslaved labor)
• Cash crops: Tobacco (Md, Va,
NC); Rice, indigo (SC)
13. Southern Society
• Gentry controlled
government
• Yeomen (backcountry
farmers): Largest group
• Indentured Servants—
harsh terms
• Religion: Mostly
Anglican, Presbyterian
• Unhealthy climate—
shorter life span
Wealthy Planters
(Gentry)
Backcountry Farmers
(Yeomen farmers)
Landless Farmers, Servants and Slaves
• House of Burgesses,
1619
14. Bacon’s Rebellion & Slavery
• 1676: Bacon leads backcountry farmers
to fight Indians and would have taken
over Virginia but died.
Lesson: There must always be cheap land
in the backcountry; colonies will have to
fight Indians.
Switch to slavery: slaves will not revolt or
require land.
10 million Africans over 3 centuries
Most go to West Indies
Middle Passage—horrible!
By 1750 : Blacks 50% of population
in South
15. New England
New England:
• Massachusetts, 1620--Separatists
• Rhode Island, 1636—Exiled from Mass.
• Connecticut, 1638—Left Mass.
• New Hampshire, 1691
• Crops: small farming, fishing, whaling, shipping
• Religion: Puritan/Congregational
– Halfway Covenant
– Salem Witch Trials—1692-93—class conflict
• Life Span: added 10 years to life over England(70s)
• Democratic town meetings, legislature
• Education important—need to read Bible
16. Middle colonies
Wealthy Merchants
Artisans & Business Owners
Unskilled Laborers, Servants,
Slaves
• NY, NJ, Pa, Delaware
• Fertile land—food surplus
• CASH CROPS: Wheat
trade easy due to deep
rivers
• Flood of immigrants in
1700s—Pennsylvania
Dutch (Germans)
• More ethically and
religiously diverse
17. The Great Awakening
• Revival of religious
beliefs and emotion
• 1730s and 1740s
• Jonathan Edwards:
• “Sinners in the hands of
an Angry God”—hell is
paved with the skulls of
unbaptized children”
18. French and Indian
1754-1763
War
• British and French fight over Ohio River Valley—
becomes Seven Years War—worldwide
• Albany Plan of Union, 1754-- Benjamin
Franklin proposes that colonies join together for
joint defense –1st attempt at colonial unity.
• Battle of Quebec—British capture French capitol;
France surrenders.
• Treaty of Paris of 1763: British win, pushing
France out of North America. Britain controls
from Atlantic to Mississippi, including Florida and
Canada. Spain controls west of Mississippi River
• Leads to American Revolution.
• North
America
1763:
1750
After Treaty of Paris of 1763
19. Causes of American
Revolution
• Change land policy-Proclamation of 1763:
following Pontiac’s Revolt,
Britain bans settlement west of
Appalachians to colonists-colonists angry!
• Change in taxation policy:
Due to war debt, Britain will
use revenue taxes to raise
money
– Navigation Acts: had not been
enforced—salutary neglect
• Violations of colonists’ rights of
as Englishmen
– Taxation without
representation
– Trial by jury of peers—
admiralty courts
– Unreasonable search and
seizure—writs of assistance
20. Stamp Act, 1765
• First direct tax on citizens
• United opposition
–
–
–
–
Stamp Act Congress
Sons of Liberty—pamphlets, protests, intimidation
Boycott (most successful)
Tarring and Feathering Stamp Tax agents
• Declaratory Act 1766—repeals stamp tax but
declares that Parliament has the right to tax
colonists directly
virtual representation—each member of Parliament
represents all
21. Road to American Revolution
• 1767-Townshend Acts—import taxes on
tea, glass, paint; boycotts successful
• 1770—Boston Massacre
• 1773—Tea Act; Boston Tea Party
• 1774---Intolerable (Coercive) Acts: close
port, try officials in England, Quartering
Act, no assembly in Quebec
• 1774—First Continental Congress
Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade or
buy British goods until Stamp Act was
repealed.
Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty up
and down the colonies from 1765 to
1766.
Committees of Correspondence:
Colonies kept in contact with one another
and described British actions through
letters exchanged by carriers on
horseback.
22. The War Begins, 1775
• Battles of Lexington & Concord; Boston &
Battle of Bunker Hill (war starts)
– Bunker Hill—Patriots technically lose due to
lack of ammunition but great morale victory
• Second Continental Congress; GW heads
army
23. Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense—changes
views about independence
– convinces colonists that King George is a tyrant
– Colonial delegates vote for independence
Declaration of Independence: Signed on July 4, 1776 –
written mostly by Thomas Jefferson (inspired by John
Locke)
– All men are created equal
– Natural rights
– Social contract
Reasons: justify rebellion; enlist foreign allies; increase
colonial support
24.
Tories and
Patriots
• Loyalists/Tories
Loyal to King
– Strong in Georgia,
Carolinas and New
York
– Not as well
organized
– About 1/3
• Patriots/Whigs
Wanted independence
Strong in New England
and Virginia
About 1/3 (1/3 neutral)
25.
Britain
Advantages
Disadvantages
Americans
•ARMY AND NAVY
•RESOURCES
•STRONG CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT
•HOME TERRITORY
•DON’T HAVE TO WIN
•FRENCH ALLIANCE
•MOTIVATED SOLDIERS
FAR FROM HOME/SUPPORT
GUERILLA WARFARE
UNFAMILIAR TERRITORY
TROOPS INDIFFERENT
•UNTRAINED SMALL
ARMY
•LACK OF FOOD, AMMO,
PAY
•WEAK, DIVIDED GOVT.
26. Important Battles
• Washington knew he couldn’t
defeat British head on—survival
until British grew tired.
• Battle of Trenton, 1776: First
victory! Crosses Delaware at
night to attack Hessians on
Christmas—boosts colonial
morale!
• Battle of Saratoga, 1777: turning
point of war—French will provide
men and support for war.
• Battle of Yorktown, 1781: British
surrender
27. Treaty of Paris of 1783
• Britain recognizes independence
• U.S. territory from Atlantic to Mississippi
– Canada to British
– Florida to Spain
– Spain controls west of Miss. River
28. Articles of Confederation Fail!
• 1781-1789—Critical period—1st government
• Weaknesses—no executive or judicial branch;
no power to tax, no power to regulate interstate
commerce, or establish single national currency
• Strengths:
– Land Sales Act --organizes new territory for sale
– Northwest Ordinance --how state becomes a territory
• Shay’s Rebellion --showed weaknesses—calls
for new stronger government
29. Constitutional Convention
1787
• George Washington heads-- James Madison,
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
• Va. Plan—large state plan (population)
• vs.
• NJ Plan—small state plan (equal per state)
– Great (Connecticut) Compromise—bicameral
legislature, one based on population (HR) and one
equal (Senate)
– Compromise on Slave Trade—would continue for
20 years
– 3/5 Compromise: 3/5 of slaves would be counted
for representation and taxes
– Commerce Compromise: no tax on exports
Constitutional Ideas
• Separation of Powers (Adams, Montesquieu)—3
branches
– Legislative—Congress—makes laws
– Executive—President—carries out laws
– Judicial—Supreme Court—interprets law
• Checks and Balances
• Federalism: division of power between state
and national
– Delegated (federal)—interstate commerce
– Reserved (states)--education
– Concurrent (both)--courts
30. Example: Historical
documents
“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and
establish this constitution for the United States of America.”
• Question: The Preamble of the Constitution expresses the authors’
belief that
–
–
–
–
A.
B.
C.
D.
Citizens are the source of political power
Local and national governments should share power
Legislative and executive powers should be separate
Government power should be very limited.
• THE ANSWER IS . . . . .
31. New government begins
• 1789—George Washington 1st president
• Bill of Rights, 1791—added 1st 10 amendments in order
for states to ratify the constitution.
• Judiciary Act of 1789—created a federal judiciary.
• Cabinet: Washington’s advisors
– Secretary of State-foreign affairs-Thomas Jefferson
– Secretary of Treasury—Alexander Hamilton
– 1st Chief Justice—John Jay
• Whiskey Rebellion—Washington used the militia to put
down rebellion—Constitution is strong enough
• Political parties develop
– Jeffersonian Republicans—want small government
– Hamilton Federalists—want large government
32. New Republic
• Alien and Sedition Acts—Federalists
attempt to use power of government to
stop opposition; repealed.
– Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Marbury v. Madison, 1803—Midnight
judges case—Power of Judicial Review-Supreme Court will decide whether a law
is constitutional.
33. Nationalism
• 1803 – Jefferson president, buys from France,
doubled size of the U.S. – Lewis and Clark
explored! Sacajawea
• War of 1812 – (1812-1814) British and
Americans – Freedom of the seas – Pride and
nationalism emerge!
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay
out of the Americas.
• American System- Henry Clay – use protective
tariff, national bank, and transportation to grow
U.S.
34. Growth
• Waves of immigration from Europe
– Irish, Germans
• Railroads, canals (mostly in North) built to
ship supplies
• Eli Whitney – Cotton gin – makes cotton
King in the South, need for slaves
increases
35. Reform Movements
• Temperance Movement – against alcohol
• Education – Horace Mann
• Women’s Rights – Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton
• Abolitionists – Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd
Garrison (The Liberator), Harriet Tubman
(Underground RR)
• Also-- Mental Health – Dorothea Dix – out of
prisons
36. Political Parties
• Era of Good Feeling—Federalist Party dies;
Democratic-Republicans are only political party
from 1814-1828.
• Democratic Party forms, 1828--Andrew Jackson
breaks off from Republicans.
1832—Whig Party forms in opposition (nationalists)
• Jackson – spoils system
• 1854—Republican party forms from antislavery
groups, Free Soil Party, and Whig Party
37. Manifest Destiny
• Manifest Destiny – Destiny of U.S. to spread
their ideals across the continent.
• American Texans rebel against Mexico—brutal
treatment on both sides--Remember the Alamo!
Not part of U.S. immediately.
• Mexican War (1846-1848) Issues of Texas –
and Mexican territory. Easily defeated; gained
southwest territory (Mexican Cession).
• Gold Rush 1848 – 49ers headed to California to
look for gold! Homestead Act – gave land!
38-39. Sectionalism
• States’ Rights—theory that states had the right to decide
slavery and whether they wanted to be part of the U.S.
• Missouri Compromise – 1820 –Free & slave states 36 30
–Maine as free state; Missouri as slave state
• Tariff of Abominations—South Carolina threatens to
secede over 1828 high tariff; compromise tariff reached
in 1832.
• Compromise of 1850—California as free state; Fugitive
Slave Law.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854—Popular sovereignty—
attempt to solve slavery issue by allowing residents to
decide. Failure—led to Bleeding Kansas civil war.
40. Road to Civil War
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin—book builds antislavery
feeling in North; banned in South
• Dred Scott decision, 1857: Supreme Court held
that slavery could not be abolished anywhere.
Angers north!
• Bleeding Kansas—civil war in Kansas over
slavery issue.
• John Brown’s Raid on Harper Ferry—fears of
slave uprising
• Most immediate cause--Lincoln’s Election,
1860—SC and eventually 10 other states
secede from Union.
41. Civil War, 1861-65
• First shots – Fort Sumter, April 1861
• First big Northern victory – Antietam – Lincoln
issues Emancipation Proclamation—frees slaves
in rebelling states only.
• Gettysburg – Northern most battle
• South surrenders (Lee) to North (Grant) at
Appomattox Court House, Virginia in April 1865
• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
Effects of Civil War
• More died than all other U.S. wars
combined—600,000
• 13th Amendment abolished slavery
• South in ruins
Quick Review:
• 1. Paleo-Indians crossed this land bridge to become the first settlers
of the Americas.
• 2. The name of the first English settlement in North America.
• 3. This English law caused the first organized protest by Americans
against British rule.
• 4. Thomas Jefferson based the Declaration of Independence on the
ideas of this Enlightenment philosopher (British).
• 5. The battle that was the turning point in the American Revolution,
convincing the French to support the patriots.
• 6. Describe two problems with the Articles of Confederation.
• 7. The year that the Constitution was ratified.
• 8. Jefferson’s act that doubled the size of the United States in 1803.
• 9. How did the Missouri Compromise attempt to resolve the issue
over expanding
•
slavery?
• 12. The doctrine that Southerners used to secede from the Union.
• 13. The northernmost battle of the Civil War.
• 14. The term for the belief that the U.S. should expand across the
continent.
• 6. Which best explains the appearance of political
parties in the United States shortly after the adoption of
the Constitution?
• A. Washington disliked Jefferson.
• B. The Constitution required the development of a
multi-party system.
• C. Great Britain had a two-party system.
• D. Differences arose over economic and political
issues.