The Formation of
Western Europe, 800–1500
CHAPTER
14
Chapter Overview
Time Line
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 Church Reform and the Crusades
SECTION
2 Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution
SECTION
3 England and France Develop
SECTION
4 A Century of Turmoil
Visual Summary
QUIT
CHAPTER
14
The Formation of
Western Europe, 800–1500
Chapter Overview
The Church is revitalized but its Crusades fail to
capture Jerusalem. Rising prosperity and trade
create thriving towns. France and England
develop more representative government.
Bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War
bring an end to the Middle Ages.
HOME
CHAPTER
14
HOME
The Formation of
Western Europe, 800–1500
Time Line
987 Capetian 1096 First Crusade
dynasty begins begins.
in France.
800
1347 Bubonic
plague strikes
Europe.
1500
910 Benedictine
Abbey founded
at Cluny, France.
1066 Norman
invasion of
England.
1215 King John
approves Magna
Carta.
1453 Hundred
Years’ War ends
with French
victory.
1
HOME
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Key Idea
A spiritual revival leads to Church reform, new
religious orders, and the building of Gothic
cathedrals. The Crusades, though unsuccessful,
strengthen European monarchies and increase
trade with the Middle East.
Overview
Assessment
1
HOME
Church Reform
and the Crusades
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• simony
• St. Francis of Assisi
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Gothic
The Catholic Church
underwent reform and
launched Crusades
(religious wars)
against Muslims and
others.
The Crusades resulted in
trade and exploration
between Christians and
Muslims but left a legacy
of distrust.
• Urban II
• Crusade
• Saladin
• Richard the LionHearted
• Reconquista
• Inquisition
Assessment
1
HOME
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Section
1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List six
key events that summarize the Age of Faith.
1090s
Pope calls for the
First Crusade.
900
910
Benedictine
monastery
founded at
Cluny.
1000
1187
Jerusalem
falls to Saladin.
1100
1099
Jerusalem
is captured by
Christians.
1200
1492
Reconquista ends in
Spain.
1300
1400
1500
1204
Christian knights
loot Constantinople.
continued . . .
1
HOME
Church Reform
and the Crusades
Section
1
Assessment
2. Which of the Church’s problems—marriage of
priests, simony, lay investiture—do you think was
most harmful to the Church? Why? THINK ABOUT
• the effects of each problem
• the reforms that corrected each problem
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Priests’ marriages undermined the authority of the
Church.
• Simony rewarded wealth, not merit.
• Lay investiture made bishops the pawns of kings.
End of Section 1
2
HOME
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Key Idea
New farming methods and a growing food supply lead
to expansion of trade and finance and the growth of
towns. Interest in learning is revived as universities
are established and ancient works are rediscovered.
Overview
Assessment
2
HOME
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• three-field system
• guild
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• burgher
European cities
challenged the feudal
system as agriculture,
trade, finance, and
universities developed.
The various changes in the
Middle Ages laid the
foundations for modern Europe.
• vernacular
• Dante Alighieri
• Geoffrey Chaucer
• Thomas Aquinas
• scholastics
Assessment
2
HOME
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section
2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Describe how medieval society changed between
1000 and 1300.
Agriculture improves
Population increases
Changes in Medieval
Society
Towns grow
Trade expands
Universities arise
continued . . .
2
HOME
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section
2
Assessment
2. What was the effect of towns on the feudal system?
THINK ABOUT
• where the new townsfolk came from
• the saying “Town air makes you free”
• the changes experienced by townspeople
ANSWER
Possible
Response:
Towns undermined the feudal system by offering
former serfs and new town dwellers economic and
social opportunities. These burghers worked
together to secure their freedom from lords.
continued . . .
2
HOME
Trade, Towns, and
Financial Revolution
MAP
Section
2
Assessment
3. How did guilds improve the quality of goods and
business practices? THINK ABOUT
• who enforced standards of quality
• who could become guild members
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Guilds set standards for quality, weights,
measures, and prices for their goods, such as a
loaf of bread.
• An individual had to master a craft before
becoming a guild member.
End of Section 2
3
HOME
England and
France Develop
Key Idea
England, united under the Normans, and France, united
by the Capetian dynasty, take the first steps toward
representative government. King John is forced to sign
the Magna Carta, and Philip IV includes commoners in
the council.
Overview
Assessment
3
HOME
England and
France Develop
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• William the Conqueror
• Henry II
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
As the kingdoms of
England and France began
to develop into nations,
certain democratic
traditions evolved.
Modern concepts of jury
trials, common law, and
legal rights developed
during this period.
• Magna Carta
• parliament
• Philip II
• Louis IX
Assessment
3
HOME
England and
France Develop
Section
3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Name each major step toward a democratic government
and describe why it was important.
Parliament/Estates
General
Magna Carta
Courts
Centralized
government
Policies of
English and
French kings
applied to all
Guaranteed
basic rights
Included
commoners/middle
class in making laws
Led to a unified
body of law in
England and an
appeals court in
France
continued . . .
3
HOME
England and
France Develop
Section
3
Assessment
2. Contrast the way in which England and France began
developing as nations. THINK ABOUT
• the character of William, duke of Normandy,
versus the character of Hugh Capet
• the rise of the Normans to power in England
• the rise of the Capetians to power in France
ANSWER
Possible
Response:
William led an invasion of England in 1066 and
granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords. Although Hugh
Capet was a weak ruler, Capetians gradually
consolidated their power.
End of Section 3
4
HOME
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Key Idea
Church teachings are challenged, and the
papacy loses prestige. The bubonic plague
kills nearly one third of Europe’s
population, and the Hundred Years’ War
brings an end to the Middle Ages.
Overview
Assessment
4
HOME
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Avignon
• Great Schism
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• John Wycliffe
During the 1300s,
Europe was torn apart
by religious strife, the
bubonic plague, and the
Hundred Years’ War.
Events of the 1300s led to
a change in attitudes
toward religion and the
state, a change reflected in
modern attitudes.
• Jan Hus
Assessment
• bubonic plague
• Hundred Years’ War
• Joan of Arc
4
HOME
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Identify the main cause and the long-term effect of the
three events listed below.
Split in Church
Bubonic Plague
Hundred Years’ War
Main Cause
Long-Term Effect
Choice of Urban VI as pope
Pope’s authority undermined
Fleas carried disease
Social destruction and
pessimism
England’s King Edward
III claims French throne
Promotes democratic
institutions
continued . . .
4
HOME
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
2. What problems did survivors face after the bubonic
plague swept through their town? THINK ABOUT
• the number of dead
• the social, political, and economic chaos
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Survivors had to bury the dead, provide for other
survivors, replace town leaders and skilled
workers, and try to rebuild their world.
continued . . .
4
HOME
A Century
of Turmoil
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
3. Do you think John Wycliffe and Jan Hus posed a real
threat to the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the two men’s ideas
• the condition of the Church at the time
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
Yes. Their ideas undermined the authority of the
pope and the Church.
No. Their criticism of worldly, wealthy clergy and
their call for a return to the authority of the Bible
reflected sound Christian beliefs.
End of Section 4