The Human
(Animal) Cell
Cell Membrane
 Responsible
for controlling what
substances go into and out of the cell
 Think
of a screen door…
How does stuff get in and out?
 The
cell membrane is selectively
permeable – some substances can pass
through while others cannot
2
Types of Transport
 1. Passive Transport – no energy required
 2. Active Transport – energy required
Passive Transport

Movement of material through the cell
membrane without using energy

Diffusion – the process by which molecules
tend to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration
Osmosis – diffusion of water molecules through
a selectively permeable membrane

Active Transport
 Movement
of materials through a cell
membrane using energy
 Transport
Proteins – “pick up” molecules
and pass them through the membrane
 Engulfing
(Endocytosis) – cell membrane
folds around a particle, creating a
vacuole
Nucleus
 The
cell’s control center, directing all of
the cell’s activities
 Cells
duplicate themselves through a
process called…
 Mitosis
– a cell’s nucleus divides into 2
nuclei and a copy of DNA is distributed
into each daughter cell (cell division)
Mitosis (Cell Division)
Mitosis (Cell Division)
Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
Cell grows, makes
a copy of its DNA,
and prepares to
divide.
2a. Mitosis: Prophase
3. Cytokinesis
2b. Mitosis:
Metaphase
2c. Mitosis: Anaphase
2d. Mitosis: Telophase
Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
2a. Mitosis: Prophase
Chromatin condenses to form
chromosomes, spindle fibers
form, and the nuclear
membrane breaks down.
3. Cytokinesis
2b. Mitosis:
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up
in the middle of cell.
2c. Mitosis: Anaphase
2d. Mitosis: Telophase
New nuclear
membranes form.
The chromatids
separate and move
to opposite ends of
the cell.
Cell Cycle
1. Interphase
2a. Mitosis: Prophase
3. Cytokinesis
The cell membrane
pinches in around the
middle of the cell, and
the cell divides.
2b. Mitosis:
Metaphase
2c. Mitosis: Anaphase
2d. Mitosis: Telophase
Inside the Cell
 Cytoplasm
– clear, thick, gel-like fluid
between the cell membrane and the
nucleus
 Many
organelles are found in the
cytoplasm
Cell Organelles
 What


is an organelle?
“A tiny cell structure that carries out a
specific function within the cell”
Organelles are responsible for:
 1.
Producing Energy
 2. Building and Transporting needed Materials
 3. Storing and Recycling Wastes
Cell Organelles
 Mitochondria



– “powerhouse” of the cell
Produces energy for the cell
Different types of cells have more/less
Muscle Cells have large numbers of these
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum – carry proteins
and other materials from one part of the
cell to another


Cell Transport System
Think of a network of “roads”
Cell Organelles

Ribosomes – structure that makes proteins



Some are free floating, some attached to E.R.
Construction Workers – connect one amino acid
to another to build long chains
Golgi Bodies – receives proteins and other
newly formed materials from the E.R., packages
them, and sends them off to other parts of the
cell for use


Like a Post Office – packages and labels items
that it sends off to different parts of the cell
Also creates Lysosomes…
Cell Organelles

Vacuoles – storage area for the cell



Some animal cells do not have these
Storage Area – Water, Food, Waste
Lysosomes – break down large food particles
into smaller ones



Free-floating in the cytoplasm, they go to work
when the cell absorbs or “eats” food.
Also can break down old cell parts and release
substances so they can be used again
Garbage Collectors/Recyclers
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Golgi Body
Cell Membrane