Bell ringer
NationalismWhat feeling
or did
pride
Napoleon
and
devotion
spread through
in one’shis
nation
conquests
of Europe?
What
two
the
-redrew
thethings
map did
of Europe
Congress
of Vienna do to
-legitimacy
rebalance power in Europe
after Napoleon?
Cultural Diffusion from the
Where did
the Russians get
Byzantine
Empire
their Orthodox Christianity
from?
Bell ringer
Attacks
Jews
Russia
Whatonare
theinProgroms?
during
Russification.
What other
event can they be
The Holocaust
compared to?
All power held by one person
Define Autocracy
A harsh legal law code in
What is the Code of
Babylon. Eye for an eye, tooth
Hammurabi?
for a tooth
French Rev Test
Correct your test based on the answers below. The most missed question was
number 1!
1. D
7. B
13. D
19. C
2. D
8. A
14. D
20. C
3. A
9. D
15. B
4. B
10. D
16. C
5. D
11. D
17. C
6. D
12. B/D
18. D
What challenge does Diversity pose to
Nationalism?
Review
After the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte was given power in France, and
quickly conquered most of Europe. Upon his defeat, the Congress of Vienna
balanced power in Europe by redrawing the boundary lines
However, Napoleon’s invasions had sparked Nationalism throughout Europe, leading
to a number of unification and independence movements.
-Italy
-Russia
-Germany
Italian Unification
Italy
Italy had not been united since Roman times.
In the 1800s it was split between several
nations including Austria, France and Sardinia.
Most Italians lacked a national identity, but felt
regional pride:
Florence- Tuscans
Venice- Venetians
Naples- Neapolitans
Similar to northerners, southerners, etc. in the
USA
Nationalism grows
Nationalism grows as a result of Napoleon’s invasions and the Congress of Vienna.
Nationalists want to unit Italy because
of its geography, common language and
common traditions.
Others view unity as a practical
economic move, eliminating trade
barriers between the regions and
creating a single trade system.
Unity
Camillo Cavour worked with the French to gain support in
overthrowing Austrian rule in Northern Italy.
Shortly after, Giuseppe Garibaldi created a
force of 1,000 loyal volunteers to free
southern Italy. Garibaldi and his men were
known as the Red Shirts and became a
symbol of pride for the Italians.
Review
Review
Russian Reform
19th Century Russia
Russia in the 1800’s was the largest, most populous nation in the world.
Russia had grown over the years and included a partially European, partially Asian
population
Russia
Russia was untouched by the Enlightenment and
world revolutions.
Serfdom and
FeudalismThe
areCzars
similar.
Russia was economically
underdeveloped.
Peasants work
landweaken
owned
resisted industrialization
fearingthe
it would
his by
absolute power.
nobles and are bound to it. Both
live self-sufficient
lifeonstyles,
There was an outdated
social system based
meaning
carewere
of
Serfdom. Landowning
nobles they
ownedtake
serfs who
bound to the land and subject
to the master’s will.
themselves.
Czar Alexander I
(1801-1825)
Open to Liberal ideas at the beginning of his reign:
1) Eased censorship of the press
2) Promoted education
3) Proposed freeing the serfs
By the time of Napoleon's invasion in
1812 Alexander had backed off reforms
fearing he was losing power.
During the Congress of Vienna in 1815
Alexander supported the conservative
agenda.
Czar Nicholas I
(1825-1855)
Shortly after taking the throne the
Decembrist Revolts started.
Army officers exposed to French
Revolution ideals during Napoleon’s
invasion led rioters demanding
reforms and a constitution
Nicholas refuses
Nicholas cracks down
Czar Nicholas I cracked down after the Decembrist
Revolts:
- Banned books with liberal leanings
- Only approved books used in schools and
universities
- Liberal and revolutionaries were exiled to Siberia
Over 150,000 Russians
are exiled to Siberia
New Slogan
Orthodoxy
Russian Orthodox
church and the Russian
Government
Autocracy
Absolute power of the
Czar
Nicholas used a slogan of Orthodoxy, Autocracy,
Nationalism to express his plans for Russia
He brutally dealt with anyone who dissented
(disagreed)
Nationalism
Respect Russian
traditions and suppress
others.
Czar Alexander II
(1855-1881)
His father told him, “I am handing you command of the
country in a poor state”
Alexander II came to power during the Crimean War. The
war highlighted how far behind Russia was compared to
the rest of Europe. With few rail lines, little industry and
an outdated serf system, Russia was in need of reform.
Crushing defeat in the Crimean War sparked revolts and
calls for reform
In 1861 Alexander emancipated the serfs (freed)
Reforms
Emancipated the Serfs
-the problem: The serfs were poor and couldn’t afford to buy
enough land from their previous masters. Many left for the cities.
Zemstvos
-elected assemblies responsible for handling local issues such as
road repair, schools and agriculture.
Trial by Jury
-created new laws including trial by jury for all Russians.
The Reforms failed to appease the masses. They wanted a Liberal
Constitutional government.
People’s Will
Radical groups demanded further
reform. One group, People’s Will,
plotted to kill the Czar.
They had many failed attempts but
in March 1881 they successfully
killed the czar by bombing his
carriage.
Czar Alexander III
(1881-1896)
Angry about his father’s murder, Alexander III ruthlessly cracked
down on dissent (disagreements): Strict censorship, increased
secret police activity and increased exiles of critics to Siberia.
Launched Russification aimed against the other cultures in the
Empire.
Russian declared official language
Russian Orthodox Church the official Church
All others were savagely persecuted.
What does this author think about
Czar Alexander III? How do you know?
Pogroms
Russification allowed for the persecution of different
religious and cultural groups. The Jews became a large
target:
-forced to live in specified areas
-only limited numbers could be doctors, lawyers, etc.
Violent persecution of the Jews was encouraged. Gangs beat and
killed Jews. Looted and burned their homes.
Thousands fled Russia and became
refugees- a person who flees their
homeland to seek safety elsewhere.
Industrial Developments
Despite his poor social policies, Alexander III did help
modernize Russia. With loans from France, the Russians built
the Trans-Siberian Railway. And more factories came into
existence.
Benefits- Economic growth and increased trade.
Cons- Industrialization brought the same troubles: low wages,
long hours, safety concerns and poor living conditions
Trans-Siberian Railway
Czar Nicholas II
(1896-1917)
Nicholas II came to the throne with discontent throughout the
nation, but he was determined to continue Russian autocracy.
Bloody Sunday:
Father Gapon organized workers into a peaceful march to
the Winter Palace of Nicholas II. They sang hymns and
carried pictures of the Czar.
Despite the peaceful demonstration the Czar fled the palace and left
soldiers to guard it. When the marchers arrived before the palace the
soldiers opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds.
Future of Russia
• Discontent continues to grow
• By the start of WWI in 1914 Russia is headed for a
Revolution (change)
• Czar Nicholas II will be the last Czar of Russia
• A new government will be instituted after a Russian
Civil War
Review
During the Age of Absolutism (1600s and 1700s),
European monarchies sought to
1)
2)
3)
4)
Increase human rights for their citizens
Centralize political power in their nations
Develop better relations with Muslim rulers
Encourage the growth of cooperative farms
Review
Russia in the 1700s and Japan in the 1800s were similar
in that both countries
1)Began the process of modernization after a long period
of isolation
2)Developed democratic governments after years under
absolute monarchies
3)Refused to accept western technological ideas
4)Adopted socialist economic systems after capitalism
had failed.
Review
A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that
pre-Revolutionary governments.
1. are more concerned about human rights than the governments
that replace them
2. refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced
technology
3. attempt to bring about the separation of government from
religion
4. fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people
The German Nation
Nationalism
Pride and devotion to ones nation. Usually between people who share a common
history, language and culture.
German nationalism is sparked by
Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasions and by
the Congress of Vienna.
Congress of Vienna
Metternich opposed a unified Germany
because it would have unseated a number of
German kings. Instead a weak German
Confederation was created, and headed by
Austria.
A confederation is a political unit where the
individual states have more power than the
overall government.
Is the US a confederation? Why or why not?
No, because the Federal government
trumps the individual states’ powers.
What do you notice about the German
Confederation?
Blood and Iron
Austria and Prussia are the most powerful
states
Prussia’s king, William I, appointed Otto Von
Bismarck as his Chancellor
What do you think of when you hear
“Blood and iron”?
Bismarck adopts a “Blood and Iron” strategy to
promote support. He declares he will use force
where necessary to unite the German people
and ensure Prussian dominance.
Bismarck is “the man”
Bismarck will forge Germany into a
unified nation. He believed in real
politik
Real politik- realistic politics based
on a thorough evaluation of the
needs of the state.
Bismarck’s first move is to create a
strong Prussian Army.
The end…
For Bismarck, the end justifies the
means. When he was denied
funding by the legislature, he simply
took money that was set aside for
other purposes.
End: A well armed and trained
Prussian Army
Means: taking money set aside for
other items to create an army
“The ends justify the
means”, originally came
from Machiavelli
Bismarck’s army
Bismarck plans to use his army to increase
Prussian power and influence. His Army will
fight three wars over the next decade (18621870). Each battle increases German Unity
under a Prussian ruler.
His Army is first put to the test in Schleswig and
Holstein.
Schleswig & Holstein
1864
Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria to seize the
northern provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, an
area heavily populated by German people.
A brief war allowed them to “Liberate” Schleswig an
Holstein.
Prussia gets Schleswig
Austria gets Holstein
Austria 1866
Bismarck invents an excuse to attack Austria. The fighting
lasts just 7 weeks, but the superior Prussian army wins.
Bismarck dissolves the Confederation of German States
set up by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna.
Bismarck creates a confederation led by Prussia.
What is a confederation?
A group of strong states with a weak central
government. The states tend to have more power.
Franco-Prussian War 1870
France was concerned with the
Prussian win over Austria. The French
openly stressed their concerns and
protested when a Prussian prince was
selected for the vacant throne of Spain.
Though the situation was tense, neither
side wanted to declare war.
The ends justify….
Otto Von Bismarck rallied the German people and
swayed public opinion against the French by
reminding them of Napoleon Bonaparte’s
invasions.
Bismarck sparked war by tampering with the
records of a meeting between William I (Prussian
King) and a French Ambassador. He made it look
like William I had insulted the French.
The French declared war:
“On to Berlin!”
German Victory
The Germans were able to easily defeat the
French and soon the French surrendered.
Does the Author support the Germans or
the French?
German Expansion
Bismarck claims the French
lands of Alsace and Lorraine for
the Germans.
This was a humiliating defeat for
the French
Kaiser William I
With the victory over France the Germans felt a
surge of nationalism and convinced William I to
accept the title Kaiser (emperor) in 1871.
This begins the 2nd Reich (empire):
1st Reich- Holy Roman Empire 900-1806
2nd Reich- Kaiser William I (Chancellor Bismarck)
3rd Reich- Adolf Hitler
Limited Reforms
Under Kaiser William I Germany’s constitution set up
a 2 house Legislature:
Bundesrat
Upper house- members
appointed by rulers of the
German States
Reichstag
Lower house- elected by
universal male suffrage
The Bundesrat could veto the Reichstag’s votes at any time.
Therefore, power really just stayed with the Kaiser and his
Chancellor.
What’s wrong with this set up? Does it remind you of a similar
situation in France?
The Reichstag can always be outvoted. Similar to the Estates
General where the 1st and 2nd Estates outvote the 3rd Estate.
Review
Which Prussian leader followed a policy of
“Blood and Iron” in order to create a unified
Germany?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Metternich
Bolivar
Bismarck
Cavour
Review
What was the main purpose of the Congress of
Vienna?
1) To regain the strength lost by the Catholic
Church in Europe
2) To create a new military plan for European
domination in the Americas
3) To design a military plan to defeat Napoleon
4) To create a balance of power on the European
continent
Review
Who’s views would Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck be
most likely to agree with?
a) John Locke
b) Machiavelli
c) King Louis XVI
d) Father Miguel Hidalgo