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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Theories of Human Development
• Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development
• Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
• Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
• Attachment Theories
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development
• Freud believed that personality consisted of three interworking parts - the id, the
ego, and the superego.
• The five stages of his psychosexual development theory include the oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and genital stages.
• According to the theory, each stage of psychosexual development must be met
successfully or children will grow to have problems in adulthood.
• Freud's psychosexual theory is controversial and has been met with much
criticism.
Sigmund Freud
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
• Moral dilemmas are stories that present conflicting ideas about two moral
values.There is usually not a concrete or "right" answer because it is based on the
individual person's perceptions.
• Kohlberg defined three levels of moral development, each with two stages.The
levels are known as preconventional, conventional and postconventional.
• During the preconventional level, a child's sense of morality is controlled
externally.Children accept and believe the rules of authority figures, such as
parents and teachers, and they judge an action based on its consequence.
• During the conventional level, a child's sense of morality is tied to personal and
societal relationships.Children continue to accept the rules of authority figures, but
Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development
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it is due to the belief that this is what is necessary to ensure positive relationships
and societal order.
• During the postconventional level, a child's sense of morality is defined in terms of
more abstract principles and values.Generally, the chosen principles are abstract
rather than concrete, and they focus on ideas such as equality or dignity and
respect.
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
• During each of the eight development stages, two conflicting ideas must be
resolved successfully in order for the person to become a confident, contributing
member of society.
• The eight stages of development include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs.
shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion,
intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.
• Erikson also expanded upon Freud's stages by discussing the cultural
implications of development; certain cultures may need to resolve the stages in
different ways based upon their cultural and survival needs.
Erik Erikson
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
• The four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development correspond with the
age of the child and include the following: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational.
• The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to age 2 and is characterized by the
idea that infants "think" by manipulating the world around them.
• The preoperational stage occurs from age 2 to age 7 and is characterized by the
idea that children use symbols to represent their discoveries.
• The concrete operational stage occurs from age 7 to age 11 and is characterized
by the idea that children's reasoning becomes focused and logical.
• The formal operational stage occurs from age 11 to adulthood and is
Jean Piaget
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characterized by the idea that children develop the ability to think in abstract
ways.
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Human Development > Theories of Human Development
Attachment Theories
• John Bowlby conceived of four stages of attachment that begin during
infancy.These are preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut
attachment, and formation of reciprocal relationships.
• Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth both studied attachment in children, and formulated
both the stages and different types of attachment.
• Ainsworth identified four types of attachment that a child could possibly
demonstrate: secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, and disorganized.
• Ainsworth identified four types of attachment that a child could possibly
demonstrate - secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent and disorganized.
Child showing attachment to parent
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Appendix
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Human Development
Key terms
• assimilation The absorption of new ideas into an existing cognitive structure.
• attachment A strong bonding towards or with.
• autonomy Self-government; freedom to act or function independently.
• conscience A personification of the moral sense of right and wrong, usually in the form of a person, a being or merely a voice
that gives moral lessons and advices.
• deductive reasoning Inference in which the conclusion cannot be false given that the premises are true.
• morality Recognition of the distinction between good and evil or between right and wrong; respect for and obedience to the
rules of right conduct; the mental disposition or characteristic of behaving in a manner intended to produce morally good
results.
• object permanence The understanding (typically developed during early infancy) that an object still exists even when it
disappears from sight, or other senses.
• Oedipus conflict Denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that
concentrates upon a child's desire to sexually possess the parent of the opposite sex
• psychosexual Of or relating to the psychological aspect or aspects of sexuality.
• psychosocial Having both psychological and social aspects.
• reciprocity a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence
• separation anxiety A psychological condition in some children, characterized by apprehension when separated from a parent
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Human Development
• Transitivity The idea that if A is related to B, and B is related to C, then A must be related to C.
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Human Development
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud developed his theory of development based on five psychosexual stages.
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Human Development
Personality Development
Diagram of an analogy using an iceberg to explain how the id, ego and superego work together to develop personality.
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Wikimedia. "Id ego superego." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Id_ego_superego.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development
Kolhberg's stages of moral development uses moral dilemmas to teach individuals the difference between right and wrong.
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Human Development
Erik Erikson
Erikson developed the eight stages of psychosocial development based on Freud's psychosexual theory.
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Human Development
Conservation task
This video features 3 children completing conservation tasks.The first 2 children are confronted with a classic conservation task concerning liquid
volumes.The first child does not understand conservation and is likely in the preoperational stage.The second child does understand conservation, the
principle that even though the appearance of substances may change, their key properties (such as volume) do not change.The second child is in the
concrete operational stage.The third child, when confronted with conservation tasks, fails to show an understanding of conservation.Thus, she is likely
still in the preoperational stage of cognitive development.
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Human Development
Jean Piaget
Piaget's theory of child development is still one of the most widely-accepted in modern day.
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Human Development
Child showing attachment to parent
Children who have secure attachment to parents are more likely to be successful adults.
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Human Development
The stage of development in which children engage in the
Oedipus or Electra conflict is known as what?
A) Genital
B) Latency
C) Phallic
D) Anal
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Human Development
The stage of development in which children engage in the
Oedipus or Electra conflict is known as what?
A) Genital
B) Latency
C) Phallic
D) Anal
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Human Development
All of the following are criticisms of Freud's work EXCEPT which
one?
A) Freud never worked directly with children.
B) Freud was not an actual psychologist.
C) Freud was too focused on human sexuality.
D) Freud may have created memories and influenced his patients.
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Human Development
All of the following are criticisms of Freud's work EXCEPT which
one?
A) Freud never worked directly with children.
B) Freud was not an actual psychologist.
C) Freud was too focused on human sexuality.
D) Freud may have created memories and influenced his patients.
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Human Development
Andy follows the rules set up in his classroom in order to avoid the
punishment he knows will follow if the rules are broken. He is
most likely in which level of moral development?
A) Pre-conventional, Stage 2
B) Conventional, Stage 3
C) Pre-conventional, Stage 1
D) Conventional, Stage 4
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Human Development
Andy follows the rules set up in his classroom in order to avoid the
punishment he knows will follow if the rules are broken. He is
most likely in which level of moral development?
A) Pre-conventional, Stage 2
B) Conventional, Stage 3
C) Pre-conventional, Stage 1
D) Conventional, Stage 4
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Human Development
Erikson's stage of development that suggests people need to find
their place in world to be successful adults is known as
____________.
A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Human Development
Erikson's stage of development that suggests people need to find
their place in world to be successful adults is known as
____________.
A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Human Development
A researcher shows a child a ball of clay. Next, the researcher
rolls it up into a thin rod and then breaks it into 10 pieces. The
child is able to determine that if rolled back into a single ball, the
ball of clay would look the same as it did originally. Which
cognitive ability does the above description represent?
A) Assimilation
B) Reversibility
C) Deferred imitation
D) Hypothetical thinking
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Human Development
A researcher shows a child a ball of clay. Next, the researcher
rolls it up into a thin rod and then breaks it into 10 pieces. The
child is able to determine that if rolled back into a single ball, the
ball of clay would look the same as it did originally. Which
cognitive ability does the above description represent?
A) Assimilation
B) Reversibility
C) Deferred imitation
D) Hypothetical thinking
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Saylor OER. "Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/
Human Development
Jack notices that Molly is taller than George, and that George is
taller than Alice. He understands that that means that Molly is
taller Alice due to:
A) Transitivity
B) Conservation
C) Classification
D) Reversibility
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Human Development
Jack notices that Molly is taller than George, and that George is
taller than Alice. He understands that that means that Molly is
taller Alice due to:
A) Transitivity
B) Conservation
C) Classification
D) Reversibility
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Human Development
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development explain how a child
mentally develops from birth to adolescence. Which of the
following is a key feature of these four stages?
A) Some children skip over or abbreviate certain stages.
B) The stages do not necessarily happen in the same order.
C) Each stage is similar to the one previous.
D) Each later stage incorporates what developed in the previous stages.
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Human Development
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development explain how a child
mentally develops from birth to adolescence. Which of the
following is a key feature of these four stages?
A) Some children skip over or abbreviate certain stages.
B) The stages do not necessarily happen in the same order.
C) Each stage is similar to the one previous.
D) Each later stage incorporates what developed in the previous stages.
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Human Development
John Bowlby's stage of attachment in which children start to
protest a caregiver's departure, known as separation anxiety, is
called _______.
A) Formation of reciprocal attachment
B) Attachment-in-the-making
C) Clear-cut attachment
D) Preattachment
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Human Development
John Bowlby's stage of attachment in which children start to
protest a caregiver's departure, known as separation anxiety, is
called _______.
A) Formation of reciprocal attachment
B) Attachment-in-the-making
C) Clear-cut attachment
D) Preattachment
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Human Development
A child who demonstrates a disorganized attachment pattern will
do which of the following?
A) All of these.
B) Engage in stereotypical behaviors, such as rocking.
C) Act inappropriately with strangers.
D) Appear to not understand the concept of how to attach to his/her
caregiver.
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Human Development
A child who demonstrates a disorganized attachment pattern will
do which of the following?
A) All of these.
B) Engage in stereotypical behaviors, such as rocking.
C) Act inappropriately with strangers.
D) Appear to not understand the concept of how to attach to his/her
caregiver.
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Human Development
Attribution
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/oedipus-conflict
• Wiktionary. "conscience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conscience
• Wiktionary. "psychosexual." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychosexual
• WIKIBOOKS. "Applied History of Psychology/Personality." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Personality
• CONNEXIONS. "Psychology of Lifespan Development: Introductory Material." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m33881/latest/
• Wiktionary. "reciprocity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reciprocity
• Wiktionary. "morality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morality
• WIKIBOOKS. "Applied History of Psychology/Moral Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Moral_Development
• CONNEXIONS. "Student development: Moral development: forming a sense of rights and responsibilities." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m37630/latest/
• Wiktionary. "autonomy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy
• Wiktionary. "psychosocial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychosocial
• WIKIBOOKS. "Applied History of Psychology/Social Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Social_Development
• CONNEXIONS. "Student development: Social development: relationships, personal motives, and morality." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m37645/latest/
• Wikipedia. "Transitivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivity
• Wiktionary. "assimilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assimilation
• Wiktionary. "deductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deductive+reasoning
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• Wiktionary. "object permanence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object+permanence
Human Development
• Conservation (Psychology). "Conservation (Psychology)." CC BY-SA 2.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(psychology)
• CONNEXIONS. "Student development: Cognitive development: the theory of Jean Piaget." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m37641/latest/
• WIKIBOOKS. "Applied History of Psychology/Cognitive Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Cognitive_Development
• Wiktionary. "attachment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attachment
• Wiktionary. "separation anxiety." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/separation+anxiety
• WIKIPEDIA. "Attachment theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_theory
• WIKIBOOKS. "Applied History of Psychology/Attachment." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Attachment
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