Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering
Co-chair, BU Energy Committee
Member, BU Sustainability Committee
Member, Newton Energy Committee
gevelber@bu.edu
•Results of BU Energy Audit Course
•Overview of US Building Energy Use
•Residential: Perform your own energy audit
• Energy Audit of Madison Park
•Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Commercial Buildings
Advanced Control Research Application Areas
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Plasma Spray: TBC’s & Fuel Cells
H
V
H
Crystal Growth
P
Ebeam deposition: optical coatings
Electrospinning: nanofiber
What Can We Do to limit Global Warming
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
Summary of Findings from GE 520/MN 500: “Energy
Audit/Conservation Analysis of BU’s Charles River Campus”
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
2008
2009
2010
Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical
Engineering, co-chair BU energy working group, member of
BU Sustainability Comm & CEESI
Results of 2007 Energy Audit
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Total Energy Use
Energy Intensity (Per Sq Foot)
1.6E+12
1.4E+12
160
68% Growth in Energy Use
18% Increase in Energy Intensity
150
Natural gas
Btu
1.0E+12
8.0E+11
Electricity
6.0E+11
4.0E+11
Light oil
Btu/sq. foot (1000)
1.2E+12
140
130
120
110
2.0E+11
Heavy oil
0.0E+00
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
100
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
• What are the reasons for these trends?
• What can be done to reverse these trends?
Cleveland, C. (2007, Oct 24). Energy and Emissions Footprint: Boston University Charles River Campus. Presentation to the BU
Energy Club.
Building Energy Use by Fuel
Charles River Campus
2005-2007
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Energy Supply
106 kBtu
Energy Expenses
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Overview of US Building Energy Use
Energy Use/Inefficiencies of US End-Use Sectors
In Quads
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Residential
21.6
22%
Commercial
18.5
31.2
Waste
9.2
27.9
28%
Buildings
account for
~40% of
energy use!
73% of
electricity
use
6.7
12 (39%)
Waste
31%
Transportation
11.7 (63%)
Waste
19%
Industrial
12.4 (57%)
Major opportunity is
focusing on
efficiences
19.2
21 (75%)
Waste
6.9
Based on llnl energy flow charts
How to Become an Energy Detective:
Help save the world and make some
money at the same time
Prof. Michael Gevelber
Michael Cannamela, Ph.D Candidate,
Mechanical Engineering
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab
Home Energy Audit
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
INPUTS
Yearly Usage
ELECTRICITY
HEATING
0
kWh/yr
gas
0
therms/ yr
oil
0
gal/yr
0
miles/yr
20
mpg
0
miles/yr
20
mpg
0
miles/yr
20
mpg
car #1
TRANSPORT
car #2
car #3
SIZE
ft2
area
occupancy
LOCATION
ENERGY
PRICES
Unit
0
MA
persons
-
electricity
0.174
$/kwh
gas
1.63
$/therm
oil
2.9
$/gal
gasoline
3
$/gal
COMPARISON
RESULTS
yearly
use
unit
% total
use
electricity
0
28775
<----MA average
heat
0
86165
<----MA average
transport
0
TOTAL
0
electricity
0
heat
0
transport
0
TOTAL
0
32
<----US average (4
person
house)
electricity
0
heat
0
transport
0
TOTAL
0
ENERGY
Boston University Slideshow TitlekBtu/yr
Goes Here
CO2
MONEY
tons/yr
$/yr
electricity
HOUSE
EFFICIENCY
PER AREA
value
heat
TOTAL
kBtu/yr/ft2
How much energy and
carbon your household
uses and for what enduses?
How much money you
spend on different forms of
energy? Helps to
understand what efficiency
investments have good
payback?
What is the relative
efficiency [kbtu/ft2] of your
house?
Which areas can more
easily be made more
efficient?
12.87
<----MA average
MA AVG
38.54
<----MA average
House size
51.40
<----MA average
2236
ft2
Occupancy
2.55
persons
Why focus on energy: what problems
does the US face?
• Limited energy supply & global politics
– U.S. is only 5% of world population but consumes
20% of world energy
• Pollution and Green House Gas emissions
• $ energy is getting more expensive
How do we know where to focus?
• What major fuels/energy do we use
– Electricity
- fuel: combustion
- oil -natural gas
- gasoline
• What are the major end-use applications
– House
- fuel
- transportation
- electricity
Total Annual Energy Cost
Annual Cost of Energy
4.5
4
3.5
Frequency
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Cost ($)
• Being more energy efficient to reduce our
carbon footprint also saves $$$$
How’s Goldner’s class doing in
terms of GHG emissions?
Annual CO2 Released
10
9
8
Frequency
7
6
5
Frequency
4
US Average (32)
3
2
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Annual CO2 Released (Tons CO2/yr)
But how can we do better?
50
More
Where should we focus on to reduce
energy use?
% of Total Annual Energy Use (From
Oil & Gas)
Frequency
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
70
10
20
30
40
50
% of Total Annual Energy Use (From
Gasoline)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
60
70
80
% of Total Annual Energy Usage
% of Total Annual Energy Usage
Frequency
Frequency
% of Total Annual Energy Use
(From Electricity)
40
50
60
70
% of Total Annual Energy Usage
80
90
100
More
90
100 More
Energy Use in Your House
• How compare relative efficiency? KBTU/sq ft
Total Residential Energy Usage Per Unit Area
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
MA Average (51.40)
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 More
Energy Used (kBtu/yr/ft^2)
• What forms of energy do you use in your house?
• What are you using this energy for?
Household Electricity Use
Electric Energy Usage Per Unit Area
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
MA Average (12.87)
3
2
1
0
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
More
Energy Used (kBtu/yr/ft^2)
• What are the major uses of electricity in
your house?
• What are some ways to increase the efficiency
of your electricity use?
Household Natural Gas Use
Oil & Gas Usage Per Unit Area
7
6
Frequency
5
4
3
MA Average (38.54)
2
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Energy Used (kBtu/yr/ft^2)
• What are the major uses of Natural Gas?
• What are the best ways to increase the
efficiency of your gas use?
Distribution of CO2 Sources
Electricity % of Total Annual CO2
Emissions
Fuel % of Total Annual CO2
Emissions
20
15
Frequency
Frequency
20
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 More
0
10
20
% of Annual CO2 Released
30
40
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
10
60
70
80
% of Annual CO2 Released
Gasoline% of Total Annual CO2
Emissions
0
50
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of Annual CO2 Released
• Where should we focus?
80
90
100 More
90
100 More
Where focus to reduce energy costs?
Frequency
Cost Percentage (Electricity)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
More
% of Total Energy Cost Spent on Electricity
Frequency
Cost Percentage (Oil & Gas)
What’s
surprising?
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
More
100
More
% of Total Energy Cost Spent on Natural Gas
Frequency
Cost Percentage (Gasoline)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% of Total Energy Cost Spent on Transportation
80
90
The Buildings
Haynes House
139,608 sqft
7 floors, 131 units
Average unit size: 760 sqft
29% common area
Overview of Energy Use by Building
120
Ruggles Shawmut
32,510 sqft
5 floors, 43 units
Average unit size: 652 sqft
24% common area
Madison Park III
184,700 sqft
2 floors, 120 units
Average unit size: 941 sqft
35% common area
100
Electricity
kBTU/ft^2/yr
Smith House
100,224 sqft
12 floors, 132 units
Average unit size: 506 sqft
33% common area
Why is Smith electricity usage so
large?
Not Avail.
80
60
DHW
40
Space Heating
20
-
Haynes
Smith
Ruggles
Madison
House
House
Shawmut
Park III
Why is Hayne’s heating
Why is Ruggles Shawmut so
so high?
good overall?
Electricity Use: What factors determine use levels
in Haynes & Ruggles Shawmut?
• Haynes tenants pay electric bills.
• RS get no bills.
50,000
Electricity Use (kBTU/yr)
45,000
What explains variations?
Ruggles
Shawmut
40,000
1374 sq ft
Haynes
35,000
30,000
25,000
-Getting bills doesn’t lower use
strongly.
850 sq ft
-Wide variation within each building.
650 sq ft
Smith House
592 sq ft
20,000
910 sq ft
15,000
5X
-Small RS lower by ≈ 30%. Due to
demographics?
10,000
444 sq ft
5,000
775 sq ft
0
0
500
1000
Apartment Size (sq ft)
1500
- Similar to trends and variations in
national residential studies
(O- power).
Model Scenarios To Explain Electricity Use Variations
50,000
Electricity Use (kBTU/yr)
45,000
40,000
35,000
Haynes
30,000
25,000
High Use Model 22,800 kBTU/yr
20,000
RS
15,000
Medium Use Model12,100 kBTU/yr
10,000
Low Use Model 5,800 kBTU/yr
5,000
0
0
500
1000
Apartment Size (sq ft)
- Model captures overall variations in use
1500
Model Scenarios
25.0
Haynes
RS
Smith
kBTU/Day
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
AC
Stove
Heater
Dishwasher Television
Fridge
Fan
Light
elps advise as to what to focus on in terms of: Education, Behavior Modification
Incentives, Nudges
Energy Savings: Solving for the Hidden Costs of HVAC
Achieving Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial Buildings
Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here
Our Focus:
HVAC is 50-70% of ALL energy
used in mid/large size buildings
Strategy:
Reduce high air flow rates which were
implemented when energy was cheap.
Our Solution
• Develop new tool to re-optimize HVAC control
• This is not addressed by current tools
• Based on real buildings, experience and data
Funded by MA Clean Energy Center
Professor Gevelber & Professor Wroblenski
BU Mechanical Engineering
Boston University team Aeolus: MIT Clean
Energy Contest -Winners of Energy
Efficiency track. 2013
Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab