Chapter 3Development of
Psychiatric–Mental Health
Nursing Theory
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
By unfolding the development of our
theoretical past, we gain insights that
improve our understanding of our current
progress, and we are empowered to achieve
our disciplinary goals. By looking at our
theoretical present, we see shadows of our
past, as well as visions of our future.
Reconstructing our theoretical heritage is a
process that involves reconstructing our
present reality.
Meleis, 2007
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
•
Compare and contrast the terms conceptual framework and
theoretical hypothesis
•
Explain the purpose of theory
•
Describe three types of theory used in psychiatric nursing
•
Analyze the theories of Hildegard Peplau, Dorothea Orem,
Sister Callista Roy, Martha Rogers and Rosemarie Parse, and
Madeline Leininger
•
Discuss the relationship between nursing theory and
research
•
Articulate how nursing theory is applied to practice
•
Interpret the phrase eclectic approach
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Theory
Theories can
•
Be tested
•
Be challenged
•
Be modified
•
Be replaced
•
Become obsolete
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nursing Theories
• Peplau’s interpersonal theory
• Orem’s behavioral nursing theory
• Roy’s theory of adaptation
• Parse’s theory of human becoming
• Leininger’s theory of cultural care diversity and
universality
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Application to Practice
• Needs-oriented approach
• Interaction-oriented approach
• Outcome-oriented approach
• Eclectic approach
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Agreement Among Nursing Theorists
• Nursing theories offer a beginning articulation of what
nursing is and what roles nurses play.
• Nursing theories provide descriptions of how to help
clients become comfortable, deliver treatment with the
least damage, and enhance high-level wellness.
• Nursing theories offer a beginning common language and
agreement about who the nursing care recipients are.
• Nurses should not view the recipients only through
biologic glasses or psychological glasses but rather
through holistic glasses.
• Recipients have needs, and nursing assists them in
meeting those needs.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The role of nurses is to provide
therapeutic care so that clients are
able to adapt to the environment and
meet identified needs related to selfcare ability, health, and well-being.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Key Terms
• Behavioral nursing theory
• Nursing theory
• Cognator
• Outcome-oriented
approach
• Conceptual framework
• Regulator
• Cultural care diversity and
universality theory
• Systems-oriented theory
• Eclectic approach
• Theory
• Interaction-oriented
approach
• Theory of adaptation
• Theoretical hypothesis
• Interpersonal theory
• Theory of human
becoming
• Needs-oriented approach
• Tidal model
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Reflection
• Do the psychiatric nursing and nursing theories by
Peplau, Orem, Roy, Parse, and Leininger remain
appropriate, or should modifications be considered to meet
the multifaceted needs of clients in the 21st century?
?
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins