Bonding: Part Two
• Ionic bonding is one way that atoms
attain a stable electron condition – that
is satisfy the octet rule.
• In this section we will look at metallic
bonding, covalent bonding, and the
formation of acids and polymers
• All forms of bonding involve valence
electrons, and the tendency to satisfy
the “octet rule”
Metallic Bonding
The nuclei of
metal atoms are
held together by
their attraction to
free-floating
valence electrons
that are found
between adjacent
nuclei
Web Elements
Covalent Bonding: when atoms
share electrons
Atoms still obey the octet
rule
Nitrogen: another
diatomic
• You try it !!!!
Electrons are shared in a triple
bond
There are 7 diatomic
atoms
• Hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine,
iodine, bromine, and nitrogen.
• Some satisfy the octet rule with a
single covalent bond, others use a
double or a triple bond. Why not try
them all
Geometric shapes of Molecules
• The Shape of the molecule depends on
how many bonds and how many unshared
pairs of electrons are present
• Work out the Lewis structures for the
following molecules:
• H2O
BF3
NH3
CH4
CO2
How about water?
Bent linear
BF3: Trigonal planar
Pyramidal and Tetrahedral
NH3
CH4
Build a molecule tutorial
Electrons try to be as far
apart as they can be:
Carbon dioxide is a linear molecule
Prefixes are used in the names of
molecular compounds
• mono- one
• di-two
• tri-three
• tetra-four
• penta-five
• hexa-six
• hepta-seven
• octa-eight
• nona-nine
• deca-ten
N2O5 : dinitrogen pentoxide
Naming compounds
1. The more metallic element is named
first. The full name of the
element is used
2. The second element is named as if it
were an anion.
3. The number of atoms of each
element is shown by a prefix, but
the prefix mono- is never used for
the first element.
4. If the second element is oxygen and
a prefix ends with either an o or an
a, these letters are dropped from
Lets try some!!!!
CO2
P2O5
NO
SiO2
Al2O3
SO2
SO3
NO2
CO2
Carbon dioxide
P2O5
Diphosphorous pentoxide
NO
Nitrogen monoxide
SiO2
Silicone dioxide
Al2O3
Aluminum oxide
SO2
Sulfur dioxide
SO3
Sulfur trioxide
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
Boron trifluoride
Silver fluoride
Copper (II) fluoride
Magnesium chloride
Manganese (I)
chloride
Nitrogen dichloride
Ammonium
carbonate
Dinitrogen
heptoxide
Gold (II) oxide
Try it !!!
Boron trifluoride
Silver fluoride
Copper (II) fluoride
Magnesium chloride
Manganese (I) chloride
Nitrogen dichloride
Ammonium carbonate
Dinitrogen heptoxide
Gold (II) oxide
Heptoxide monofloride
BF3
AgF
CuF2
MgCl2
MnCl
NCl2
(NH4)2CO3
N2O7
AuO
O7F
Acids – special molecular
compounds
1. When hydrogen is the first element,
the compound has special
characteristics, and is named as an
acid
2. Acids are electrolytes (like ionic
compounds)
3. Acids are reactive, and dissasociate
to form ions when placed in water
4. HCl H+ + Cl-
Acids get their own names
Identify and name the anion
Use the following rules ones you know the
name of the anion:
1. ide  hydro ________ ic acid (HCl)
2. ite  ____________ous acid (HClO2)
3. ate _____________ic acid
(HClO3)
(hydrochloric acid, chlorous acid, chloric
H 3N
Try Naming some acids !!!
HNO2
HNO3
H 2S
H2SO4
H2SO3
H2CO3
H3PO4
H 3N
Try Naming some acids !!!
Hydronitric acid
HNO2
Nitrous acid
HNO3
Nitric acid
H 2S
Hydrosulfuric acid
H2SO4
Sulfuric acid
H2SO3
Sulfurous acid
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
H3PO4
Phosphoric acid
Write some formulas
Hydrobromic acid
Hypochlorous acid
Perchloric acid
Permanganic acid
Chromatic acid
Hydrosulfuric acid
Hydrohydroxic acid
Acetic acid
Oxylic acid
Nitrous acid
Write some formulas
Hydrobromic acid
HBr
Hypochlorous acid
HClO
Perchloric acid
HClO4
Permanganic acid
Chromatic acid
HMnO4
Hydrosulfuric acid
H2CrO4
H2SO4
Hydrohydroxic acid
HOH
Acetic acid
HC2H3O2
Oxylic acid
H2C2O4
Nitrous acid
HNO2
Organic molecules
• These have there own rules, and their own prefixes that
indicate how many carbons:
• The alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2
• Methane (one carbon)
• Ethane (two carbons)
• Propane (three carbons)
• Butane (four carbons)
• Pentane (five carbons)
• Hexane (six carbons)
• Heptane (seven carbons)
• Octane (eight carbons)
Each carbon develops 4 bonds
methane
Ethane : C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Link to bondit
Benzene