WLTP-DHC-09-02
Development of World-wide Light-duty
Test Cycle
~ Introduction of the WLTC 1st ver.~
Prepared by Japan
DHC group
under GRPE/WLTP informal group
6-7 July 2011
Stockholm, Sweden
1
Table of contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
WLTP-DHC-09-02
Purpose
In-use data collection
Regional weighting
In-use driving data analysis
Development of WLTC 1st version
WLTP driving cycle 1st version
2
1. Purpose
WLTP-DHC-09-02
Develop the world wide harmonized light duty
test cycle (WLTC) which will represent typical
driving conditions around the world.
 The WLTC are developed based on combination of
collected in-use data and suitable weighting factors.
 Data collection CP’s: EU, India, Japan, Korea, USA
(and China)
3
WLTP-DHC-09-02
2. Overview of In-use data collection
Total amount of data collection
Region
Japan (JP)
Korea (KR)
India (IN)
China (CN)
USA (US)
Belgium (BE)
Germany (DE)
Spain (ES)
France (FR)
Italy (IT)
EU+CH
Poland (PL)
Slovenia (SI)
Switzerland (CH)
United Kingdom (UK)
Sweden (SE)
(Unit: km)
Vehicle type
No. of
vehicles
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
Chased car
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
PC
LDCV
11
13
6
2
16
4
0
0
156
20
11
0
8
0
6
4
42
0
8
0
9
0
18
0
26
4
10
12
5
2
Urban
13,605
13,233
8,480
2,558
11,783
3,218
0
0
0
0
7,538
4,986
0
7,865
0
800
2,815
23,568
0
9,827
0
9,438
0
14,662
0
6,021
518
7,174
0
0
0
Rural
1,301
1,325
6,943
3,261
11,832
3,713
0
0
0
0
2,365
24,667
0
11,051
0
729
4,093
53,520
0
23,964
0
4,796
0
24,351
0
3,763
57
9,750
0
0
0
Motorway
10,764
12,727
10,610
2,551
18,189
7,042
0
0
0
0
19,635
21,292
0
4,498
0
1,090
140
31,828
0
23,854
0
413
0
9,920
0
12,886
374
566
0
0
0
Undefined
130,188
114,271
14,290
18,525
18,426
Total
25,670
27,285
26,033
8,370
41,804
13,974
0
0
130,188
0
29,538
165,216
0
23,414
0
2,619
7,047
108,916
0
57,646
0
14,648
0
48,934
0
22,670
949
17,491
14,290
18,525
18,426
52,955
34,403
55,778
0
159,726
165,216
23,414
9,666
108,916
57,646
14,648
48,934
23,619
31,781
36,951
4
WLTP-DHC-09-02
3.1. Regional weighting
Regional weighting when developing the unified driving
characteristic is set based on Traffic volume ratio
100%
90%
IN, 0.22
IN, 0.16
KR, 0.04
80%
KR, 0.06
IN, 0.10
KR, 0.04
JP, 0.02
JP, 0.12
US, 0.55
70%
Regional weighting
IN, 0.00
KR, 0.01
JP, 0.01
JP, 0.16
60%
IN
US, 0.55
KR
50%
US, 0.23
JP
US, 0.44
US
40%
EU
30%
EU, 0.43
20%
EU, 0.33
EU, 0.24
10%
EU, 0.29
0%
Low
Middle
High
Ex-High
5
WLTP-DHC-09-02
3.2. Internal weighting for Europe and US
Internal WF for European counties was set based on
Traffic statistics (TREMOVE) and in-use driving data
(vehicle speed and amount of in-use data).
Internal WF for US data was set based on US and Mr.
Steven’s advice.
[Internal WF for Europe]
SE
CH 6%
4%
[Internal WF for US]
BE
15%
BE
DE
UK
14%
ES
DE
12%
SI
5%
PL
4%
FR
US
customer
data
16%
IT
US EPA data
PL
US customer data
SI
UK
ES
9%
IT
10%
CH
SE
US EPA
data
84%
FR
21%
6
500
Low
Middle
2000
1000
0
High
Extra-high
30
25
20
Low
EU
US
45
Middle
High
KR
IN
15
10
5
High
0.05
disregard
0.108
0.155
0.117
0.144
0.164
0.139
0.162
0.156
0.174
0.142
0.188
0.245
0.225
0.192
0.142
0.176
0.134
0.086
0.114
0.103
0.10
22.1
Middle
IN
14.5
35
disregard
JP
KR
15.5
17.1
12.2
50
46.2
Unified
US
22.8
40
34.2
Low
21.5
18.4
20.1
2500
EU
24.6
22.4
[Average ST duration]
39.8
Extra-high
0.192
JP
22.3
0
0.177
0.200
Unified
25.6
0.15
RPA (m/s2 )
0.25
16.6
IN
0.20
24.9
29.2
23.1
21.9
KR
86.8
120
26.5
High
67.6
[Average speed]
15.6
disregard
80
Average IDLE duration (s)
US
824
1621
86.2
83.1
90.1
100
disregard
Middle
1158
1082
62.9
55.6
59.7
53.9
56.1
58.0
60
IN
601
1500
1157
EU
KR
446
JP
691
Low
US
458
473
284
642
40.1
39.9
37.0
34.1
39.5
38.4
40
EU
238
20
19.8
20.0
18.8
17.2
21.1
19.8
Average speed (km/h)
JP
161
221
125
201
66
68
63
64
148
84
Average ST duration (s)
4.1. driving characteristics
WLTP-DHC-09-02
[RPA]
0.30
Unified
0.00
Extra-high
[Average IDLE duration]
Unified
0
Extra-high
7
WLTP-DHC-09-02
4.2. Unified speed acceleration distribution
[Low phase]
[Middle phase]
16
16
Unified Middle
Unified Low
12
Acceleration (km/h/s)
Acceleration (km/h/s)
12
8
4
0
-4
-8
8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-16
-16
-20
0
20
40
60
80 100
Speed (km/h)
120
140
160
[High phase]
0
20
40
60
80 100
Speed (km/h)
120
140
160
[Extra-high phase]
16
16
Unified High
8
4
0
-4
-8
8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-16
-16
-20
0
20
40
60
80 100
Speed (km/h)
120
140
Unified Extra-high
12
Acceleration (km/h/s)
12
Acceleration (km/h/s)
-20
160
-20
0
20
40
60
80 100
Speed (km/h)
120
140
160
8
WLTP-DHC-09-02
4.3. Speed frequency distribution
[Middle phase]
45
90
70
30
60
Unified Low
Japan Low
EU Low
US Low
Korea Low
India Low
Unified Low
15
10
5
40
30
20
30
100
90
Unified High
Japan High
EU High
US High
Korea High
India High
Unified High
70
60
50
40
30
20
25
Frequency (%)
80
Cum. frequency (%)
25
10
20
15
Unified Extra-high
Japan Extra-high
100
90
EU Extra-high
US Extra-high
Korea Extra-high
80
70
60
Unified Extra-high
50
40
10
30
20
5
10
Vehicle speed (km/h)
10
0
180
0
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Frequency (%)
20
[Extra-high phase]
30
5
30
Vehicle speed (km/h)
[High phase]
10
40
0
0
10
20
30
Vehicle speed (km/h)
15
50
0
180
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
5
0
60
Unified Middle
Japan Middle
EU Middle
US Middle
Korea Middle
India Middle
Unified Middle
15
10
0
20
70
Cum. frequency (%)
20
50
20
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
25
90
80
Frequency (%)
80
35
100
25
Cum. frequency (%)
40
Frequency (%)
30
100
180
50
Cum. frequency (%)
[Low phase]
Vehicle speed (km/h)
9
WLTP-DHC-09-02
4.4. Frequency distribution on Short trip duration
[Middle phase]
10
90
70
6
60
Unified Low
Japan Low
EU Low
US Low
Korea Low
India Low
Unified Low
4
2
50
40
30
Frequency (%)
80
90
80
70
6
60
Unified Middle
Japan Middle
EU Middle
US Middle
Korea Middle
India Middle
Unified Middle
4
2
20
10
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
51
101
151
201
251
301
351
401
451
501
551
601
651
701
751
801
851
901
951
1001
1051
1101
1151
1201
0
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
0
Short trip duration (s)
Short trip duration (s)
[Extra-high phase]
10
100
30
20
Unified Extra-high
60
Japan Extra-high
50
EU Extra-high
40
US Extra-high
30
Korea Extra-high
20
Unified Extra-high
10
2401
2601
0
2001
2201
0
1401
1601
1801
3401
3601
3201
2801
3001
2401
2601
2001
2201
1401
1601
1801
1201
601
801
1001
0
1
201
401
2
10
0
Short trip duration (s)
4
1201
2
40
601
801
1001
4
50
3401
3601
60
Unified High
Japan High
EU High
US High
Korea High
India High
Unified High
70
6
1
201
401
6
80
3201
70
90
8
Frequency (%)
80
Cum. frequency (%)
90
8
100
2801
3001
10
Cum. frequency (%)
[High phase]
Frequency (%)
100
8
Cum. frequency (%)
8
Frequency (%)
10
100
Cum. frequency (%)
[Low phase]
Short trip duration (s)
10
WLTP-DHC-09-02
4.5. Frequency distribution on Idling duration
[Middle phase]
20
18
12
60
Unified Low
Japan Low
EU Low
US Low
Korea Low
India Low
Unified Low
8
6
4
2
40
30
20
Unified Middle
Japan Middle
EU Middle
US Middle
Korea Middle
India Middle
Unified Middle
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Idling duration (s)
Idling duration (s)
20
100
18
70
12
60
Unified High
Japan High
EU High
US High
Korea High
India High
Unified High
4
2
30
20
10
80
14
12
10
70
Unified Extra-high
60
Japan Extra-high
50
8
EU Extra-high
40
6
US Extra-high
30
4
Korea Extra-high
20
10
2
Unified Extra-high
10
0
0
40
30
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
50
90
16
Frequency (%)
80
14
Cum. frequency (%)
16
6
40
100
18
90
8
50
[Extra-high phase]
20
10
60
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
10
[High phase]
Frequency (%)
70
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
50
80
14
Cum. frequency (%)
10
90
16
Frequency (%)
70
Cum. frequency (%)
80
14
100
18
90
16
Frequency (%)
20
100
Cum. frequency (%)
[Low phase]
Idling duration (s)
Idling duration (s)
11
WLTP-DHC-09-02
5.1. Determination of test cycle duration
 The total test cycle duration is set at 1800 s, same as
WHDC and WMTC
 The test cycle duration in each phase is determined based
on traffic volume ratio between L/M/H/ExH phases(*)
 Low: 589 s, Mid.: 433 s, High: 455 s, Ex-High: 323 s
[Traffic volume in million vehicle-hour]
EU
US
JP
KR
IN
World-wide
propotion
Cycle duration
Low
23,338
15,898
11,126
4,053
15,629
70,044
0.327
Middle
12,444
22,578
6,157
1,838
8,466
51,484
0.240
589
433
High
Ex-High
Total
15,748 16,380 67,911
29,541 21,254 89,271
1,164
328 18,775
2,087
443
8,420
5,641
64 29,800
54,181 38,470 214,178
0.253
0.180
1.000
455
323
1800
(*) Traffic volume ratio between L/M/H/ExH phases is obtained by using compensated WF and
amount (duration) of data when converted from U/R/M to L/M/H/ExH
12
WLTP-DHC-09-02
5.2. Determination of No. of Short trip and Idling section
 The No. of short trip and idling section in each phase are
determined by using the following equation
number of short trip (NST, i)
=
drive cycle duration in each phase (Ti) - average idling duration
average short trip duration ＋ average idling duration
number of idling section (NI, i) = number of short trip (NST, i) + 1
[No. of ST/IDLE section]
Target cycle Average ST
duration
duration
s
s
Average
IDLE
duration
s
No. of ST
No. of IDLE
#
#
Low
589
84
22
5
6
Middle
433
238
22
1
2
High
455
446
23
1
2
Extra-high
323
824
14
1
2
13
WLTP-DHC-09-02
5.3.1. Determination of Short trip duration in each phase
[Low]
100
70
60
35
50
19
40
30
1
80
70
380±6s
3
60
50
2
40
30
1
20
20
10
10
0
0
1
51
101
151
201
251
301
351
401
451
501
551
601
651
701
751
801
851
901
951
1001
1051
1101
1151
1201
0
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
0
Short trip duration (s)
Short trip duration (s)
[High]
Cycle duration for high phase is
determined based on Idling ratio
[Extra-high]
5
100
100
60
Combined cycle: 428 s
50
2
40
30
1
20
4
Frequency (%)
3
90
Actual ST: 317±4 s
Cum. frequency (%)
70
Actual ST: 428±6s
80
Combined cycle: 317 s
70
3
60
50
2
40
30
1
20
10
Short trip duration (s)
10
3601
3201
3401
2801
3001
2601
2201
2401
1801
2001
1601
1201
1401
801
1001
601
0
201
401
0
1
3601
3201
3401
2801
3001
2601
2201
2401
1801
2001
1601
1201
1401
801
1001
601
0
201
401
0
1
Frequency (%)
80
Cycle duration for Extra-high phase is
determined based on Idling ratio
5
90
4
Cum. frequency (%)
90
4
Frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
80
54
3
100
90
249±1s
Cum. frequency (%)
88±1s
4
5
Cum. frequency (%)
5
2
Cycle duration for middle phase is
determined based on Idling ratio
[Middle]
Short trip duration (s)
14
5.3.2. Determination of Idling duration in each phase
[Low]
[Middle]
100
90
80
70
20
60
15
50
86
18
30
20
5
20
80
7
46±6 s
60
15
50
40
10
30
20
5
10
10
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
Idling duration (s)
Idling duration (s)
[High]
[Extra-high]
30
100
30
100
90
70
60
25±6 s
15
50
40
10
30
20
5
Frequency (%)
2
90
25
Cum. frequency (%)
80
80
1
70
20
60
15
50
5±4 s
40
10
30
20
5
10
0
10
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Frequency (%)
25
20
70
Cum. frequency (%)
28
40
90
25
Frequency (%)
8
13
10
30
Cum. frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
100
Cum. frequency (%)
30
25
WLTP-DHC-09-02
Idling duration (s)
Idling duration (s)
15
WLTP-DHC-09-02
5.3.3. Selection of each ST duration
 it is necessary to reduce number of combinations
 ST selection criteria
 ST within average ±1σ in each ST duration
 Average vehicle speed
 Acceleration duration ratio
 Deceleration duration ratio
 Smaller chi-squared value is higher priority
 The number of candidate STs in each ST duration
 Longest ST has big influence on chi-square value => Not reduce
 Shorter ST => reduce candidate STs to make total number of
combinations approximately 108~9 .
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
X 1 X2
X3
X4
X5 sec.
Y sec.
0
50
100
N * X1/Y units ・・・
N * X4/Y
-10
0
150
N * X5/Y units
200
250
300
350
N units
16
5.4. The characteristics of first ST and Idling of a day
WLTP-DHC-09-02
 Order of Idling sections
 Average Idling duration of first Idling of a day is 28 s.
Select 28 s
 The final Idling duration would be more than 5 s because of stable sampling.
Select 8 s
 Order of Short trips
 Average speed of first short trip of a day is approx. 30 km/h. => ST of 245 s
 ST of lowest speed and IDLE of longest duration are connected in order to reflect traffic
jam
 the order of short trips is set based on random
[The characteristics of first ST and Idling of a day by Mr. Steven]
average
stop
average
short trip
duration in
speed in
duration in
s
km/h
s
24.0
208.4
29.3
maximum
speed in
km/h
region
sample
number
Europe
3271
USA
1492
32.0
144.7
29.8
55.5
Average
-
28.0
176.5
29.6
52.2
48.8
17
WLTP-DHC-09-02
6.1. WLTP driving cycle 1st version
8.0
Low phase
High phase
Acceleration (km/h/s)
6.0
Middle phase
Extra-high phase
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Time (s)
160
Low phase
High phase
140
Speed (km/h)
120
100
Middle phase
Extra-high phase
TID1: 28 s
Vave: 28.6km/h
80
60
40
20
0
0
200
400
600
800
Time (s)
18
WLTP-DHC-09-02
6.2. Characteristics of WLTC 1st version
driving mode (*)
Parameter
Cycle
duration
Driving
distanc
e
Averag
e speed
Max.
speed
Max.
acceler
ation
Max.
Deceler
ation
s (h)
km
km/h
km/h
km/h/s
km/h/s
Acceler
ation
ratio
Deceler
ation
ratio
Cruise
ratio
Idling
ratio
%
%
%
%
Low
-
-
19.8
60.0
-
-
27.5
25.4
22.7
24.5
Unified
characteris
tics
Middle
-
-
38.4
80.0
-
-
31.4
27.5
28.8
12.2
High
-
-
58.0
110.0
-
-
31.3
27.2
35.5
6.0
Worldwide
Extra-high
-
-
86.8
194.7
-
-
25.7
23.4
48.9
2.0
Unified
-
-
45.9
194.7
-
-
29.1
26.0
32.1
12.8
Low
589
2.98
18.2
50.9
5.3
-5.3
26.1
27.8
19.7
26.3
Middle
433
5.01
41.6
72.5
5.4
-7.4
37.0
24.2
27.2
11.1
High
455
7.01
55.5
97.4
6.5
-7.7
29.0
28.8
35.2
7.0
Extra-high
323
8.06
89.8
125.5
6.4
-4.1
28.5
27.2
42.1
2.2
WLTCunified
1800
23.06
46.1
125.5
6.5
-7.7
29.9
27.1
29.6
13.4
WLTC
1st
(*) The definitions for the driving modes are given by WMTC analysis (refer to Appendix)
19
WLTP-DHC-09-02
6.3. Speed acceleration distribution of WLTC 1st version
Low
Midle
12
12
Unified distribution-Worldwide Middle
Unified distribution-Worldwide Low
8
Acceleration (km/h/s)
Unified
distribution
Acceleration (km/h/s)
8
4
0
-4
-8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
12
-20
0
20
40
12
WLTC Middle
WLTC Low
8
Acceleration (km/h/s)
Acceleration (km/h/s)
8
WLTC ver.1
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
4
0
-4
-8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
20
WLTP-DHC-09-02
6.3. Speed acceleration distribution of WLTC 1st version
High
Ex-high
12
12
Unified distribution-Worldwide High
Unified distribution-Worldwide Ex-high
8
Acceleration (km/h/s)
Unified
distribution
Acceleration (km/h/s)
8
4
0
-4
-8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
12
-20
0
20
40
12
WLTC High
WLTC Ex-high
8
Acceleration (km/h/s)
Acceleration (km/h/s)
8
WLTC ver.1
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
4
0
-4
-8
4
0
-4
-8
-12
-12
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
-20
0
20
40
60 80 100 120 140 160
Speed (km/h)
21
Appendix. Definition of driving modes
WLTP-DHC-09-02
Source: TRANS-WP29-GRPE-2004-10e.pdf, page.18,
http://live.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2004/wp29grpe/TRANS-WP29-GRPE-2004-10e.pdf
22