BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
A1
A1. Basic Biological Principles
1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic
and eukaryotic organisms
2. Compare cellular structures and their function in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic organisms
3. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and
function at the various levels of biological organization
(organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms)
4. Define, describe and give examples of the various types of
cells – prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, plant vs animal
A1. Vocabulary
Cell
Cell theory
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Cytoplasm
Tissue
Organ system
organelle
Golgi apparatus
vacuole
chloroplasts
lysosome
mitochondria
cytoskeleton
cell wall
centriole
lipid bilayer
ribosome
selectively permeable
endoplasmic reticulum
Organ
organism
vesicle
Characteristics of Life
• Grow and Reproduce
• Obtain and use materials for energy
• Maintain a stable internal environment
(homeostasis)
• Respond to the environment
Characteristics of Life
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things
2. All living things are made of cells
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
Characteristics of Life
•
•
•
•
Have DNA (genetic material)
Have a cell membrane (barrier)
Have cytoplasm (fluid)
Have ribosomes which make proteins
– Proteins are essential for the function of ALL cells
• Grow, reproduce, obtain and use materials,
maintain homeostasis and respond to the
environment
Characteristics of Life
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
•
•
•
•
•
•
NO nucleus
NO specialized cell structure (organelles)
DNA found in cytoplasm
Small and simple cells
All prokaryotes are UNICELLULAR (single-celled)
a.k.a. bacteria
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Notice
• Ribosomes
• DNA not contained
in nucleus
• Pili and flagellum for
movement
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
•
•
•
•
•
DNA in nucleus
Specialized cell structures (organelles)
Larger and more complex cells
Eukaryotes can be uni- or multi-cellular
a.k.a. plants, animals, fungi, protists
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Notice
• Increased
complexity
• Bigger in size
• DNA in nucleus
• Cellular structures
Cell Structure and Function
–
–
–
–
Also called the plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Selectively permeable boundary
Regulates the movement of material into and out
of the cell
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function
– Manufacture proteins
– Found in all cells
• Evidence of the importance of proteins to ALL cells
Cell Structure and Function
– Fluid component of cells
– Provide structure, support and stability
– Aids in movement of material throughout cell
– Found in all cells
Cell Structure and Function
– Contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells
Cell Structure and Function
– Found alongside nucleus
– Rough ER contains ribosomes; protein synthesis
– Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes; membrane
lipid synthesis and drug detoxification
Cell Structure and Function
– Receives proteins from ER
– Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for delivery
Cell Structure and Function
– Transport material such as proteins throughout cell
Cell Structure and Function
– Storage facilities
– In plants, a LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE fills with
water to maintain structure
• When a plant goes without water, the central vacuole
empties and plant wilts
– In animals, several smaller vesicles
– In freshwater protists, a contractile vacuole helps
pump water out of cell
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function
– Contain enzymes
– Digest large molecules, old cell parts, things that DO
NOT belong in the cell
– “recycling center”
Cell Structure and Function
– Found only in animal cells
– Help organize cell division (???)
Cell Structure and Function
– Maintains shape of cell
– Aids in movement of cell and movement of
organelles
Cell Structure and Function
– Found in plant cells and some photosynthetic
protists
– Convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Cell Structure and Function
– Converts chemical energy (food) into useful cellular
energy (ATP)
Cell Structure and Function
– Plant cells and prokaryotes
– Rigid support and protection for cell
Organization of Multicellular Life
– Organelles (cell structures with specialized functions
– Cell (basic unit of life)
– Tissue (a group of cells)
– Organ (a group of tissues)
– Organ system (a group of organs)
– Organism
Organization of Multicellular Life
– Cells develop in different ways to perform different
functions
• Ex: pancreatic cells produce proteins and are therefore
loaded with ribosomes and rough ER
• Ex: liver cells remove toxins from blood and are loaded
with smooth ER
• Ex: muscle cells require a lot of energy and are loaded
with mitochondria
Keystone Prep Questions
Structure
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus?
Genetic
Material?
Cell wall?
Cell
membrane?
Organelles?
Ribosomes?
Keystone Prep Questions
1. Which characteristic is shared by all
prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ability to store hereditary information
Use of organelles to control cell processes
Use of cellular respiration for energy release
Ability to move in response to environmental
stimuli
Keystone Prep Questions
2. Living things can be classified as either
prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two
structures are common to both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cell wall and nucleus
Cell wall and chloroplast
Plasma membrane and nucleus
Plasma membrane and cytoplasm
Keystone Prep Questions
3. If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus,
the organism is a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plant
Eukaryote
Animal
prokaryotes
Keystone Prep Questions
4. Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of
mammals. Which statement best describes how
the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to
function properly?
a. They increase the amount of energy transferred from
the lungs to the blood
b. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they
expand during inhalation
c. They increase the volume of the lungs allowing more
oxygen to be inhaled
d. They increase the surface area of the lungs allowing
efficient gas exchange
Keystone Prep Questions
5. Some human body cells are shown in the
diagrams below.
These groups of cells represent different
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tissues in which similar cells function together
Organs that help to carry out a specific life activity
Systems that are responsible for a specific life activity
Organelles that carry out different functions
Keystone Prep Questions
6. Which cell parts are found in plants but not
animals?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nucleus and cell membrane
Cell wall and nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall and chloroplasts
Keystone Prep Questions
7. Which of the following is NOT a principle of
the cell theory?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cells are the basic unit of life
All living things are made of cells
Very few cells reproduce
All cells are produced by existing cells
Keystone Prep Questions
8. Which order describes the organization of
multicellular organisms from smallest to
largest?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
Cells, tissue, organ, organism
Keystone Prep Questions
9. The diagram below represents a cell of a green
plant. Solar energy is used to produce energyrich compound sin structure
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
C
D
Keystone Prep Questions
10.Which cell structure is correctly paired with its
function?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ribosome – protein synthesis
Vacuole – production of genetic information
Nucleus – carbohydrate synthesis
Mitochondrion – waste disposal
Keystone Prep Questions
11.A pesticide that kills an insect by interfering
with the production of proteins in the insect
would most likely affect the activity of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ribosomes
Minerals
Chloroplasts
mitochondria
Keystone Prep Questions
12.The diagram below represents two cells, X and Y.
Which statement is correct
concerning the structure
labeled A?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It regulates movement of material into/out of both cells
It is involved in communication in cell X but not cell Y
It prevents absorption of CO2 in cell X and O2 in cell Y
It represents the cell wall in cell X and the cell
membrane in cell Y