• Water Quality & Pollution
• Water Quality Parameters
• Sources of Water Pollution
• EU Legislation on Water Quality Management
• Turkish Legislation on Water Quality Management
• Practices in Turkey
• Water Quality: The composition of water expressed
in terms of both measurable quantities and narrative
statements
• Water Pollution (contamination, nuisance): Faulty
condition of surface and ground waters
Physical, chemical or biological factors affecting
water quality
• Physical
parameters:
flow,
temperature, electrical conductivity,
turbidity, color, odor etc.
• Chemical parameters: biodegradable
organics, dissolved oxygen and
sediment demand (SOD), nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorus), toxic
pollutants, salinity (dissolved solids),
pH, suspended solids etc.
• Biological
parameters:
macroinvertebrates, coliform bacteria,
indicator parameters like chlorophyll a
etc.
Point Sources
• Industrial activities
• Domestic
wastewaters
• Accidential spills…
Non-point Sources
•Agricultural activities
•Urbanization…
Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC)
Objective: Ensuring the protection of water quality and achieving “good
water status” until 2015 in EU member states by adopting an integrated and
progressive approach
Scope: Surface waters, transitional and coastal waters, groundwaters
Annex II: Classification of water bodies, identification of pressures and
impacts
Annex V: Assessment of water status, quality elements
Annex VII: Indicative list of the main pollutants; possible groups of specific
pollutants
Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC)
Annex IX & X: Priority substances and environmental quality standards
Good status definition: The values of the biological quality elements for the
surface water body type show low levels of distortion resulting from human
activity, but deviate only slightly from those normally associated with the
surface water body type under undisturbed conditions.
•Detailed definitions are provided for each quality element
Environmental Quality Standards Directive
(2008/105/EC)
Objective: Setting forth the priority subtances and corresponding
environmental quality standards with the aim of achieving “good surface
water chemical status” in EU member states
Scope: Inland surface waters and transitional and coastal waters
Annex I: 33 priority substances and 8 other pollutants and corresponding
environmental quality standards for water column
Directive 2013/39/EU amending the Directives
2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority
substances in the field of water policy
Objective: Revising the priority substances list and the environmental
quality standards in line with the principles set by Directives 2000/60/EC
and 2008/105/EC
Scope: Inland surface waters and transitional and coastal waters
Annex II:
• Maximum and annual average environmental quality standards for 45
priority substances and 8 other pollutants in water column
• Biota environmental quality standards for 11 priority substances
Directıve 2006/118/EC on protection of
groundwater against pollution and deterioration
Objective: Establishment of specific measures as provided in Water
Framework Directive 2000/60/EC in order to prevent and control
groundwater pollution
Scope: Groundwaters
Annex I: General quality standards for groundwaters (nitrate, pesticides)
Annex II: List of possible pollutants and guidelines for determination of
threshold values
Annex III: Principles of assessment of groundwater chemical status
By-Law on Surface Water Quality
(RG: 28483, 30.11.2012)
Objective: Determination of the biological, chemical, physicochemical and
hydromorphological quality of water bodies, water quality standards and
classifications, setting forth the principles of protecting water quality and
achieving good water status
Scope: Surface waters
Annex II: Determination of water quality status
Annex IV: Environmental quality standards
Annex V: Water quality parameters and intended usage classification for
water bodies
Annex VI: Trophic state classificaiton
By-Law on Surface Water Quality
(RG: 28483, 30.11.2012)
General condition:
•Temperature
•Color
•Conductivity
•pH
•Oil and grease
Organic pollution
parameters:
•DO
•BOD
•COD
Trace elements and
inorganic parameters:
•Metals
•Specific pollutants
•Sulfur and CN
Nutirents:
•NH4-N
•NO3-N
•NO2-N
•TKN
•TP
Microbiological
parameters:
•Fecal coliforms
•Total coliforms
By-Law on Protection of Groundwater Against
Pollution And Deterioration
(RG: 28257, 07.04.2012)
Objective: Put forth the criteria to maintain the good status of
groundwater and ensure the protection against pollution and
deterioration
Scope: Groundwaters
Annex I: Status of groundwaters
Annex II: Quality standards for groundwaters
Annex III: Guidelines for determination of threshold values
Annex VI: Principles of assessment of groundwater chemical status
•Projects on wastewater control
•Projects on sensitive areas and environmental objectives
•Projects on control of cyanobacteria
•Projects on groundwaters
•Projects on specific pollutants and environmental quality standards
•Water quality action plans for hot spots
Integrated Management of Olive Oil Facilities’
Wastes in Susurluk Basin
The project aimed at investigation of integrated and centralized management of liquid
and solid wastes emerged after production of table olive and olive oil in Susurluk Basin.
Determination of the location of facilities
Characterization of liquid and solid waste
Treatment of solid and liquid wastes
Calculation of heat and electrical energy produced
by gasification of prina wastes
Evaporation of black water with heat energy
SUSURLUK BASIN
By this project, applicability of zero waste approach was investigated
Implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load
Approach in Gediz Basin
The main objective of the project is to calculate the environmental quality
standards-based discharge standards.
Within the scope of the project following studies will be conducted;
• Legal, administrative and technical gap analysis
• Preparation of pollution reduction scenarios, for all point and diffuse
pollutant sources, on the basis of basin, sub-basins and water bodies
• Derivation of environmental quality standards-based discharge standards
and
• Proposing a methodology that can be applied in other river basins
The project will be carried out between the years 2015-2017.
Investigation of Feasibility of Using Treated
Wastewater for Irrigation Purposes in Ergene Basin
The project is being carried out with the aim of determining treatment
process requirements for reuse of treated domestic wastewater of districts
with a population gretater than 10.000 in Ergene Basin.
Within the scope of the project,
• Irrigational water quality requirements and treatment requirements
regarding wastewater was revealed for current crop pattern.
• Alternative methods such as direct irrigation with treated wastewater
reuse and most suitable storage field etc. was evaluated.
Project on Determination of Alarm Levels and
Limits Of Cyanobacteria
 Within the scope of the project, in pilot areas in which Cyanobacterial reproduction
occurs,
• alarm levels and limits of Cyanobacteria for the development of intervention and
control methods,
• methods including steps to struggle Cyanobacteria to be implemented in these
areas and
• measures to be taken to prevent reproduction of Cyanobacteria will be
determined
 Standard and guidance values for cyanobacteria will be developed for these areas.
The overall objective of the project is to protect human and environmental
health from the toxic effects of Cyanobacteria.
Project on Determination of
Environmental Quality Objectives: Büyük
Menderes River Basin Pilot Study
The main objectives of the project are;
• to monitor chemical, biological and hydromorphological condition of water bodies in
Büyük Menderes Basin,
• to determine ecological and chemical
classifications,
• to define the environmental objectives,
discharge criteria, program of measures in order
to protect the basin and
• to improve the water status.
Specific objective of the project is to develop methodologies to apply for
other basins in Turkey.
Determination of Sensitive Areas and Water Quality Objectives
on Watershed Basis in Turkey
Sensitive water areas, nitrate vulnerable water areas, and nitrate vulnerable zones in
the surface waters, water quality objectives and measures to be taken to improve the
water quality will be determined for 25 river basins in Turkey.
ACTIVITY
STATUS
EXPLANATIONS
Determination of Water
Bodies
Determination of
Pressure and Effects
Completed
1814 river and 656 lake water bodies were
determined in 25 river basins
Pollution loads were determined
Determination of
Potential Sensitive
Areas
Completed
Monitoring Activities in
Potential Sensitive
Areas
Completed
Monitoring Parameters ; DO, pH, T, TN, TP,
TOC, PO4, NO3, NH4, secchi disc, chlorophylla, SS, biological parameters
Ongoing
663 river and 420 lake sensitive water bodies
were determined in 25 river basins .However,
studies on determination of final sensitive
areas are ongoing.
Determination of
Sensitive Areas
Completed
(BOD, COD,TSS,TN,TP, NO3,PO4)
542 river and 73 lake potential sensitive water
bodies were determined in 25 river basins
1.“Capacity Building Support to Turkey on Groundwater Management” project was
proposed to ESEI-2012 Program and will be initiated by the end of 2015.
2. “Implementations Related to Determination and Assessment of the Quantity and
Quality Characteristics of Groundwater: Gediz River Basin Case Study” was proposed to
Ministry of Development of Turkey and now the project is in the tendering phase. The
projects aim to carry out the works that stated in the By-Law.
The Project on the Control of
Pollution Caused by Dangerous
Substances
Poin source pollution in
inland surface waters
Project on the Determinaton of the
Water Pollution Caused by Use of
Pesticides and Identification of
Environmental Quality Standards for
These Substances
Non-point source
pollution in surface
waters
Project on the Determination of
Hazardous Substances in Coastal and
Transitional Waters and Ecological
Coastal Dynamics
Point source pollution in
transitional and coastal waters
Analysis of hazardous substances has been conducted in the samples taken
from the aquatic environment.
For the purpose of improving the water quality, receiving body standards (Environmental
Quality Standards) have been determined for the specific pollutants identified.
Priority Substances
• Substances that pose risks to aquatic ecosystems
• Determined by EU Directives
• Regarding environmental quality standards (EQS) must be attained
with in scope of the target of achieving “good chemical status”
• Discharges, emissions and loses must be reduced progressively.
Discharge
Pollution
Priority Hazardous Substances
• Sub list of priority subtances
• Having PBT properties
• Emissions, discharges and losses must be ceased or phased out
EQS
Time
Time
Specific pollutans
• Substances used in significant amounts or posing high
risk to aquatic life in national basis
• Determined at national or river basin based by member
states
• Standards and measures are determined at national or
river basin based
• EQS must be attained with in scope of the target of
achieving “good ecological status”
Environmental quality standards (EQS);
•
•
•
Not a discharge standard
Represent the concentration level that must not be exceed in
receiving water body
Derived for priority substances and specific pollutants
•
•
For control and prevention of acute effects:
Maximum allowable EQS
For control and prevention of chronic effects
Annual average EQS
The Project on the Control of Pollution Caused by
Dangerous Substances in Inland Waters
• Risk assessment of the chemicals selected by a comprehensive literature
survey and inventory studies covering the industrial facilities in Turkey and
determination of the specific pollutants
• Monitoring studies aimed at detecting the levels of specific pollutants in
inland receiving water bodies and domestic and industrial discharges,
• Derivation of environmental quality standards for specific pollutants for
water column, sediments and biota,
• Development of a web based GIS application in order to store and present
the data obtained in the project; currently available at:
http://tembis.ormansu.gov.tr
Project on the Determination of Hazardous Substances in Coastal
and Transitional Waters and Ecological Coastal Dynamics
• Risk assessment of the chemicals selected by a comprehensive literature
survey and inventory studies covering the industrial facilities in Turkey and
determination of the specific pollutants
• Monitoring studies aimed at detecting the levels of specific pollutants in
transitional and coastal water bodies and domestic and industrial
discharges,
• Derivation of environmental quality standards for specific pollutants for
water column, sediments and biota
Project on the Determinaton of the Water Pollution Caused by Use
of Pesticides and Identification of Environmental Quality Standards
• Risk assessment of the chemicals selected by a comprehensive literature
and legislation survey and inventory studies covering the pesticides
manufacturers, users and sellers in Turkey and determination of the nonpoint sourced specific pollutants
• Monitoring studies aimed at detecting the levels of specific pollutants in all
surface water resources
• Derivation of environmental quality standards for specific pollutants for
water column, sediments and biota
Ecotoxicological Data Requirements for Hazardous
Substances
Target of the project is,
 Identification of lack of ecotoxicological (NOEC, PNEC, EC50, LC50,
IC50, etc.) and physico-chemical (Kow, BCF, Henry constant, water
solubility, etc.) data for hazardous chemicals, posing risk to our water
resources and the aquatic environment,
 Investigation of the behavior of pollutants in the aquatic environment,
 Evaluation of sediment accumulation features and
 Investigation of possible effects on human health and the aquatic
organisms
The project will be carried out
between the years 2015-2017.
Identification of specific pollutants
Constitution of universe of chemical
Data collection and assessment
Final risk assessment
Literature/legislation
survey, inventory
Chemicals data bases,
EPISUIT, ECHA, ECOTOX
vs.
TTD, TED, COMMPS
Specific Pollutants List
COMMPS
TTD
TED
T1/2
T1/2
T1/2, Henry’s law
constant
Bioacumulation
BCF, log Kow
BCF
log Kow
BCF
Toxicity
EC50, NOEC,
PNEC
NOEC
LC50
Endocrine
desrupting
property
-
+
-
Monitoring
+
-
-
Usage
+
Usage amounts
-
-
Dispursion
Water solubilty
Vapour pressure
-
-
Degradation
Biodegradation
-
-
Persistency
Derivation of Environmental Quality Standards
Assessment Factor
Methodology (AF-Method)
Limited number of toxicity data
for limited number of species
SSD Method
(Species Sensitivity Distribution)
Sufficient toxicity data
or
Chronic toxicity data ≥ 10
Acute toxicity data ≥ 12
SSD
Aimed at:
• Controling and preventing the water quality problems observed in
hot spots
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Akkaya Dam Lake Basin Action Plan
Mamasın Dam Lake Basin Action Plan
Uluabat Lake Sub-basin Action Plan
Mogan - Eymir Lake Basin Action Plan
Nilüfer Creek Sub-basin Water Quality Action Plan
Nizip Creek Action Plan
Boğazköy Dam Sub-basin Water Quality Action Plan
Follow-up and Remediation Of Water Quality in the Melen Creek Subbasin
– Burdur Lake Basin Action Plan
Examples of measures taken;
• Construction of sewage system and ensuring advanced wastewater
treatment
• Ensuring color and salinity removal in industrial wastewaters
• Ensuring conductivity removal in İnegöl Organized Industrial
District
• Implementing cleaner production technologies in textile industry
• Planning of the industrial development in the region with regard to
the environmental protection
• Collecting drainage waters in landfill areas
• Limitation in industrial discharge standards
Thank you…
esiltu@ormansu.gov.tr