Dred Scott ruled that “blacks” were not citizens and had no rights.

1804-1807 required all African Americans to show proof of freedom. They were also required to pay $500 bond against being public charge. Their testimony was also not taken serious when against a “white” citizen.
These laws were repealed in 1849.

Jim Crow Laws were the first laws that segregated African
Americans from public places in South.
The Plessy case was decided using a decision of a
Massachusetts case
Roberts v. Boston which was the first case decided in segregation schools in
Boston in 1849.
Homer Plessy was 1/8 African and arrested for sitting in a “white” train in
Louisiana. This decision allows the principle of “Separate but Equal”

Migration of Former Slaves
Sharecropping became first attempt to gain freedom and allow former slaves to work their
“own” land. This was a dream as the system of sharecropping was a form of legalized slavery.
Forced to move because of violence and oppression by
Southern Whites, Exodusters moved to Kansas in the promise of farming their own land, not true and the migration moved to the North where African
Americans were met with more violence and segregation. In
Detroit, Packard Motor workers refused to work along side
“black” workers and went on strike
Children of sharecropper, Arkansas, 1935.
While the average yearly household income in the United States was $1,500 at that time, a study of sharecroppers in four Southern states found their average income to be $294 annually.

John Howard Griffin lived in Texas as a “black” man for research of his book
“Black Like Me”. Having an education and being well dressed did nothing to spare him the humiliation of being segregated

Mary Eckford became the poster child for hate as the “Little
Rock Nine” enter Central High School

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