SHAHNAZ POULADI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

ی فسلف و
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درذگ یم یراتسرپ رد یزادرپ یروئت زا نرق کی -
.
تسا یروئت نتشاد هتشر کی تفرشیپ و دشر همزلا -
یگنهرف ،یامتجا یاه
.
هنیمز
تسا
هب یزادرپ
طوبرم زادرپ
یروئت
هیرظن
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هفسلف
تسا ینانوی یتغل
) نتشاد تسود ( Philla .
تسا هدش لیکشت هملکود زا
) شنادو درخ ( Sophia
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تسا درف راک شور و رکف زرط درخ
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تسا تاعلاطاو تفرعم یانعم هب شناد

هفسلف هچخیرات
میدق هفسلف ) 1
نانویو مور رد
یم نا شن ار یعامتجا یاه هنیمز اب هفسلف طابترا یگنوگچ
.
دهد
.
تسا هدنارذگ یم ار دوخ یکدوک نارود ملع نامز نیا رد
یم هدا فتسا اهوگتفگ و تاثحابم زا یعیبط یایند کرد تهج
یبرجت قیقحت هن تسا هدش
وطسرا ،وتلاپ ،طارقس نارود نیا هفسلاف زا •
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هچخیرات
ینایم هفسلف ) 2
روهظ هب هژیو هب نامز نآ عامتجا لئاسم و میهافم هب
.
ددرگ یم رب تیحیسم
هت شاد صاصتخا حاورا هعلاطم و تایهلا رب زکرمت رتشیب
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تسا
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تسا لانوثو نیتسوگآ نارود نیا هفسلاف زا
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هچخیرات
نردم هفسلف ) 3
و دش گنر مک بهذم یملع تایح دیدجت اب نارود نیا رد
ه برجت و رتمک ینهذ یاه هبنج .
دندمآ دیدپ یملع یاه شور
.
دش رتشیب
ه برجت ( مویه ) ارگ قطنم ( تراکسد نارود نیا هفسلاف زا
) ارگ
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هچخیرات
رصاعم هفسلف ) 4
.
تفا ی شرتسگ ریغتم یعامتجا عضو لباقم رد هفسلف نیا
تایعرش اب تفلاخم روهظ ) 1 : شخب ود
هژیو گنهرف روهظ ) 2
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دوش
تس پ ،مسیتامگارپ ،مسیلایسناتسیزگا نوچمه یبتاکم
یم هدید رصاعم هفسلف رد ییارگ تیسنج و ،مسینردم
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هفسلف فیرعت
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ددرگ یمرب هفسلاف درکلمع هب
لیلحت ) 1
و تامل ک ندرک صخشم ینعی تسا رکف نابز لیلحت روظنم
اه نآ حیضوت
ندرک دقن ) 2
دیاقع و راکفا یبایشزرا ای داقتنا
یمن لح ار تلاکشم ییاهنت هب لیلحت دارفا نیا داقتعا هب
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دنک
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هفسلف فیرعت
بیکرت ) 3
یاه یر وئت بیکرت و قیفلت ار هفسلف راک دارفا زا یخرب
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دنا هتسناد یملع
اه شزرا یسررب ) 4
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ت سا رصاعم هفسلف یلصا راک یساسا یاه شزرا یسررب •
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هفسلف فیرعت
ینلاقع ریس ) 5
رارق
دودحم
ری س
ل
و ه
فلتخم
ار
لماوع
نهذ
ریثات
عقاوم
تحت
رتشیب رد
نهذ دندقتعم
لماوع نیا
دارفا
هک
اما
ماوع
فسلف
.
دننک
هنوگنیا
یلصا
یم یریگولج
ذوفن
یاه
زا
توافت
ار
زا
تیقلاخ و راکتبا زا
نهذ
یکی
.
و
یفسلف
تسا
دراد
تیلاعف
یم هگن
تیلاعف نیمه
هتسد
دریگ
و
نیا
یم
هتخاس
ینلاقع
نوصم
رد ملع
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هفسلف فیرعت
یملع تایرظن طسبای ریسفت ) 6
هرا ب رد نایوجشناد هک دنتسه ییاهریسفت یملع تایرظن
.
دننک یم زاربا قیاقح و یجراخ روما اب اه هدیدپ
دروم یملع قیاقح ناونع هب ار اه هیرظن نیا زین نافوسلیف
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دنهد یم رارق ریسفت
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یفسلف بتاکم عاونا
مسینردم تسپ و مسینردم ) 1
هب
اب
بر
هب
غ
رود
خیرات
یاه
رد
هتش
هک
ذگ
تسا
هب
.
ددرگ یم رب
ینایرج
نآ
.....
یاه
تناک
ییارگ
هشیر
،
و
ددجت
تسا
ای
لگه دننام
مسینردم
هداد خر
ینافوسلیف
ناسنا
هارمه
ای نهذ
ریمض
موهفم
و نهذ
ندش ادیپ
یاراد
: نارود
هک تسا
نیا مهم دراوم
یدوجوم
.
تسا
زا
ناونع
تیدرف
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یفسلف بتاکم عاونا
مسیلآ هدیا ) 2
یم قلاطا دهد یم تیمها حور ای نهذ هب هک ییاهیروئت هب
.
دوش
حور ای نهذ ار ناسنا تیهام اه تسیلآ هدیا رظن زا
.
دهد یم لیکشتوا
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یفسلف بتاکم عاونا
مسیلائر ) 3
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د ریگ یم همشچرس وطسرا و نوطلافا تایرظن و راکفا زا
ی م رکف نآ هراب رد ای مینک یم هاگن نآ هب ام هک یزیچ ره
تروص و یوتحم تسا هدش لیکشت زیچود زا لامع مینک
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یفسلف بتاکم عاونا
مسیتامگارپ ) 4
هفسلف ،ی برجت هفسلف ناونع هب هک ییاکیرمآ تسا یا هفسلف
.
دوش یم هدناوخ .....
و یا هلیسو ای ،یشیامزآ
هدی اف یزیچ ره هک دوش یم هجوتدروم نیا هب بتکم نیا رد
.
تسارجا لباق هنوگچ و تسیچ شدوس و
مسیلایسناتسیزگا ) 5
دوش یم یگدنز هک یروط نامه یگدنز هب بتکم نیا رد
.
دوش یم رکف نآ هراب رد هک روط نآ هن دننک یم هاگن
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• Global terms
*Metaparadigm
*Domain
*Philosophy
• Working terms
*Phenomenon
*Concept
*Construct
*Proposition
• Middle terms
*Model
*Theory
*Paradigm
*Discipline
*Research
*Science

• Metaparadigm
The major concepts in a discipline that names the phenomena of concern

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Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Person Definition
• Biological human beings with inseparable mind and body who share certain fundamental human needs (Henderson, 1966)
• An un fragmented whole who carries out or is assisted in carrying out those activities that contribute to the process of living ( Roper,
Logan, and Tierney, 1990)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Person Definition
• A functional integrated whole with a motivation to achieve self care
(Orem, 1980)
• A bio-psycho-social being who presents as an integrated whole (Roy,
1971)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Nursing Definition
• A profession whose focus is to help the client to prevent, solve, alleviate or cope with problems associated with the activities he or she carries out in order to live (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1990)
• A profession that assists the person sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he or she would perform unaided, given the necessary strength , will or knowledge (Henderson,1966)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Nursing Definition
• A human service related to the clients’ need and ability to undertake self-care and to help them sustain health, recover from disease and injury or cope with their effects (Orem, 1980 )
• A socially valued service whose goal to promote a positive adaptation to the stimuli and stresses encountered by the client (Roy, 1971)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Health Definition
• The ability to function independently regarding fourteen activities of daily living
(Henderson, 1966)
• The optimum of independence in each activity of living which enables the individual to function at his/her maximum potential
(Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1990)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Health Definition
• A state of wholeness or integrity of the individual , his parts and his modes of functioning (Orem,1980)
• The adaptation of the person to stimuli on a continuous line between wellness and illness (Roy, 1971)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Environment Definition
• That which may act in a positive or negative way upon the client (Henderson, 1966)
• Circumstances that may impinge upon the individual as he or she travels along the lifespan and cause movement towards maximum dependence or maximum independence
(Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1990)

Global Terms
(Metaparadigm)
• Environment Definition
• A sub-component of man, and with man forms an integrated system related to self-care
(Orem, 1980).
• Both internal and external . From the environmental people are subject to stresses
( Roy, 1971).

Global Terms
(Domain)
• Domain Definition
• Domain is the perspective and territory of a discipline (Meleis, 1991)
• She identifies seven concepts as central to the domain of nursing. These are : nursing client, transitions, interaction, nursing process, environment, nursing therapeutics and health.

Global Terms
(Philosophy)
• Philosophy Definition
• Philosophy is a statement of beliefs and values about the world, a perspective on human being and their world , and an approach to the development of knowledge
(Fawcett, 1992).

• Early works introduce the nursing theory era have contributed to knowledge development by providing direction or forming a basis for subsequent developments
• Later works reflect more recent expansion in the areas of human science and its methods
(Alligood, 2002; Meleis, 2004)

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Working Terms
(Phenomenon)
• A phenomenon is a thing, event or activity that we perceive through our senses .
(sixth sense). The aspect of reality that can be perceived. (e.g., Prior to surgery)

Working Terms
(Concept)
• Concept is a label used to describe a phenomenon or a group of phenomena
(Meleis, 1991). (e.g., Anxiety)
• Concepts are the building blocks of theory
• Concepts are special vocabulary in a theory (Fawcett & Downs, 1992).

Working Terms
(Construct)
• If the phenomena are very abstract and the resultant concept is not directly observable or measurable it is often referred to as ‘
Construct ’ (e.g., self-esteem).
• If we imagine a continuum of concepts from concrete
(thermometer) to abstract (caring), constructs would be placed at the abstract end.
• We must remember that all constructs are concepts, but not all concepts are constructs.
• Constructs may be made measurable by identifying ‘ Variables ’.
(e.g., Civil status, is perceived as a construct, it could be made measurable by breaking it into variables ‘single’ and ‘widowed’,
‘divorced’, ‘married’.

Working Terms
(Proposition)
(Meleis, 1991)

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Middle Terms

Middle Terms
(Model)
• Representation of reality.
(Mcfarlane,
1986)
• A simplified way of organizing a complex phenomenon .(Stockwell, 1985)
• A model is a set of concepts and the assumptions that integrate them in to a meaningful configuration.
(Fawcett,
1992)

Middle Terms
(Model)
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ینهذ تروص هب ،اه هدیدپ هراب رد یملاک تانایب
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سابل یوگلا ،اهفارگ ،اه مارگاید ،اه مسر
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یکیموتانآ یاهلدم اه یزاب بابسا ، یکیزیف یاهلدم
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Middle Terms
(Theory)
• The natural science of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology, etc. have laws to explain how particular phenomenon behave .
Such laws enable scientist to predict with an absolute degree of certainty the results of a specific experiment. In nursing, because we are dealing with human being and their complex realities, it is almost impossible to formulate laws. The best that can be done is to generate different types of theory to help us describe, explain, predict or control human behaviors.

Middle Terms
(Theory)
• Theory is a set of concepts, definitions and propositions that project a systematic view of phenomena by designing specific interrelationships among concepts for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling phenomena.
( Chinn and
Jacobs, 1897)

Middle Terms
• Type of theories
• Grand theory is highly abstract and is broad in scope
• Middle range theory is more focused and is normally the end product of a research study
• Narrow range theory is even more specific while also being based upon research findings, it guides specific actions in the achievement of desirable goals.

• Conceptual model conceptual model
Research Research
Theory Theory Theory Theory
Science/Knowledge

Grand theories
Research
Mid-range theories Science/ Knowledge
Research
Practice theories

Middle Terms
(Paradigm)
• The word ‘Paradigm’ derives from the
Greek word paradeigma, meaning pattern.
• Paradigm represents ‘global ideas’ about the individuals, groups, situations and events of interest to a discipline .
(Fawcett, 1992)

Middle Terms
Type of Paradigms
• There are four main paradigms which may be used for the classification of nursing theories.
• System paradigm
• Interactional paradigm
• Developmental paradigm
• Behavioral paradigm

Type of Paradigms
(System paradigm)
• Theories within this paradigm are largely based upon the ‘ general system’ paradigm as put forward by Von
Bertalanffy (1951).
•
• Within this paradigm every event and occurrence can be perceived as a system
،نوسنا ،نموین ،یور یروئت .

Type of Paradigms
(Interactional paradigm)
• Interactional paradigm have their origin in the symbolic interactionist paradigm (Blumer,
1969).
•
• This paradigm emphasizes the relationships between people and the roles they play in society. Nursing activities are perceived as interactional processes between practitioners and clients.
گنیک ،ودنلاروا ،لیر یروئت

Type of Paradigms
(Developmental paradigm)
• The developmental paradigm originated from the work of Freud (1949) and Sullivan (1953).
• The central themes are growth, development, maturation, and change.
• Within this paradigm , human beings are constantly developing whether this be physiologically, socially, psychologically or spiritually.
cognitively,

Type of Paradigms
(Behavioral paradigm)
• The behavioral paradigm owes much to the theoretical formulations of Abraham Maslow
(1954) concerning motivation.
• The behavioral paradigm assumes that individuals normally exist and survive by meeting their own needs.
خا ب ندیو ،رنرت ،سور ،لاش نیم ،ینریت ،ناگول ،رپور ،نوسسردنه یروئت •

Middle Terms
(Discipline)
• A discipline is characterized by a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomena , which ultimately defines the limits and nature of its inquiry. Nursing as a discipline broader than nursing as a science.
Its uniqueness stems from its perspective rather than the focus of enquiry or methods of enquiry./

Middle Terms
(Research)
• Research is a systematic process of enquiry which utilizes a variety of methodological approaches to investigate the question and concepts of interest in nursing.
(Hinshaw,
1989)

• Frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad frame of reference for the systematic approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is concerned.
• -different views nursing like Roy focuses on adaptation, King on interaction and Abdellah on interventions

Middle Terms
(science)
• Science is a unified body of knowledge about phenomena that is supported by agreed upon evidence.
(Meleis, 1991)
• Nursing science is a domain of knowledge concerned with the adaptation of individuals and groups to actual and potential health problems , the environments that influence health in humans, and the therapeutic interventions that promote health and affect the consequences of illness.

• Hugh McKenna. (1997). Nursing Theories and Models. First edition. London,Routledge Company
• Tomey , A.M. & Alligood, M.R. (2006). Nursing Theorists and their work. Sixth edition. Boston, Mosby
• Meleis, A.I. (2007). Theoretical Nursing. Development &
Progress. Fourth edition, Philadelphia,Lippincott .
• Jacqueline Fawcett. (1984). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. Philadelphia: F.A.Davis

1. Pinnel and Menesis (1986)
Systematic set of interrelated concepts, definitions and deductions that describe, explain or predict interrelationships

2. Walker and Avant (1983)
Internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions and propositions) that presents a systematic view of phenomenon and which is useful for description, explanation, prediction and control

3. Chinn and Krammer creative and vigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena

• Ellis coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming a general frame of reference for a field of inquiry

Purpose
Concepts
Definitions
Propositions
Structured ideas
Tentative
Describe a phenomenon or occurrence

1.Purpose “Why is the theory formulated”
2.Concepts are building blocks of theory – ideas, mental images of a phenomenon, an event or object that is derived from an individual’s experience and perception

3.Has a major concept like nursing, person, health or environment.
4. Definitions give meaning to concepts which can either be descriptive or procedural

Propositions are expressions of relational statements between and among the concepts. It can be expressed as statements, paradigms or figures .
Assumptions- accepted “truths” that are basic and fundamental to the theory. Or value assumptions where what is good or right or ought to be.

• Four strategies of theory development
1. Theory practice theory ( theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing situations)
2. Practice – theory evolved from clinical practice

3. Research theory or inductive method
Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.
4. Theory research theory theories developed by other disciplines are utilized but given unique nursing perspective. Original theory examined and given a new research findings.

: ساسا رب یراتسرپ بتاکم
میاداراپ
یروئت لماکت نامز
یامتچا و یگنهرف یاه هنیمز
اه یروئت یزکرم تلااؤس
اه یروئت یزکرم میهافم
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اهزاین : رکفت بتکم نیتسخن
195o-197o
یم تبحص وچددم یاهزاین هب خساپ هراب رد هک تسا ییاهیروئت لماش
.
دنک
دنهد یم مانا یراک هچ ناراتسرپ هک نیا نوماریپ اه یروئت نیا رد
.
دننک یم تبحص
؟تسیچ ناراتسرپ فیاظو
.
دننک یم ءافیا ناراتسرپ ییاهشفن هچ
ندرک هدروآ رب یارب هک تسا یناوتان درف وچددم اهیروئت هتسد نیا رد
.
دراد زاین تبارم هب دوخ یاهزاین
.
دهد یم یروئت تسیچ یراتسرپ هکنیا هراب رد نوسردنه زا لب وئلاپپ
اللهدب یروئت
مروا یروئت
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لمات : یراتسرپ رد رکفت بتکم نیمود
195o-196o
هنو گچ ناراتسرپ هک وضوم نیا رب اه یروئت هتسد نیا رد
.
تسا راوتسا ،دنهد یم ماچنا ار یراک
دراد زکرمت لمات رب تلااؤس هتسد نیا هب خساپ
و نا راتسرپ نیب طابترا شرتسگ رب اه یروئت هتسد نیا
.
دنراد زکرمت نارامیب
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زکر مت یراتسرپ تبارم ییارچ رب اه یروئت هتسد نیا رد
.
دراد
یم یزادرپ موهفم یراتسرپ تبارم دمایپ رب ادتبا رد
.
دراد زکرمت تبارم هدنریگ رب نآ را دب .
دننک
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